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| | Free will - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | In emergentist or generative philosophy of cognitive science and evolutionary psychology, free will is the generation of near-infinite possible behaviours from the interaction of a finite, deterministic set of rules and parameters. | | | Free will is therefore discussed at length in Jewish philosophy, firstly as regards God's purpose in creation, and secondly as regards the closely related, resultant, paradox. | | | Both of these philosophers suggest that individual will is initially unfree, and is so whether individuals act on the basis of religious, ethical and moral principles, or even wholly rationally, on the one hand, or as they are driven by the force of their natural desires and drives, wholly naturally, on the other hand. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will
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| | MSN Encarta - Philosophy |
| | The term philosophy is often used popularly to mean a set of basic values and attitudes toward life, nature, and society—thus the phrase “philosophy of life.” Because the lines of distinction between the various areas of knowledge are flexible and subject to change, the definition of the term philosophy remains a subject of controversy. | | | As special methods and principles were developed in the various areas of knowledge, each area acquired its own philosophical aspect, giving rise to the philosophy of art, of science, and of religion. | | | Philosophy is often divided into four main branches: metaphysics, the investigation of ultimate reality; epistemology, the study of the origins, validity, and limits of knowledge; ethics, the study of the nature of morality and judgment; and aesthetics, the study of the nature of beauty in the fine arts. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574677/Philosophy.html
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philosophy |
| | Leaving aside social questions, the study of which belongs to philosophy in only some of their aspects, it may be said that in the philosophic interest of the present day psychological questions hold the first place, and that chief among them is the problem of certitude. | | | By philosophical method is understood the path leading to philosophy, which, again, may mean either the process employed in the construction of a philosophy (constructive method, method of invention), or the way of teaching philosophy (method of teaching, didactic method). | | | The former inaugurates a spiritualistic philosophy based on the data of consciousness, and his influence may be traced in Malebranche, Spinoza, and Leibniz. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12025c.htm
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Will |
| | Catholic philosophy, on the contrary, maintains, on the certain evidence of introspection, that choice is not merely a resultant of impulses, but a superadded formative energy, embodying a rational judgment; it is more than an epitome, or summing-up, of preceding phenomena; it is a criticism of them (see FREE WILL). | | | In any case--whatever opinion one holds on the free will controversy--some specific designation is certainly required for that controlling and sovereign faculty in man, which every sane philosophy recognizes as unmistakably distinct from the purely physical impulses and strivings, and from the sensuous desires and conations which are the expressions of our lower nature's needs. | | | As employed in modern philosophy, the term has often a much wider signification. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15624a.htm
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| | greek08.htm |
| | Anaxagoras' philosophy of nature is a radicalization of Ionian monism. | | | Being challenged by the Eleatic philosophy, it became increasingly difficult to comprehend nature by means of its one element with the change of generation and corruption. | | | This seems clearly to indicate that Aristotle was aware that Leucippus was the founder of the Atomist philosophy. |
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http://www.csudh.edu/phenom_studies/greekphil/greek08.htm
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| | Maurice Merleau-Ponty |
| | According to critical philosophy, nature becomes a system of representations which exists for a consciousness whose activity is the condition of its possibility as appearance. | | | The aspect of the Phenomenology of Perception that I will bring to center stage is its deepening critique of transcendental philosophy and the implications of this for philosophy in general. | | | In this brief introduction to Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, I will not pursue this thread of his thought further, but I must insist that he continues, to the time of his death, to remain in touch with the empirical sciences, particularly psychology but not absolutely excluding biology and physics. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/merleau-ponty
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| | Philosophy Now |
| | As regards women in philosophy in general, my impression is that over the centuries they have not had the opportunity to have had access to philosophy and classics in sufficient numbers – which has been the case in several other fields. | | | The Society for Philosophy and Animal Minds (SPAM) is the brainchild of Lori Gruen and Colin Allen, and sprang out of discussions at a recent meeting of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology. | | | The Institute will continue to carry out the ambition of the Programme to make high quality philosophy of all kinds available to everyone across the UK, but on a larger scale than was previously possible. |
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http://www.philosophynow.org/issue52/52news.htm
