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Topic: Sufentanil



  
 Sufentanil (Sufenta ) as an anaesthetic
Sufentanil is effective in reducing the so-called stress responses that can occur with balanced anesthesia.
Although no conclusive data have shown that such reduction in stress response improves anesthetic outcome, many clinicians continue to choose sufentanil for both convenience and improved hemodynamic control.
his review considers a few of the controversies and most recent data pertaining to the clinical intraoperative use of the potent opioid sufentanil.
http://general-anaesthesia.com/sufentanil.html

  
 ABSTRACT SUMMARY:
Sufentanil provided somewhat better conditions for induction and emergence.
CONCLUSION: Both intranasal midazolam and sufentanil provide rapid, safe, and effective sedation in small children before anesthesia for ambulatory surgery.
Both drugs enabled patients to be separated from their parents with a minimum of distress.
http://www.wolfetory.com/education/midazolam_for_sedation.htm

  
 MedlinePlus Drug Information: Sufentanil Citrate Injection
Your health care provider may tell you to stop your infusion if you have a mechanical problem (such as a blockage in the tubing, needle, or catheter); if you have to stop an infusion, call your health care provider immediately so your therapy can continue.
tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to sufentanil, morphine, codeine (or medications that contain codeine such as Tylenol with Codeine), hydrocodone (e.g., Vicodin), hydromorphone (e.g., Dilaudid), oxycodone (e.g., Percocet), oxymorphone (Numorphan), or any other drugs.
Your doctor has ordered sufentanil, a strong analgesic (painkiller), to relieve your pain.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a684066.html

  
 Dannemiller Memorial Educational Foundation
In all patients that reported good pain relief, IN sufentanil was rated as much better than their usual opioid breakthrough pain medication, both in speed of onset and efficacy.
The use of sublingual (SL) and intranasal (IN) routes of medications to control breakthrough pain is being re-explored, to include use in the palliative care setting.
The authors claim no financial interest or other relationship with any manufacturer(s) of any commercial product(s) related to this article.
http://www.dannemiller.com/gfile_sample.cfm

  
 sufentanil, opiate analysis - dextromethorphan - sciex 3000
sufentanil, opiate analysis - dextromethorphan - sciex 3000
HFL is a GLP compliant Contract Research Organisation providing LC-MS/MS and GC-MS Bioanalysis to support Clinical Trials for Human and veterinary drug development.
http://www.controlled-drugs.co.uk/sufentanil.htm

  
 The opiate sufentanil alters the inflammatory, endocrine, and metabolic responses to endotoxin in dogs -- Moeniralam et ...
During sufentanil infusion the dogs were sleepy but could be awakened easily.
In conclusion, sufentanil infusion induces many changes in the physiological responses to intravenous endotoxin.
The question arises whether endotoxin tolerance may affect our conclusions, because each dog was studied twice with endotoxin.
http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/275/3/E440

  
 DURECT: DURECT Corporation Announces Completion of Patient Enrollment in Phase II Clinical Trial for DUROS Sufentanil
DUROS® sufentanil is intended for patients whose chronic pain is stable, opioid responsive and results from a variety of malignant and non-malignant causes.
Chronic pain is a significant problem associated with chronic diseases, including cancer and various neurological and skeletal disorders.
In addition to DUROS® sufentanil, DURECT's second product in development, DUROS® hydromorphone, is a DUROS®-based pharmaceutical system for the delivery of hydromorphone to the spine for the treatment of end-stage cancer pain.
http://www.durect.com/wt/durect/page_name/pr_999729503

  
 Sufentanil Citrate Injection - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
Sufentanil is used mostly during surgery or while you are recovering from surgery.
Occasionally, sufentanil may be given for the management of pain.
An anesthesiologist or specially trained health care professional will give sufentanil to you.
http://www.drugdigest.com/DD/PrintablePages/Monograph/0,7765,6220,00.html

  
 Sufentanil Side Effects - Sufentanil Citrate
Please note that entries here are the experiences of individual users, and in no way means that you or anyone else will experience the same side effect, since the same medication affects people in different ways.
This registry is a place to share positive or negative side effects of using Sufentanil.
If you directly experienced a side effect while using Sufentanil, then we encourage you to enter it here.
http://www.medications.com/go/se/Sufentanil

