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| | Journal of Systematic Biology--Volume 8, Issue 1 |
 | | The similarity of trochophore larvae is an important piece of evidence that suggests an evolutionary relationship between Polychaetes and mollusks (Aguinaldo and Lake, 1998; Holt, 2000; Raven and Johnson, 1996; Lytle and Wodsedalek, 1998; Margulis and Schwartz, 1998). | | | The common ancestor expresses trochophore larval development, therefore it is the primitive character. | | | The phylogram produced using MacClade 3.07 (Maddison and Maddison, 1992) showed the evolutionary pathway between the two phyla to be similar. |
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http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/Journal/Vol8/number1/1dragonflies.htm
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| | Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa |
| | We have placed the Lophophorata in the Lophotrochozoa as the most popular of the current choices in the literature, but there are studies that suggest they may belong with the deuterostomes, or may even be paraphyletic. | | | Trochophore larva diagram acquired through BIODIDAC, and used according to conditions. | | | Until very recently, the Arthropoda (insects & crustaceans) were considered possible close relatives of the Annelida, based on the fact that both groups are segmented, but no arthropod has a trochophore larva and no molecular studies support a close relationship. |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/lophotrochozoa.html
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| | University of Saskatchewan Archives - Marine Invertebrate Biology: Tutorial |
| | Moving the mouth forward along the side of the body, as in Müller's larva or the pilidium, would then define an effective ventral surface. | | | chitons), though most other mollusks pass through a provisional trochophore stage. | | | The trochophore, or something very much like it, is thus very probably a basal larva for spiralians. |
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http://scaa.usask.ca/scaa/gallery/lacalli/tutorial/tutorial_all.php
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| | ..::treeBASE::.. |
| | The results favour the conclusion that the trochophore, if defined as a feeding larval form using opposed bands, should not be regarded as an ancestral (= plesiomorphic) type for the Spiralia, or any other large taxon such as the Polychaeta or Mollusca. | | | Trochophore is used in a strict sense for larvae having an opposed-band method of feeding, involving a prototroch and metatroch. | | | Other ciliary bands such as a telotroch and neurotroch may be present. |
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http://www.phylo.org/treebase/view/view_study.php?studyID=S361
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| | Trochophores & Understanding the new PhyloCode |
| | The first part of this talk will be an analysis of whether the trochophore (in a strict sense) is a primitive form for protostomes as a whole, or for smaller groups such as polychaetes. | | | Some consider the trochophore larva to be a feeding larva with a particular anatomy that represents the ancestral larval form for several metazoan phyla such as annelids and molluscs (=protostomes). | | | However, the term “trochophore” is often more broadly applied to larvae that do not feed. |
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http://www.mbari.org/seminars/2003/summer2003/august4_rouse.html
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| | PPT Slide |
| | primitive forms such as the limpet have simple trochophore larvae | | | in most gastropods the trochophore larvae is succeeded by the veliger |
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http://www.abdn.ac.uk/octopod/ocean/larvae/tsld015.htm
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| | Mollusks1 |
| | Because of this similarity, mollusks and annelids are thought to be related. | | | The larval stage of the mollusk is called the trochophore. | | | As annelids develop, they go through a trochophore stage. |
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http://www.mschmidtssciencepage.homestead.com/Mollusks1.html
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| | Multiple Choice Quiz |
| | Molecular evidence suggests close evolutionary relationships between the echiurans, sipunculids, pogonophorans, annelids, and molluscs, and put them in the supraphyletic group Lophotrochozoa. | | | Some taxonomists lump the sipunculans, echiurans, annelids, and molluscs in one supraphyletic group because of their trochophore larvae. |
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http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072349034/student_view0/chapter13/chapter_quizzing.html
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| | Introduction to the Echiura |
| | The body of an echiuran lacks annelid-type segmentation, but the distinctive free-swimming trochophore larval stages of echiurans and polychaetes are very similar. | | | Both echiurans and annelids are classified together within a larger group, the Trochozoa. | | | Echiurans were included in the Annelida until recently, and they are still considered close relatives of the annelids. |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/echiura.html
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| | Evo-Devo |
| | The first approach resulted in a number of small fragments unsuitable for in situ hybridization to check their macromere- or micromere-specific expression. | | | Later in development (>24hrs old) the expression is high in the foot anlage, the supporting cells of the prototroch, and the head anlage. | | | Its expression is high early in development, decreases at the 32 cell stage and is again high in the trochophore larva. |
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http://www.bio.uu.nl/~embryo/Research/EvoDevo.htm
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| | IAP Trocho Feed FAQ |
| | Question: At what rate should we feed our fish? | | | Answer: No, trochophores are totally self contained and do not require food at this early stage of their development. | | | Water temperature will affect the growth and development of trochophore larvae - they cannot develop and metamorphose at temperatures below 10 degrees C. If there is concern, and your water temperature is above 10ºC, simply do not discharge into the ocean; or filter all effluent water through a 20µ filter bag. |