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philosophy |
| | Leaving aside social questions, the study of which belongs to philosophy in only some of their aspects, it may be said that in the philosophic interest of the present day psychological questions hold the first place, and that chief among them is the problem of certitude. | | | By philosophical method is understood the path leading to philosophy, which, again, may mean either the process employed in the construction of a philosophy (constructive method, method of invention), or the way of teaching philosophy (method of teaching, didactic method). | | | The former inaugurates a spiritualistic philosophy based on the data of consciousness, and his influence may be traced in Malebranche, Spinoza, and Leibniz. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12025c.htm
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| | Free Will |
| | Free will also appears to be a condition on desert for one's accomplishments (why sustained effort and creative work are praiseworthy); on the autonomy and dignity of persons; and on the value we accord to love and friendship. | | | (Clearly, there will also be epistemic conditions on responsibility as well, such as being aware—or failing that, being culpably unaware—of relevant alternatives to one's action and of the alternatives' moral significance.) But the significance of free will is not exhausted by its connection to moral responsibility. | | | Acting with free will, on such views, is just to satisfy the metaphysical requirement on being responsible for one's action. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freewill
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| | Why Study Philosophy |
| | Philosophy used to be known as the "Queen of the disciplines" because to study philosophy was to study everything humans knew. | | | More specifically, the study of philosophy is certainly one of the best preparations for professional training in challenging areas like law and medicine. | | | Thus, all philosophers are trained in the proper use of logic (one of the reasons a philosophy major is such good preparation for law school). |
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http://www.clemson.edu/caah/philosophy/website/html/phil.html
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| | Philosophy of psychology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Philosophy of psychology typically refers to a set of issues at the theoretical foundations of modern psychology. | | | These issues arch over the generally more technical concerns of philosophy of psychology, and it may be said that all psychology and philosophy of psychology exist as subdisciplines of the broad projects in philosophy of mind. | | | Agnosticism · Analytic philosophy · Atheism · Critical theory · Determinism · Dialectics · Empiricism · Existentialism · Humanism · Idealism · Materialism · Nihilism · Postmodernism · Pragmatism · Rationalism · Relativism · Skepticism · Theism |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology
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| | Substance |
| | Substance has become a formal concept of central importance — that is a concept with a special central role in the structure of our conceptual scheme — rather than being the name for certain kinds of important things in the world. | | | Thus Hume's treatment of substance is like his treatment of causation, in that he sees both as the projection onto the world of a tendency of our minds either to pass from one thing to another or to associate them in some way. | | | All non-relativist philosophical systems acknowledge substances in the most generic sense of that term, for that is only to acknowledge that there are some fundamental entities in their system. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/substance
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| | Philosophy |
| | Physics is the source of European philosophy; in its original form, physics was the study of the underlying principles of change in the natural world. | | | The term, "philosophy," although used universally, is a culturally specific term; it is a European concept embracing a wide range of human activities of the mind. | | | From the beginning, Greek philosophy was concerned with this reasoning process, particularly the process of rational demonstration. |
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http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/PHIL.HTM
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| | Theology Today - Vol 22, No. 3 - October 1965 - ARTICLE - God Without Theism |
| | Substance philosophy holds that reality consists of discrete or separate substances or things, whether static or dynamic, that are real in themselves and need no explanation in terms of anything else. | | | The eternal purpose is not some unknowable and superfluous being itself which sanctifies substance philosophy, not some personality with only external relations to the world, not some extremely refined aspect of cosmic process. | | | Disgusted with the contradictions and pseudo-problems of a theism based on substance philosophy, many especially among our younger thinkers are turning to process philosophy as a vehicle for Christian theology. |
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http://theologytoday.ptsem.edu/oct1965/v22-3-article5.htm
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| | gin-ter |
| | Jungian therapy is also based on the reading of alchemist fantasies and on the concepts of eastern philosophy that he believes to find in the unconscious of everyone. | | | and Chinese philosophy founds non-directive psychotherapy (1942) counseling and psychotherapy, also called client centered: in ten stages the patient reaches a re-evaluation of himself, the objective is a personality fully capable of functioning, with self-esteem. | | | The concept of the archetype, which is an indispensable correlative of the idea of the unconscious, indicates the existence within the mind of determined forms that seem to be always and everywhere present". |