  
 Obstetrics: Low Doses of Sufentanil Sufficient for Relief of Labor Pain, November 16, 2000
Obstetrics: Low Doses of Sufentanil Sufficient for Relief of Labor Pain, November 16, 2000
( NewsRx.com) -- Researchers reported in the journal Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica that the effectiveness of sufentanil, an opioid used to enhance epidural analgesia for labor pain, is not improved - and is in some cases reduced - with increased dosage.
Low Doses of Sufentanil Sufficient for Relief of Labor Pain
http://www.obgyn.net/NewsRx/womens_health-Obstetrics-20001116-19.asp

  
 DURECT: CHRONOGESIC® 
The CHRONOGESIC® product delivers sufentanil continuously within the therapeutic window, at physician prescribed doses for three months of pain therapy.
With our CHRONOGESIC ® (sufentanil) Pain Therapy System, we intend to target patients with opioid responsive chronic pain that results from a variety of causes.
Sales of opioids for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic malignant and nonmalignant pain exceed $2 billion.
http://www.durect.com/wt/durect/page_name/chronogesic

  
 Nociceptive mechanisms modulate ozone-induced human lung function decrements -- Passannante et al. 85 (5): 1863 -- ...
Sufentanil and naloxone were employed in this study to manipulate
Although pain might be elicited by activation of
µg/kg sufentanil (0.25 µg/kg in a few early subjects) was inadequate
http://www.jap.org/cgi/content/full/85/5/1863

  
 [No title]
This would conflict with earlier cat and dog studies which showed sufentanil free of any spinal cord toxicity.
Until further spinal cord studies have been performed, one should inject intrathecal sufentanil with caution.
While appropriate spinal cord toxicity studies have not been performed with meperidine, the clinical evidence supports its use in preservative-free forms.
http://www.ncpainmanagement.com/InfoEpidChestAbSurgery.htm

  
 Effects of sufentanil and NMDA antagonists on a C-fibre reflex in the rat -- Adam et al. 133 (7): 1013 -- British ...
sufentanil increased, while the facilitation of the C-fibre
Effects of sufentanil and NMDA antagonists on a C-fibre reflex in the rat -- Adam et al.
Effects of sufentanil and NMDA antagonists on a C-fibre reflex in the rat
http://www.brjpharmacol.org/cgi/content/abstract/133/7/1013

  
 Involvement of the cyclic AMP system in the switch from tolerance into supersensitivity to the antinociceptive effect ...
On the other hand, chronic infusion of nimodipine alone produced
(Spain), furaldipine by Laboratorios Alter (Spain), and sufentanil
with sufentanil in rats, not only prevents tolerance expression
http://www.brjpharmacol.org/cgi/content/full/130/1/174

  
 News - WIP: Chronogesic (Sufentanil) Shows Promise for Chronic Pain
CUPERTINO, CA -- June 29, 2001 -- Preliminary results suggest that Chronogesic™ (sufentanil) may be effective for the long-term treatment of stable and opioid responsive chronic pain.
These preliminary results, from a Phase II clinical trial of three-month continuous infusion with the subcutaneous implant for the treatment of chronic pain, were presented today at the 2nd World Congress of the World Institute of Pain held June 27-30, in Istanbul, Turkey.
News - WIP: Chronogesic (Sufentanil) Shows Promise for Chronic Pain
http://www.docguide.com/news/content.nsf/News/D448936054F9C91785256A7A00503B83?OpenDocument&id=48dde4a73e09a969852568880078c249

  
 critical care forum Full text Comparison of sufentanil with sufentanil plus magnesium sulphate for sedation in the ...
Because of the limited number of patients included and the short period of observation, our findings must be confirmed by larger clinical trials of magnesium infusion titrated to achieve prespecified levels of sedation.
No invasive surgery was performed during the 24 hour study period.
Furthermore, randomized clinical studies are needed to determine the effects of magnesium infusion on opioids.
http://ccforum.com/content/7/5/R123

