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| | MID BACK PAIN - ANATOMY |
 | | Common vertebral problems in the thoracic spine include vertebral subluxations, a condition where the vertebrae of the thoracic spine become statically misaligned and/or function abnormally resulting in pain, muscle spasm, and sometime nerve malfunction. | | | Because the thoracic vertebrae form relatively strong articulations with the ribs, the mobility of the thoracic spine is less than that of the cervical and lumbar spines. | | | The paraspinal muscles of the thoracic spine are numerous. |
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http://www.dcdoctor.com/pages/rightpages_healthconditions/midbackpain/mbp_anatomy.html
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| | Vertebra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | There are thirty-three (33) vertebrae in humans, including the five that are fused to form the sacrum (the others are separated by intervertebral discs) and the four coccygeal bones which form the tailbone. | | | Vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the individual bones that make up the vertebral column (aka spine) — a flexuous and flexible column. | | | During the fourth week of embryonic development, the sclerotomes shift their position to surround the spinal cord and the notochord. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrae
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| | SpineSource Thoracic Disc Herniation (Herniated Disc) |
| | Next are 5 lumbar vertebrae, followed by the 5 fused sacral bones (the back of the pelvis) and 4 fused bones of the coccyx (tailbone). | | | The spine is composed of 33 vertebrae, uniquely aligned to support the body and provide a passageway for the spinal cord and nerves. | | | The standard open surgical approaches to the thoracic spine usually involve creating a large opening in the chest wall. |
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http://www.spinesource.com/Back-Pain-Disorders/thoracic-disc-herniation.html
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| | Spine - Ankylosing Spondylitis |
| | The lumbar vertebrae feature no facets on the body or transverse processes (as the thoracic vertebrae have) and the bodies of the lumbar vertebrae are much larger than those of the cervical or thoracic vertebrae. | | | The lumbar vertebrae are the five vertebrae which are below the thoracic vertebrae and above the fused vertebrae of the sacrum. | | | The atlas vertebra, in turn rests upon the axis vertebra, which is the second of the cervical vertebra in the spine, with the articulation between these two vertebra occurring at lateral articular surfaces and an unique juncture between a concave facet (on the atlas) and an upward-protruding structure on the axis called a dens. |
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http://www.nass.co.uk/spine.htm
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| | NASS - Anatomical Functions |
| | The main function of the thoracic spine is to protect the organs of the chest, especially the heart and lungs. | | | There are 12 thoracic vertebrae with one rib attached on each side, to create a thoracic cage, which protects the internal organs of the chest. | | | The thoracic spine is less mobile than the cervical and lumbar spine because of the thoracic cage. |
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http://www.spine.org/fsp/anatomy-functions.cfm
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| | GlobalSpine - Advanced Anatomy - The Spinal Column |
| | Above this the spinous process of the sixth cervical vertebra may sometimes be seen to form a projection; the other cervical spines are sunken, and are not visible, though the spine of the axis can be felt and generally also the spines of the third, fourth, and fifth cervical vertebras. | | | The transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra is of surgical importance. | | | In the lumbar region the furrow is deep, and little pits or depressions frequently indicate the situation of the lumbar spines, especially if the muscles in the loins are well developed and the spine incurved. |
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http://www.globalspine.net/spinal_column_advanced.html
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| | The Thoracic Cage |
| | During respiration the thoracic inlet is fixed, in part by muscles such as scalenus anterior anchoring it to the cervical column. | | | In common with the other vertebrae, the thoracic vertebrae have a body which bears the weight of the column above, a spinal canal formed by the pedicles and laminae, a spinous process and two transverse processes. | | | Its anterior cartilage is fused to the manubrium forming a rigid ring, the thoracic inlet. |
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http://www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/thorax/cage.htm
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| | Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health: Vertebral column |
| | The vertebral column consists of seven cervical-or neck-vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, and five lumbar vertebrae, followed by the sacrum, composed of five fused vertebrae, and by four coccygeal vertebrae which are sometimes fused together and called the coccyx. | | | Since the vertebrae are all stacked on top of one another, the foramina form the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord from which the spinal nerves emerge. | | | The thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12 and are located in the chest area. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gGENH/is_/ai_2699003833