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http://www.iprs.it/brainelsa/BACKUP_cd/ginter.htm
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| | Will Durant Online: The Gentle Philosopher |
| | Like philosophy, such a venture has no rational excuse and is at best but a brave stupidity, but let us hope that, like philosophy, it will always lure some rash spirits into its fatal depths. | | | Unlike the cloistered academics who turned up their noses at Durant’s attempt to bring philosophy back to the common man, Durant was not content merely to write about such subjects, he actually did his best to put his ideas into effect. | | | There, Durant took biology under Morgan and McGregor, psychology under Woodworth and Poffenberger and philosophy under Woodbridge and the legendary John Dewey. |
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http://www.willdurant.com/bio.htm
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| | Greek Philosophy [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | Its founder was Plotinus of Lycopolis in Egypt (205-270) and its emphasis is a scientific philosophy of religion, in which the doctrine of Plato is fused with the most important elements in the Aristotelian and | | | The groundwork of Plato's scheme, though nowhere expressly stated by him, is the threefold division of philosophy into dialectic, ethics, and physics; its central point is the theory of forms. | | | Philosophy was first brought into connection with practical life by Pythagoras of Samos (about 582-504 BCE), from whom it received its name: "the love of wisdom". |
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http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/greekphi.htm
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| | Philosophy of mind - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The philosophy of mind also has important consequences for the concept of self. | | | Questions about what a person is and what his or her identity consists of also have much to do with the philosophy of mind. | | | There are two subjects that, in connection with the philosophy of the mind, have aroused special attention: free will and the self. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind
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| | Haverford College |
| | Second, the philosophy curriculum is designed to help students acquire philosophical materials and skills that supplement and integrate their other studies in the liberal arts and sciences. | | | The award of Honors in philosophy will be based upon distinguished work in philosophy courses, active and constructive participation in the senior seminar, and the writing and presentation of the Senior essay. | | | We will read and discuss three major works of Islamic, Jewish, and Christian philosophical thought, Ibn Tufayl’s Hayy Ibn Yakzan, Moses Maimonides’ Guide for the Perplexed, and Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica, in addition to other short selections from medieval philosophy. |
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http://www.haverford.edu/catalog/Philosophy.html
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| | GWFHegel.Org - Hegel's Science of Philosophy |
| | Hegel has admitted that his philosophy is basically the same as Aristotle's except that he has made it more systematic and scientific. | | | The overthrow of what eventually was called "anthropomorphism", that seemed to form the very heart of Aristotelian philosophy, became immanent with this challenge to the authority of the great philosopher. | | | That personality should be the fundamental and irreducible nature of Reality as a whole as much as in part is rationally justifiable since the part may not have any greater quality than that of the whole to which it belongs. |
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http://www.gwfhegel.org/personalism.html
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| | Philosophy Dept. USM |
| | There are practical advantages to the study of philosophy. | | | The study of philosophy enhances one's problem-solving capacities. | | | The perennial questions addressed in philosophy such as "Who am I as a human being?", "How should I act?", "What can I know?", "How should society be organized?", are fundamental issues about which any education worth its salt must concern itself. |
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http://www.usm.maine.edu/phi/faq.htm
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| | Process Philosophy |
| | The philosophy of mind is another strongpoint of process philosophizing. | | | As process philosophy sees it, the world's processuality involves not only change but improvement -- the evolutionary realization -- at large and on the whole -- of what is not only different but also in some way better. | | | By contrast, process philosophy pivots on the thesis that the processual nature of existence is a fundamental fact with which any adequate metaphysic must come to terms. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy
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| | Substance Abuse Treatment Philosophy - CORR |
| | Problems related to substance use, and recovery from these problems, are the result of an interaction between the individual and the environment in which he exists. | | | Substance abusers need dignity and respect during the course of treatment. | | | Initial motivation is not related to treatment outcome and uses the adverse physical, psychological, social, legal, or economic consequences as intervention points to create motivation during treatment. |