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http://www.innovativeaqua.com/Products/TrochoFeedQA.htm
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| | Breeder's Net |
| | And the swimming behavior of the trochophore larvae is more like a rotifer than a copepod nauplius and may not stimulate some larval fish to feed. | | | The trochophore is the first larval stage of chitons, scaphopods, gastropods, and bivalves. | | | The trochophore develops directly into the juvenile stage of chitons and scaphopods, but gastropods and bivalves develop through a veliger stage before metamorphosis into the juvenile. |
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http://www.advancedaquarist.com/issues/sept2003/breeder.htm
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| | Zoologie Uni Giessen |
| | The process of development up to the trochophore larva | | | The early developmental processes of the Platynereis embryo can be subdivided into three distinct phases. | | | The equatorial region is characterized by a girdle of 24 large ciliated cells that form the prototroch. |
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http://www.uni-giessen.de/~gf1307/development.htm
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| | Lophotrochozoa |
| | Phylum Mollusca: Trochophore Larvae and some with Veliger Larvae | | | The Lophotrochozoa are a diverse bilaterian group of animals that have a feeding apparatus known as a lophophore (such as Bryozoans, Brachiopods and the Phoronids) and a trochophore larvae (such as found in the annelids and molluscs). | | | This assignment is based on genetic studies including RNA and Hox genes (Halanych, 2004). |
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http://dana.ucc.nau.edu/~hcd2/lophotrocozoa.htm
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| | SICB Division of Invertebrate Zoology (DIZ) |
| | Prototroch is the primary locomotory organ of many larvae and is also often involved in feeding. | | | Nemerteans possess a wide diversity of larval body plans, but until now no nemertean had been shown to possess a trochophore larva or a prototroch, which hampers comparisons between the larval development of nemerteans and other trochozoans. | | | Additionally, the inferred ancestral presence of a trochophore in nemerteans fills the gap in the distribution of trochophore larvae among the Trochozoa and allows a meaningful comparison between larval development of nemerteans and other trochozoans. |
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http://www.sicb.org/divisions/DIZ/singleresearcher.php3?resid=59
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| | Annelids |
| | Depending on the amount of yolk, the trochophore may be lecithotrophic or may develop a digestive system and become planktotrophic. | | | Other like the serpulids, brood their eggs within their tubes. | | | Most polychaetes form a a trochophore larva as shown below. |
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http://www.fiu.edu/~goldberg/coralreefs/Polychaetes.htm
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| | Explanations.html |
| | Though entoprocts are morphologically similar to bryoans, development is strongly protostome (whereas the lophophore phyla display deuterstomic charartistics) and some species develop into protostome-like trochophore larvae. | | | However, the is controversy on the trochophore definition (Rouse, G. | | | Cavalier-Smith (1998) consider mesozoans so different as to be in their own subkingdom apart from their Subkingdoms Radiata, Myxozoa, and Bilateria. |
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http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/Tree/Explanations.html
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| | Lophotrochozoa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Previously these were treated together as the Trochozoa, together with the arthropods, which do not produce trochophore larvae but were considered close relatives of the annelids because they are both segmented. | | | However, they show a number of important differences, and the arthropods are now placed separately among the Ecdysozoa. | | | In the first four phyla there are groups that produce trochophore larvae, which have two bands of cilia around their middle. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophotrochozoa
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| | trochophore -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | They differ from annelids, however, in their unsegmented bodies and absence of setae. | | | The veliger develops from trochophore (q.v.) larva and has large, ciliated lobes (velum) that form from the ciliary ring (prototroch) characteristic of the trochophore stage. | | | Their development, like that of spoonworms (echiurids), resembles that of annelids in that spiral cleavage and a trochophore larva occur. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9073461?tocId=9073461
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| | Veliger Stages |
| | The trochophore metamorphoses into a veliger with the development of the velum - a ciliated feeding and swimming organelle. | | | Although the term “veliger” is often used popularly to refer to all planktonic (i.e., floating in water column) stages in the life cycle, strictly speaking this term does not include the trochophore stage, but rather refers only to the stages that possess a velum, i.e., the straight-hinged stage ( | | | The pediveliger is considered by some to be the final larval form, with the plantigrade as a stage between larval and juvenile stages (Ackerman et al. |
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http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/zebra/zmis/zmishelp4/veliger_stages.htm
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| | Veliger |
| | The larvae (which develop from a ciliated, free-swimming trochophore) have the beginnings of a foot, shell and mantle. | | | This slide shows several veliger larvae that are found in many gastropods and bivalves. | | | In many molluscs the trochophore is passed in the egg, and the veliger hatches to become the only free-swimming stage. |