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| | Disk Disease |
| | The fused sacral vertebrae are hard to visualize because they are within the pelvis. | | | Each of the thoracic vertebrae corresponds to a rib (R) on each side of the chest. | | | The cervical (neck) vertebrae tend to have larger spinal canals for the spinal cord to pass through than do the vertebrae of the mid and lower back. |
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http://www.lbah.com/canine/ivd.htm
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| | Chapter 16 On the Vertebrae of the Thorax |
| | Descending processes of the twelfth thoracic vertebra, which are articulated into the depressions of the ascending processes of the first lumbar vertebra. | | | First, the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae vary in size to the degree one is closer to the neck than the other (the first of the figures showing all the bones and the fig. | | | But ribs are not articulated to the transverse processes of the twelfth and eleventh vertebrae, for the two lowest ribs of each side are joined by a single articulation only to the body of the vertebrae, while the rest are jointed to the bodies of the vertebrae and the tips of the transverse processes. |
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http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/chapters/FA.1.16.html
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| | Early American Manual Therapy |
| | Concussion given to the spines of the second and fourth thoracic vertebrae or nerve pressure to or near the spinal origin of the fourth pair of thoracic nerves will cause greater stimulation of the vagus nerves and their inhibitory control than will the same treatment applied elsewhere. | | | Stimulation of the middle thoracic segments from the second to the eighth by intermittent sessions of concussion will stimulate the entire splanchnic zones, but when the treatment is confined to the fourth thoracic spine or transverse processes the stimulation will then directly affect and contract the hepatic organ. | | | Dilation of the aorta may be caused by concussion of the ninth to twelfth thoracic spines or transverse processes. |
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http://www.meridianinstitute.com/eamt/files/gregory/gregch2.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Lumbar vertebrae are characterized by massive bodies and robust spinous and transverse processes. | | | The sacrum is composed of five fused vertebrae, and there are two coccygeal vertebrae which are sometimes fused (fig. | | | Thus, the area of the subarachnoid space below the L2 vertebra (typically L4) is considered a safe place to insert a needle to sample cerebrospinal fluid, since only nerve roots and not spinal cord are found there. |
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http://www.emory.edu/ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/back.html
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| | Thoracic Pedicles Morphometry in Vertebrae from Scoliotic Spines |
| | Thoracic Pedicles Morphometry in Vertebrae from Scoliotic Spines | | | Purpose: The objective of this study was to quantify the changes occurring in thoracic pedicles affected by a scoliotic deformity. | | | In recent years, thoracic pedicle screws are being used more frequently in corrective spine surgery but few studies have evaluated the morphology of scoliotic thoracic pedicles. |
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http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article2290.html
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| | Bones of the Thoracic Wall |
| | This arrangement covers the small intervals between the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, thereby preventing sharp objects such as a knife from penetrating the vertebral canal and injuring the spinal cord. | | | is wedge-shaped and presents two articular facets for articulation with the numerically corresponding vertebra and the vertebra superior to it. | | | The neck lies anterior to the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra. |
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http://www.geocities.com/medinotes/thc-wall.htm
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| | The Vertebral Column |
| | It consists of four or five sacral vertebrae in a child, which become fused into a single bone after age 26. | | | Located at the top of the spinal column, these bones form a flexible framework for the neck and support the head. | | | (also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column) consists of a series of 33 irregularly shaped bones, called vertebrae. |
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http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humananatomy/skeletal/backbone/backbone.html
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| | Thoracic Spine |
| | The Thoracic spine is located in the chest area and contains 12 vertebrae. | | | The lattice-like structure of the cancellous bone (cancel-lus, the spongy interior) in a vertebra absorbs external pressure. | | | The bones in the spine are called vertebrae (ver-ta-bray). |
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http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1397.html
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| | IV. Myology. 6. The Fasciæ and Muscles of the Trunk. a. The Deep Muscles of the Back. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy ... |