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http://www.corr.us/treatment_philosophy.htm
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| | Philosophy At Eckerd College |
| | The philosophy discipline at Eckerd College sees itself as continuing this activity of rediscovery and transformation of Western thought, with an openness to the exploration of non-western philosophies as well. | | | tudents of philosophy at Eckerd have extensive opportunities to encounter the wealth of the great ages of philosophy, as well as to gain a working knowledge of the most recent philosophical approaches. | | | Philosophy majors are to have a working knowledge of the issues and methods covered in their required courses in logic, ethics, and the history of philsophy sequence, in addition to those in their chosen area of focus. |
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http://www.eckerd.edu/academics/ltr/pll
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| | MODERN PHILOSOPHY: The Philosophy of Rationalism |
| | However, Leibniz' philosophy is not superficial; it considers the most important problems of metaphysics and psychology. | | | Yet this philosophy, or welter of theories, has had a tremendous influence upon human thinking for over three hundred years. | | | "Philosophy is a perfect knowledge of all that man can know, as well for the conduct of his life as for the preservation of his health and the discovery of all the arts." He seeks a system of thought that possesses the certainty of mathematics independent of Scholastic tradition and theological dogma. |
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http://radicalacademy.com/adiphilrationalism.htm
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| | Philosophy |
| | For, traditionally construed, philosophy can be taken to consist in a core of great controversies over fundamental questions, together with numerous branches of "applied" philosophy (e.g., biomedical ethics, environmental ethics, and philosophy of law), where the elements of a general theory are analyzed more narrowly in connection with specific uses or contexts. | | | A philosopher confidently ensconced in one or another ongoing living enterprise in the philosophy of science (even one that appears entirely ahistorical) still needs to connect his or her enterprise with philosophical projects of the past, and that requires work in the history of philosophy of science. | | | Although philosophy is not a science in that it has no object, philosophical clarity is gained when objects and objective concepts become ciphers of transcendence. |
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http://www.wordtrade.com/themes/philosophy2.htm
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| | Perception - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Methods of studying perception range from essentially biological or physiological approaches, through psychological approaches to the often abstract 'thought-experiments' of mental philosophy. | | | It was the study of perception that gave rise to the Gestalt school of psychology, with its emphasis on holistic approaches. | | | Perception is one of the oldest fields within scientific psychology, and there are correspondingly many theories about its underlying processes. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception
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| | Free will : Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online |
| | This conviction is the deep and inexhaustible source of the free will problem: powerful arguments that seem to show that we cannot be morally responsible in the ultimate way that we suppose keep coming up against equally powerful psychological reasons why we continue to believe that we are ultimately morally responsible. | | | Its central questions are 'What is it to act (or choose) freely?', and 'What is it to be morally responsible for one's actions (or choices)?' These two questions are closely connected, for freedom of action is necessary for moral responsibility, even if it is not sufficient. | | | But in many human beings, the experience of choice gives rise to a conviction of absolute responsibility that is untouched by philosophical arguments. |
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http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/V014
(711 words)
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| | Spinoza: Metaphysics Philosophy of Spinoza, One Infinite Substance (God Nature Space) Spinoza Quotes Ethics |
| | Philosophy: Morality Ethics - The Fundamental Morality of World Religions 'Do Unto Others...'is Logically True as the Other is Part of Self. | | | I understand substance (substantia) to be that which is in itself and is conceived through itself: I mean that, the conception of which does not depend on the conception of another thing from which it must be formed. | | | The conception or definition of a thing is required to be such that all the properties of that thing, regarded in itself and not conjoined with others, can be concluded from it. |
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http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Philosophy-Spinoza-Philosopher.htm
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| | Philosophy of perception - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The philosophy of perception is mainly concerned with exteroception. | | | The philosophy of perception is very closely related to a branch of philosophy known as epistemology, the theory of knowledge, and many of the ideas presented above are also discussed under this heading. | | | A major issue in the philosophy of perception is the possibility of discrepancies between the external world and the perceiver's impressions, which are sometimes referred to as qualia. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception
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