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http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-5b/Veliger/veliger.htm
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| | Trochoblast Differentiation |
| | The cleavage patterns of their respective embryos are similar, and the same cell lineages have the same fates in their respective trochophore larvae. | | | The molluscs and the annelids are thought to be "sister-phyla," derived from a common ancestor. | | | After the seventh cleavage, the secondary trochoblast cells, which are derived from two other cell lineages, also leave the cell cycle and begin to form cilia (Damen et al., 1994). |
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http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/cyto2.html
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| | Trochozoa |
| | These are united by the common presence of trochophore larvae, which have two bands of cilia around their middle, though these have been lost in some groups. | | | More recently this has been called into question, and RNA studies remove them to the Ecdysozoa. | | | Originally, the arthropods were also considered to belong here, because although they lack trochophore larvae they share a segmented body plan with the annelids. |
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http://www.askfactmaster.com/Trochozoa
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| | BG - Adult Barnacle |
| | Types of trochophore larvae are found in the life history of several phyla of animals including annelids, molluscs, and sipunculids, sugggesting these groups may share common ancestors. | | | Eventually, the chiton trochophore develops a kind of segmentation revealing the 8 portions of the body that will each secrete one of the bony plates. | | | Like many other marine animals, the chiton spends several days to weeks of its life developing in the plankon before it is ready to settle and metamorphose into the adult form. |
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http://ebiomedia.com/gall/larvae/larva4A.html
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| | Fertilization and Trochophore Stage |
| | The trochophore stage is relatively brief and rarely seen outside of laboratory cultures. | | | Exposure to ripe eggs and sperm in the water may also trigger the release of gametes by other zebra mus | | | tilization, embryological development occurs, including spiral cleavage, blastulation, and gastrulation, ultimately resulting in the formation of a free-swimming ciliated larval form — the trochophore ( |
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http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/zebra/zmis/zmishelp4/fertilization_and_trochophore_stage.htm
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| | Bristle worms |
| | The first larval stage of a Polychaete is a so-called Trochophore larva (right image). | | | The left image shows that the bristles (or chaetae) are implanted in the body. | | | It is a real specialists work be able to identify to what species it belongs to since many species have almost identical trochophore larvae. |
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http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artmar99/poly2.html
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| | HAB 2000 |
| | Significant harmful effects were found in trochophore larvae exposed to A. | | | trochoidea did not affect on the trochophore larvae of oyster at all the cell density. | | | Effects of harmful algae, Alexandrium tamarense, A. taylori, Chattonella antiqua, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Gymnodinium catenatum, G. mikimotoi, Heterocapsa circularisquama, Heterosigma akashiwo, and Scrippsiella trochoidea on the larval pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas were preliminary examined in laboratory in order to clarify the cytotoxicity on early life stages of oysters. |
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http://www.utas.edu.au/docs/plant_science/HAB2000/poster_abstracts/docs/Matsuyama_Yukihiko.html
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| | Coffin, H. G. --- The Spirorbis Problem |
| | Several other kinds of sea animals also have trochophore larvae, but no fresh-water animal has ever been known to produce larvae of this kind. | | | Because it lives only in the ocean today, its trochophore larva is characteristic only of ocean-living animals, and it is found in the fossil record attached to marine animals, we can conclude that Spirorbis is and always has been a sea-dwelling creature. | | | Spirorbis and all the other members of the family Serpulidae live in salt water. |
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http://www.grisda.org/origins/02051.htm
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| | Glossary |
| | The trochophore larva is found in the life history of several phyla of animals including annelids, mollusks, and sipunculids. | | | trochophore larva - The trochophore larva is generally globular, shaped like a toy top, with an equatorial band of cilia and an apical group of cilia. | | | Because these three groups share the same larval type, they probably share a common ancestor. |
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http://www.carnegiemnh.org/mollusks/glossary.htm
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| | GEOL 331 Lectures 26-28: Mollusca |
| | Trochozoans (have a trochophore larva, also in Annelida, Pogonophora, Echiura, Siphuncula, and Nemertini) | | | Veliger larva stage (after trochophore) in Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Scaphopoda. | | | Blood sinuses form a hemocoel, which serves as the hydrostatic skeleton in some mollusks |
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http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/331mollu.htm
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| | Vulnerability of Dreissena polymorpha Larvae to Predation by Great Lakes Calanoid Copepods: the Importance of the ... |