| | The muscles connecting the anterior tubercles are termed the Intertransversarii anteriores; those between the posterior tubercles, the Intertransversarii posteriores; both sets are supplied by the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves (Lickley 81). | | | The fibers of the muscle are directed upward and lateralward and are inserted, under cover of the Sternocleidomastoideus, into the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and into the rough surface on the occipital bone just below the lateral third of the superior nuchal line. | | | The Semispinalis capitis (Complexus) is situated at the upper and back part of the neck, beneath the Splenius, and medial to the Longissimus cervicis and capitis. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/107/115.html
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| | UMC Health - Sports Medicine Health - Dealing with Low Back Pain |
| | The lumbar spine consists of five vertebrae, and then there is the sacrum, which is the bottom of the spine. | | | The facets the thoracic spine are in a different plane and allow for more rotation of the spine. | | | The seven vertebrae of the cervical spine resemble each other in the way they are formed. |
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http://www.umc-cares.org/Health_Info/article.asp?Category=All&ArticleID=48
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| | Spine Page 2 |
| | Thoracic curves, those in the upper spine, are more likely to progress than thoracolumbar curves or lumbar curves, those of the middle to lower spine. | | | If the disk degenerates or the curvature progresses to the point that the spinal vertebrae begin pressing on the nerves, pain can be very severe and may require surgery. | | | The thoracic (T) vertebrae are the twelve spinal bones that connect to the rib cage. |
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http://www.ocpamn.com/skeleton/spine/spine2.cfm
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| | Pain-relieving posterior rod fixation with segmental sublaminar wiring for Pancoast tumor invading the vertebrae -- ... |
| | Although high-dose irradiation is the treatment of choice for pain relief, particularly in patients with extensive local invasion or distant metastasis (3-5), tumors which have invaded bone often cause local failure with pain recurrence (5). | | | Despite local postoperative recurrence in the cervical and thoracic vertebrae within the region of the rod fixation, the patient complained of no pain at these sites until his death. | | | Pancoast lung cancer invades surrounding structures, including the pleura, chest wall, adjacent vertebrae, brachial plexus, major vessels and cervical sympathetic plexus, causing agonizing pain in most patients (1,2). |
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http://jjco.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/29/12/633
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| | Degenerative Disc Disease and spine information at MedicineNet.com |
| | Each vertebrae has a spinous process, which is a bony prominence behind the spinal cord that shields the cord's nerve tissue. | | | The bony spine is designed so that vertebrae "stacked" together can provide a movable support structure while also protecting the spinal cord (nervous tissue that extends down the spinal column from the brain) from injury. | | | The spine has seven vertebrae in the neck (cervical vertebrae), twelve vertebrae in the mid-back (thoracic vertebrae), and five vertebrae in the low back (lumbar vertebrae). |
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http://www.medicinenet.com/degenerative_disc/article.htm
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| | Virtual Hospital: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal System: ThoracicVertebrae |
| | Kaplan, E.B. (1945) The surgical and anatomic significance of the mammilary tubercle of the last thoracic vertebra. | | | The transverse processes of the tenth through twelfth transverse processes are distinctly variable and may present evidence of subdivision into three parts. | | | Todd, T.W. (1912) Costal anomalies of the thoracic inlet, their interpretation and significance. |
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http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Text/ThoracicVertebrae.html
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| | Anatomy of the Spine |
| | The thoracic vertebrae comprise the chest section and have ribs attached. | | | Coming from your spinal cord is a network of nerves that carry messages to and from your brain and the rest of your body. | | | Examination of muscle strength, as well as neurological function, can pinpoint if any nerves are involved and the extent of any weakness. |
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http://www.brispine.com.au/spinal_anatomy.html
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| | Unit IV |
| | Posterior portion – This portion of the rib has a head and 2 facets for articulation with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. | | | Expiration occurs mostly from elastic recoil of the lungs when the inspiratory muscles relax, so it is a much more passive process. | | | There is also movement more laterally as the bucket handle movement of the ribs allows the expansion of the lungs outward. |
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http://www.courses.vcu.edu/DANC291-003/unit_4.htm
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| | References |
| | Sharan AD, Przybylski GJ, Tartaglino L: Approaching the upper thoracic vertebrae without sternotomy or thoracotomy: a radiographic analysis with clinical application. | | | Sundaresan N, Shah J, Foley KM, et al: An anterior surgical approach to the upper thoracic vertebrae. | | | Naunheim KS, Barnett MG, Crandall DG, et al: Anterior exposure of the thoracic spine. |