  
 Moskvagas
A wide therapeutic index implies a greater safety margin between the effective dose and the lethal dose.The therapeutic index is derived from animal studies, not human studies, and may be based on only one animal species.
A better appreciation of some of the pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic issues relating to carfentanil redistribution might have heightened concerns about recurrent toxicity.
Another characteristic of sufentanil, alfentanil, and remifentanil is their wide therapeutic index (Table).
http://www.tjetjenien.org/Moskvagas.htm

  
 Opioide vom Typ der Anilinopiperidine - Sufentanil rec. INN
(1999) Transdermal nitroglycerine enhances spinal sufentanil postoperative analgesia following orthopedic surgery.
(1990) Comparison of epidural sufentanil plus clonidine with sufentanil alone for postoperative pain relief.
(1994) Extradural sufentanil by patient-controlled analgesia or nurse-administered compared with optimal morphine in a high dependency unit: effects on oxygenation and pain relief after abdominal surgery.
http://www.narcomed.com/books/opioide/literatur.html

  
 More Epidural than Intravenous Sufentanil is Required to Provide Comparable Postoperative Pain Relief -- Menigaux et ...
More Epidural than Intravenous Sufentanil is Required to Provide Comparable Postoperative Pain Relief -- Menigaux et al.
More Epidural than Intravenous Sufentanil is Required to Provide Comparable Postoperative Pain Relief
sufentanil produce analgesia seems to be systemic absorption
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/abstract/93/2/472

  
 ☞ Newborns Article - Effects of sufentanil on electroencephalogram in very and extremely preterm neonates ☜
Therefore, the aims of this study were 1) to describe the effects of sufentanil on the EEG in preterm infants and 2) to evaluate the consequences of these effects on neurologic assessment in NICUs.
There was no significant relationship between clinical pain score and serum concentration levels of sufentanil (R = 0.185; P =.527).
Knowledge of the effects of drugs that may modify cerebral activity is critical for the electroencephalographer to avoid false interpretation.
http://www.breastfeedinfo.com/breastfeed/bfiarticles/newborns/newborns-article-5964.html

  
 Fentanyl versus sufentanil: plasma concentrations during continuous epidural postoperative infusion in children -- ...
Keywords : analgesia, postoperative; analgesics opioid, fentanyl; analgesics opioid, sufentanil; analgesic techniques, epidural; children
of sufentanil suggest a spinal action of sufentanil.
Epidural bupivacaine has been shown to provide effective postoperative
http://www.bja.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/4/615

  
 Comparison of alfentanil, fentanyl and sufentanil for total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol in patients ...
University of Helsinki, those of sufentanil at the Janssen Research
Foundation, and those of propofol at Bioanalytics, Research
In patients receiving fentanyl, the trachea was extubated on
http://www.bja.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/4/533

  
 Epidural Droperidol
We must be careful in caring patients suffering from chronic pain with continuous epidural administration of droperidol.
Phasic and tonic heat pain thresholds were increased postoperatively 1 h after sufentanil and placebo (P < 0.01 and P < 0.0005, respectively).
More patients were sedated with epidural droperidol than with placebo (P < 0.02).
http://www.csen.com/anesthesia/droperidol.htm

  
 Preemptive Analgesia
Expressed pain scores over 3 days confirmed correct use of the PCEA device and that those taking less sufentanil were not in more pain.
Presence of presurgical pain might be responsible for the controversy over the clinical validity of PA.
Result: After exclusions, there were 20 patients in the study group and 21 in the control group.
http://www.painstudy.ru/wcp/preemptive.htm

  
 (S-5) INTRATHECAL SUFENTANIL ENHANCES RECOVERY FOR OUTPATIENT EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY WHEN COMPARED TO ...
Recent studies have demonstrated the efficacy, safety, and enhanced recovery profile of intrathecal sufentanil (ITS) compared to intrathecal lidocaine for outpatient ESWL (1).
Our study shows that ITS has an enhanced recovery profile hastening discharge while achieving high patient satisfaction when compared to GA.
INTRODUCTION: Many anesthetic techniques are currently used for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
http://www.iars.com/abstracts/abstracts/S1/S5.htm