| | The degree of vulnerability was dependent upon the stage of the larva and the type of predator: trochophore larvae (without shells) were much more vulnerable than D-stage larvae (with shells). | | | Since bivalve larvae, including Dreissena, and copepods co-occur in many aquatic environments, our results suggest that copepod predation may have been a selective force for production of a protective shell early in the larval development of bivalves. | | | sicilis and L. macrurus were offered algae as alternate food, and each cleared trochophore larvae at a higher rate than algae. |
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http://www.sgnis.org/publicat/vuln.htm
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| | SpruceRoots Magazine |
| | The first stage is a very small larvae called a Trochophore, which does not need to eat because it is equipped with its own yolk sac for energy. | | | In a couple more days, a larval shell starts to form and the trochopore transforms into the second stage of larval life as a Veliger that is no longer attracted to the light. | | | The trochophore larva moves upwards in the water column, attracted to light, thus increasing its travel opportunities on ocean currents this is really the abalone's only chance to visit wider parts of the neighbourhood. |
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http://www.spruceroots.org/Feb.2001/AbSex.html
(871 words)
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| | Chapter 27 Textbook |
| | (As you may recall from Chapter 15, many animals are classified on the basis of shared features during early development.). Most mollusks have a special kind of larva called a trochophore, (TROH,koh-for). | | | Because the phyla Mollusca and Annelida are closely related to each other, we shall discuss them both in this chapter. | | | Biologists believe that this indicates that mollusks and annelids evolved from a common ancestor that existed during the Precambrian Period (more than 580 million years ago) and had a trochophore larva. |
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http://ohs-bio.www1.50megs.com/ch27/Ch_27_Textbook.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | After 24 to 48 hrs., the non-feeding trochophore develops into the feeding veliger stage. | | | Fertilized eggs develop rapidly into a microscopic swimming trochophore. | | | At this stage the larvae have a thin shell and feed primarily on tiny algae. |
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http://aquanic.org/images/slides/oysters_files/v3_slide0003_notes_pane.htm
(112 words)
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| | Life Cycle |
| | The trochophore stage is a stage in which the eggs are being laid. | | | The gastropods hatch out as swimming larva which is when the girdle of cilia is expanded into a velum which serves to bring in a food and also for swimming. | | | Most young gastropods go through a development called trochophore stage. |
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http://clarke.lexingtonma.org/teams/explorer/projects/open/Life.html
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| | IBSS NASU. Black Sea. Annelides. Polychaeta. Vigtorniella zaikai |
| | She did not assign them to a family. | | | The larvae are able to stay for a long time in cyclonic gyres using their yolk reserves and the limited uptake of detritus. | | | M.I. Kisseleva (1957b) was the first person to find larvae of this species in plankton from the center of the Black Sea where the water is deep. |
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http://www.ibss.iuf.net/blacksea/species/freelife/annelida/polych/zaikai.html
(566 words)
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| | Introduction to the Protostomes |
| | Fig 7 A late trochophore larva in lateral view. | | | *protonephridia develop on the sides of the trochophore | | | Fig 8 A late trochophore in frontal section. |
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http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310protoLec.html
(561 words)
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| | BIL 160 - Lecture 14 |
| | Both Annelids and Mollusks have a similar larval stage called a TROCHOPHORE: | | | primitive forms have a TROCHOPHORE larva; in more derived forms, the trochophore develops into a more complex VELIGER larva before metamorphosis into the adult form | | | The Trochozoans - linked by the trochophore larva |
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http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/160/160S04_14.html
(377 words)
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| | Invert Zoo Lecture |
| | o Trochophore larvae (as in annelids) though later modified during development | | | lophotrochozoa) based on presence of trochophore larva (roughly spherical in shape, with a tuft of apical cirri, and a ring of cilia about the equator). |
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http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/LecMollusca/Mollusc.html
(518 words)
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| | SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY |
| | The trochophore larva is a distinctive larval form of an assortment of protostomes (e.g. | | | Commonly found in the marine plankton, the trochophore is top-shaped with a marginal ring of cilia pygidium and a ciliary tuft near the mouth. | | | USE THE BACK ARROW TO RETURN TO PREVIOUS PAGE |
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http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/Animals/terms/trochophore-larva.htm
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| | Phylum Mollusca |
| | Most others - parasitic larvae - glochidia - develop in female gills | | | Dioecious; fertilization external - male gametes shed into excurrent flow; taken into incurrent flow of female; zygotes | | | Dioecious - fertilized eggs form trochophore larvae, then juveniles |
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http://www.d.umn.edu/biology/courses/bio3701/Mollusca.htm
(642 words)
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| | Lecture 4 |
| | A. Caudofoveata (fig 17-41, p 346) - obscure group close to ancestral form | | | Made up of nacre, think layers of calcium carbonate. | | | ancestral - trochophore larva (fig 17-8, p 326) |
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http://nas.cl.uh.edu/novotny/amh04.htm
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