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http://www.medscape.com/content/2002/00/42/49/424930/424930_ref.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Multimedia - Thoracic Vertebrae |
| | Twelve thoracic vertebrae are stacked in the chest, each with a shallow socket on either side where the ribs join the spine. | | | The ten uppermost vertebrae, those that support the neck and head, emphasize stability. | | | Their structure includes additional bumps and hollows that lock neighboring links in the spinal column together. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/media_461516405/Thoracic_Vertebrae.html
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| | Vertebra Models |
| | Consisting of the 5 lumbar vertebrae with intervertebral discs, sacrum with flap, coccyx, spinal nerves and spinal cord. | | | 2 lumbar vertebrae with spinal nerves, spinal cord and 2 replaceable dorso-lateral prolapsed discs between the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae. | | | Consisting of the 12 thoracic vertebrae with intervertebral discs, thoracic nerves and spinal cord. |
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http://www.kappamedical.com/vertebra_models.htm
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| | Thoracic Vertebrae |
| | The spine is made up of three groups of bones called "vertebrae." The twelve in the chest area are the "thoracic" vertebrae, which are larger than those in the cervical region. | | | They have long, pointed spinous processes that slope downward, and have facets on the sides of their bodies that join with ribs. | | | Beginning with the third thoracic vertebra and moving down, the bodies of these bones increase in size. |
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http://www.innerbody.com/text/skel52.html
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| | The Vertebral Column |
| | 5 sacral vertebrae which are fused together to form 1 bone called the sacrum and 4 coccygeal vertebrae that are also fused together to form the coccyx or tailbone. | | | The spinal column is comprised of 33 bones, these bones are refered to individually as vertebrae. | | | The concavities above and below the pedicles are named the vertebral notches; and when the vertebrae are articulated, the notches of each contiguous pair of bones form the intervertebral foramina, already referred to. |
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http://www.apparelyzed.com/spine.html
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| | The Big Story on Bones |
| | Finally, all the way at the bottom of the spine is the coccyx (say: cok-sicks), which is made of four fused vertebrae. | | | There are five types of vertebrae in the spine, and each does a different kind of job: | | | Below the cervical vertebrae are the thoracic (say: thuh-rah-sick) vertebrae, and there are 12 in all. |
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http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/bones_SW_p2.html
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| | MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Thoracic spine x-ray |
| | A thoracic spine x-ray is an x-ray of the 12 chest (thoracic) vertebrae. | | | The x-ray machine will be positioned over the thoracic area of the spine. | | | Vertebral radiography; X-ray - spine; Thoracic x-ray; Spine x-ray; Thoracic spine films; Back films |
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003806.htm
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| | High Prevalence of Thoracic Vertebral Deformities and Discal Wedging in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients with ... |
| | To study the prevalence of deformities of vertebrae and intervertebral discs in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in relation to fixed hyperkyphosis of the spine. | | | In the thoracic spine, the prevalence of vertebral deformities was higher in patients with hyperkyphosis (n = 38) compared to patients without hyperkyphosis (n = 12) (45% vs 8%; p = 0.01). | | | High Prevalence of Thoracic Vertebral Deformities and Discal Wedging in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients with Hyperkyphosis |
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http://www.jrheum.com/abstracts/abstracts01/1856.html
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| | ZOO. 453 - AMNIOTE SKELETON PHOTOS, PART 2 |
| | Identify the scapular spine, acromion process and coracoid process. | | | Lateral view of a thoracic vertebrae from a large ungulate. | | | Thoracic vertebae of a large ungulate, posterior view showing the interlocking post- zygapophyses. |
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http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/skeleton_photos/amniote_skeleton_photos2.htm
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| | Cervical Vertebrae Overview |
| | There are 24 vertebrae in the spine; the first seven (C1-C7) are cervical (cervix="neck"). | | | The next 12 are the thoracic vertebrae which articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs. | | | This last cervical vertebra is also called "vertebra prominens". |
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http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/vert/cerv.htm
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| | GlobalSpine - Advanced Anatomy - Characters of the Thoracic Vertebrae |