  
 Sufentanil ( Sufenta )
The focus of the present work was to determine the possible involvement of cross interactions between the adenylyl cyclase pathway and L-type voltage-sensitive Ca(2+)-channels, in modulating the switch from opioid tolerance into supersensitivity.
Tolerance to the analgesic effect of sufentanil was associated with a significant reduction in the response of adenylyl cyclase to forskolin.
e have previously demonstrated that chronic and simultaneous treatment of rats with the mu-opioid receptor agonist sufentanil and the Ca(2+) channel blocker nimodipine, not only prevented tolerance development, but the animals became supersensitive to the antinociceptive effect of the opioid.
http://www.heroin.org/sufentanil

  
 Acute Pain Opioids
Self-administering N makes our pts more aware of the need to treat itching that otherwise might go untreated.
METHODS : Following approval of the local University Ethics Committee and written informed consent six patients undergoing major spinal surgery received sufentanil bolus (2 mcg/ kg) followed by infusion (1 mcg/ kg/ h) intraoperatively.
Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of nalbuphine on respiratory depression and analgesia in patients given sufentanil infusion intraoperatively.
http://www.painstudy.ru/10wcp/acutepainopioids.htm

  
 (S-287) COMPARISON OF ANALGESIC AND UNTOWARD EFFECTS OF INTRATHECAL FENTANYL VERSUS SUFENTANIL AT EQUIPOTENT DOSES FOR ...
METHODS: Forty healthy pregnant patients with singleton gestation who requested analgesia for pain of early labor [5 cm cervical dilation] were recruited for the study [with informed consent and approval by the IRB].
Each patient was randomized to receive the ED dose of either intrathecal fentanyl or sufentanil; 22 patients received 17.4 mcg of fentanyl and 18 patients received 8.9 mcg of sufentanil.
Many studies have been performed comparing the analgesic effects of fentanyl and sufentanil.
http://www.iars.org/abstracts/abstracts/S279/S287.htm

  
 Intrathecal sufentanil-morphine shortens the duration of intubation and improves analgesia in fast-track cardiac ...
IT sufentanil and morphine for fast-track cardiac surgery in
Early extubation after mitral valve surgery: a target-controlled infusion of propofol and low-dose sufentanil.
Anesthesia in patients in the iv group was induced with TCI-propofol
http://www.cja-jca.org/cgi/content/full/49/7/711

  
 IT opioid during LSCS with spinal anaesthesia
However, it is likely that fentanyl and sufentanil are less effective than morphine, but are also associated with less harm.
Four different opioids were studied: morphine, fentanyl, sufentanil and buprenorphine.
Concerning the efficacy of intrathecal opioid use for intraoperative analgesia, evidence suggests that this is of benefit.
http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/painpag/Acutrev/labour/AP062.html

  
 DURECT Corporation (DRRX) Initiates Phase I Trial For Its Proprietary Trans...
DURECT's transdermal sufentanil product is intended to provide extended chronic pain relief for up to seven days, as compared to the three days of relief provided with currently available patches.
Sufentanil is a pain relief medication that is currently FDA -approved for use in hospitals as an analgesic and is the active ingredient in DURECT's CHRONOGESIC(R) product under development.
The objectives of the clinical study are to determine the safety and tolerability of DURECT's transdermal sufentanil patch as well as evaluate the pharmacokinetics of sufentanil following transdermal administration.
http://www.biospace.com/news_story.cfm?StoryId=17804820

  
 Choice of epidural agent
PCEA is associated with an overall reduction in the amount of drug used when compared with other techniques.
Fentanyl 100mcg may be indicated in certain circumstances (14, 15).
Success has also been reported a with combination of 0.01% bupivacaine, sufentanil and epinephrine (20).
http://www.manbit.com/oa/C60.htm

  
 Inadvertent Administration of Sufentanil Instead of Fentanyl during Sedation/Analgesia in a Community Hospital ...
Frank Klanduch, MD From the Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine and the Emergency Medicine and Trauma Center, Methodist Hospital, Clarian Health Partners, Indianapolis, IN (CDC, FK).
Key words : sufentanil; fentanyl; medication error; adverse drug events
Inadvertent Administration of Sufentanil Instead of Fentanyl during Sedation/Analgesia in a Community Hospital Emergency Department: A Report of Two Cases -- Chisholm and Klanduch 7 (11): 1282 -- Academic Emergency Medicine
http://www.aemj.org/cgi/content/abstract/7/11/1282