| | In the Eleventh Thoracic the body approaches in its form and size to the lumbar. | | | The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae resemble those in the cervical and lumbar regions at the respective ends of this portion of the spine; but in the middle of the thoracic region their form is very characteristic, being heart-shaped, and as broad in the antero-posterior as in the lateral direction. | | | The dorsal vertebrae may be at once recognized by the presence on the sides of the body of one or more facets or half-facets for the heads of the ribs. |
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http://www.globalspine.net/thoracic_vertebrae_advanced.html
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| | KINE/AT 213 - Chapter Ten |
| | Chapter 10 Outline - Injuries to the Thoracic Through Coccygeal Spine | | | -Kyphosis - round back, convexity of thoracic spine | | | Protect the heart, both lungs and aorta/vena cava |
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http://www.tamu-commerce.edu/hpe/abell/KINE213/chapter10.htm
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| | Thoracic 1 |
| | In their normal articulated position, the demifacets of adjacent vertebrae form whole facets for the heads of the ribs. | | | The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae also have half facets (demifacets) for articulation with the heads of the ribs. | | | Except for last two, the transverse processes of these vertebrae bear facets that articulate with the tubercles of the ribs. |
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http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/aplab/Table_of_Contents/Lab_03/Thoracic_1/thoracic_1.html
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| | Organ: Thoracic vertebrae - CureResearch.com |
| | Thoracic vertebrae: Spinal bones at the back behind the chest | | | Use of this site is subject to our TERMS OF USE. | | | By using this site you agree to our Terms of Use. |
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http://www.cureresearch.com/organ/thoracic_vertebrae.htm
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| | Presence of articular facets on side of vertebral body for articulation with at least one pair of ribs 2. | | | Movements flex/ ext 50(- 70(Side/flex 20(- 25(Rotation 35(in each direction JOINTS Similar to cervical No uncovertebral Vertebral bodies articulate via intervertebral discs Zygopophyseal formed by the articular facets either side: Superior facet faces posteriorly, laterally and superiorly Inferior facet faces anteriorly inferiorly and medially Costo vertebral synovial plane joints. | | | ÐÏࡱá ; þÿ þÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿýÿÿÿ þÿÿÿ þÿÿÿþÿÿÿ þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿR o o t E n t r y ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ À F ÐÍ·P½ C o m p O b j ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ b W o r d D o c u m e n t ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ ^/ O b j e c t P o o l ÿÿÿÿ á°u·P½á°u·P½ Ô 4@Ô þÿÿÿ þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ þÿ ÿÿÿÿ À F Microsoft Word 6.0 Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.6 ; þÿ þÿ à
òùOh«‘ +'³Ù0 ° ¼ $ H l ´ Ø ü D h ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ G:\APPS\WORDFW\NORMAL.DOT # Thoracic spine/Ribs/Sternum/Lungs/ Phethean Phethean @ bÜ¥e 3À e À ^/ ¦ * ¦ * ¦ ¦* ¦* ¦* ¦* ¦* + + + + + + 0+ ( + “. 1 X+ X+ " z+ z+ z+ z+ z+ z+ , , , , ) =, Y- u. Ä. T / F “. ¦* z+ z+ z+ z+ z+ “. z+ ¦* ¦* z+ X+ z+ z+ z+ z+ ¦* z+ ¦* z+ , º* Ú* 6 ¦* ¦* ¦* ¦* z+ , z+ z+ Thoracic spine Ribs/Sternum/Lungs/ Thoracic spine Consists of 12 vertebrae Kyphotic in shape Distinctive features of thoracic vertebrae 1. |
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http://www.sohp.soton.ac.uk/aaanatomy/lectnotes/lect8'98.doc
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| | thoracic vertebrae |
| | The thoracic vertebrae are characterized by their association with ribs. | | | Therefore, before examining representative vertebrae you should examine the structure of the ribs. | | | Note how the size and shape of the dorsal spine varies from the anterior to posterior thoracic vertebrae. |
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http://biology.kenyon.edu/heithausp/cat-tutorial/vertebrae/thcol.htm
(70 words)
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| | Vertebrae Anatomy Tutorial |
| | 12 thoracic vertebrae that articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs | | | 1 coccyx or "tailbone" which is a fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae | | | These fibrocartilage discs form strong joints and absorb spinal compression shock. |
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http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/vert/vertut.htm
(152 words)
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| | Cat Skeleton 1 |
| | There are 13 thoracic vertebrae, which in addition to their function of axial support, bear the ribs. | | | Note that there are 7 cervical (neck) vertebrae, which is the same number found in most mammals. | | | Examine the vertebral column of the cat and compare it with those of the frog and bird. |
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http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-9b/Cat_Skeleton_1/cat_skeleton_1.htm
(106 words)
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| | thoracic vertebrae |
| | The relationship between age, size and shape in the upper thoracic vertebrae of the mouse. | | | The relationship between age, size and shape of mouse thoracic vertebrae: a scanning electron microscopic study. | | | Osteogenesis in two marsupial species, the bandicoot Isoodon macrourus and the possum Trichosurus vulpecula. |
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http://www.arclab.org/node_pages/1001.html
(45 words)
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