  
 Palliative Care Incident Pain and Incident Dyspnea Protocol
Consequently, they must be used with appropriate clinical assessment and monitoring, particularly when first initiating use on a patient.
If the maximum number of doses (three) has been given, and the patient remains in discomfort with activity that must be undertaken presently, the physician should be contacted for consideration of immediately proceeding to the next step of the Incident Pain and Incident Dyspnea Protocol.
This can be very useful for in-home care, where the preparation of pre-drawn syringes for sublingual administration can be tedious.
http://palliative.info/IncidentPain.htm

  
 Comparison of intravenous and intranasal sufentanil absorption and sedation -- Helmers et al. 36 (5): 494 -- Canadian ...
allocated to receive as premedication 15 micrograms sufentanil either
Sixteen adult patients scheduled for elective surgery were randomly
The results of this study show that sufentanil, when administered
http://intl.cja-jca.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/5/494

  
 Cerebrospinal Fluid Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of Bupivacaine and Lidocaine after Intrathecal and Epidural ...
) was close to that observed for sufentanil in dogs,
Tucker GT and Mather LE (1998) Physicochemical properties, absorption, and disposition of local anesthetic, in Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Management of Pain 2nd ed.
Taverne RHT, Ionescu TI and Nuyten STM (1992) Comparative absorption and distribution pharmacokinetics of intravenous and epidural sufentanil for major abdominal surgery.
http://www.jpet.org/cgi/content/full/289/2/1015

  
 University of Iowa Anesthesia Publications
Fentanyl and sufentanil were associated with a more rapid return of mental function than morphine and meperidine.
Meperidine caused deleterious effects on objective tests of psychomotor and cognitive skills that were not reflected by subjective evaluation of rate of recovery from anesthesia.
The hemodynamic changes, plasma norepinephrine levels, pupil size, and rapidity of postoperative mental recovery were measured and compared in 72 patients randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to receive either morphine, meperidine, fentanyl, or sufentanil as supplements to nitrous oxide anesthesia.
http://www.uianesthesia.com/readabstract.asp?PMID=0006230953

  
 MedicineHouse.com
NSAIDs, antidepressant agents (see front matter for drug combinations) and use of non-drug therapies e.g.
Sufentanil may produce a dose dependent bradycardia probably by stimulation of the vagal nucleus in the medulla.
(3) Sufentanil may produce a dose-related rigidity of skeletal muscles (4) The drug crosses the placental barrier and usage in labor may produce depression of respiration in the neonate.
http://www.medicinehouse.com/cgi-bin/drug.php?drug=sufentanil

  
 Anestesiologia.com.br
Interaction of Morphine, Fentanyl, Sufentanil, Alfentanil, and Loperamide with the Efflux Drug Transporter P-glycoprotein
Fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil did not behave as P-glycoprotein substrates, whereas the morphine glucuronides did not cross the cell monolayers at all, whether P-glycoprotein was present or not.
In this study, the authors examined whether other opioids of importance to anesthesiologists such as fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil, and also morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide, are P-glycoprotein substrates and whether, in turn, these opioids act also as P-glycoprotein inhibitors.
http://www.anestesiologia.com.br/resumos.php?itm=13&anestesiologia_secao=8a8641bb5fc2f5f4cea276c60d8da527

  
 Pain.com
When using other opioids, especially when changing from one to another, it is incumbent upon the clinician to understand not only the concept of equianalgesic dosing, but also of lipid solubility to avoid side effects, such as respiratory depression.
With chronic intraspinal infusions of such drugs, patients become tolerant to the side effects and may have their 24-hour dose increased substantially to cover pain outside the immediate segments where the drug is being delivered, usually at low lumbar level for implanted systems (due to concerns of catheter-tip fibrosis).
The hydrophilicity (or lipophilicity) of a drug is a significant determinant of duration of action (and onset of action) when the drug is delivered intrathecally.
http://www.pain.com/articles/onepage.cfm?chapter_id=65

  
 Fentanyl and its Analogs Desensitize the Cloned Mu Opioid Receptor -- Bot et al. 285 (3): 1207 -- Journal of ...
Fentanyl, and its structural analogs lofentanil and sufentanil, are potent analgesics used clinically in the management of
Bar graphs represent forskolin (FSK) stimulation alone obtained for control and treated groups.
The data presented are the means ± S.E. of three or more separate experiments, each performed in duplicate.
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/285/3/1207

  
 Total anaesthesia for cats : propofol and fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil
Decreases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate were detected with all treatments.
RESULTS: Minimal infusion rate of propofol required to prevent a response to a noxious stimulus was higher when cats received saline solution.
Total anaesthesia for cats : propofol and fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil
http://general-anaesthesia.com/cats.html

  
 The Analgesic Effect of Sufentanil Combined with Ropivacaine 0.2% for Labor Analgesia: A Comparison of Three Sufentanil ...
was 96 ± 32 min for patients without sufentanil, 134
No patient in any group had a Bromage score more than
The duration of analgesia, pain score, degree of motor blockade
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/1/180

  
 Addition of meperidine to bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section{dagger} -- Yu et al. 88 (3): 379 -- ...
Recently, intrathecal fentanyl has been shown to be more effective
The maternal and fetal effects of the addition of sufentanil to 0.5% spinal bupivacaine for cesarean delivery.
Although a local anaesthetic solution may be used alone for
http://bja.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/3/379

  
 Peripherally administered sufentanil inhibits pain perception after postpartum tubal ligation.
Peripherally administered sufentanil inhibits pain perception after postpartum tubal ligation.
Rorarius M, Suominen P, Baer G, Pajunen P, Tuimala R, Laippala P. Peripherally administered sufentanil inhibits pain perception after postpartum tubal ligation.
http://www.hytti.uku.fi/tays/julkaisut/1999/9900011.html

  
 A Randomized, Double-Blinded Comparison of Intrathecal Morphine, Sufentanil and their Combination versus IV Morphine ...
S-M rather than in Group C. The incidence of side effects was
A Randomized, Double-Blinded Comparison of Intrathecal Morphine, Sufentanil and their Combination versus IV Morphine Patient-Controlled Analgesia for Postthoracotomy Pain -- Liu et al.
A Randomized, Double-Blinded Comparison of Intrathecal Morphine, Sufentanil and their Combination versus IV Morphine Patient-Controlled Analgesia for Postthoracotomy Pain
http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/1/31

  
 (S-48) DIRECT MYOCARDIAL EFFECTS OF REMIFENTANIL, SUFENTANIL, FENTANYL, AND ALFENTANIL ON ISOLATED HUMAN RIGHT ATRIA IN ...
METHODS: With approval of the local medical ethics comittee, human right atrial tissue was obtain from patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass surgery.
M. At clinically relevant concentations, remifentanil, sufentanil, alfentanil, and fentanyl did not modified inotropic parameters of isolated human right atrial trabeculae.
Never- theless, alfentanil induced a dose dependent negative inotropic effect significantly greater than that induced by remifentanil, sufentanil, and fentanyl.
http://www.iars.com/abstracts/abstracts/S25/s48.htm

  
 Fentanyl Metabolism by Human Hepatic and Intestinal Cytochrome P450 3A4: Implications for Interindividual Variability ...
of iv sufentanil, also a high-extraction drug, was unaffected
Watkins: Drug metabolism by cytochromes P450 in the liver and small bowel.
Wood: Identification of human liver cytochrome P-450 3A4 as the enzyme responsible for fentanyl and sufentanil N -dealkylation.
http://www.dmd.org/cgi/content/full/25/9/1072

  
 Sufentanil disposition during cardiopulmonary bypass -- Flezzani et al. 34 (6): 566 -- Canadian Journal of Anesthesia
sufentanil reached 3.8 +/- 0.4 ng.ml-1 before CPB and approached the 5.0
infusion (CACI) system to maintain constant plasma levels of sufentanil
Sufentanil disposition during cardiopulmonary bypass -- Flezzani et al.
http://intl.cja-jca.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/6/566

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