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| | Influenza |
 | | Influenza was discovered not by a direct study of the disease in humans, but rather from studies on animal diseases. | | | This was the first reliable experimental evidence that influenza was caused by a virus, and it also provided the basis for further research into the human form of the disease. | | | Although these two drugs are not currently available, they are now in preclinical and clinical drug trials, and give encouragement towrds developing an effective chemotherapeutic approach to the treatment of influenza. |
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http://www.medicalecology.org/diseases/influenza/influenza.htm
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| | Spanish Influenza of 1918 |
| | As bracing as these numbers were, more shocking to medical professionals was what was found within the bodies of the dead: lungs soaked with a bloody, foamy fluid that seeped out from beneath the physician's scalpel. | | | Able-bodied doctors were summoned from retirement, while novice medical students were plucked from their studies to tend to the sick. | | | Lacking reliable medical defenses against influenza, public health officials and private citizens poured their energies into taking preventative measures. |
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http://history-world.org/spanish_influenza_of_1918.htm
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| | The Next Influenza Pandemic: Lessons from Hong Kong, 1997 |
| | Because influenza pandemic threats affect more than one country, facilitating multicountry studies could save critical time in the risk assessment process. | | | Although the 1918 pandemic strain was extremely pathogenic and was related to classic swine influenza virus, influenza diagnostic laboratories around the world do not use biologic containment procedures (biosafety level 3 or greater) to handle specimens. | | | Thus, the rules for pandemic planning need revision, recognizing that reliance on existing licensed techniques for vaccine production could entail unacceptably long delays, should a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza emerge and lead to a strain transmissible in humans (35). |
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http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no2/snacken.htm
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| | The 1918 Influenza Pandemic |
| | One physician writes that patients with seemingly ordinary influenza would rapidly "develop the most viscous type of pneumonia that has ever been seen" and later when cyanosis appeared in the patients, "it is simply a struggle for air until they suffocate," (Grist, 1979). | | | Another physician recalls that the influenza patients "died struggling to clear their airways of a blood-tinged froth that sometimes gushed from their nose and mouth," (Starr, 1976). | | | The medical and scientific communities had developed new theories and applied them to prevention, diagnostics and treatment of the influenza patients. |
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http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/uda
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| | Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 |
| | The question of haemorrhages is of great interest, because of the similarity between the lungs of animals infected with filtrates or Noguthi's cultures of filtered sputum and those of patients dying in the early stages of influenza. | | | I propose to relate our own experience in Rouen, France, and then to discuss some of the epidemiological and pathological points that have arisen as the result of work and observations during the recent epidemic. | | | The experimental results of Gibson, Bowman and Connor and of Wilson and Bashford confirming Nicolle and Lebailly point to an "invisible" or " filter passing " organism as the exciting cause. |
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http://www.ku.edu/carrie/specoll/medical/mja.htm
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| | The Blue Spruce Almanac - Spanish Influenza |
| | The disease seemed to break all of the norms of influenza. | | | Burnett is reported to have come up with, “a highly efficacious method of treating Spanish influenza, if the results achieved at Silverton are any criterion…” | | | While Dr. Burnett worked on his special treatment, Dr. R.C. O’Halloran, another Silverton physician, reportedly traveled to Denver in an effort to discover the best way to treat the disease. |
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http://www.grandturk.org/almanac/influenza.html
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| | influenza |
| | Acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination *: a randomized controlled study.(clinical investigations) (Chest) | | | International health officials are concerned that it could reassort with a human virus, resulting in a new strain that would be both extremely virulent and highly contagious. | | | The antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine are effective against type A influenza, and zanamivir and oseltamivir against types A and B. Given within two days of the first appearance of symptoms, they may reduce the symptoms; they may also be given to prevent influenza infection in persons exposed to the disease. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0825194.html
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| | Spanish flu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This testing most certainly would have occurred at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) or possibly CDC in an enhanced level 3 or level 4 biosafety lab [4]. | | | "Pandemic Influenza in Japan, 1918–19: Mortality Patterns and Official Responses". | | | Many infections with similar but milder symptoms were recorded in the spring of 1918, with sore throat, headaches, dizziness, and loss of appetite. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Flu
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| | Spanish Influenza and beyond: the case of Norway |
| | 3.The demographic response to Spanish Influenza in Norway with emphasis on regional fertility | | | None of these problems have been studied adequately in the international literature, and hardly at all in a Norwegian context. | | | That means that I studied the direct loss of population due to mortality, not its consequences for fertility, or its long-terim effects on demographic behaviour. |
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http://draug.rhd.isv.uit.no/info/..\art\mamelund.html
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| | 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic |
| | If all this seems a little alarmist in nature, consider for a moment the recent controversy surrounding what Robert Webster, chairman of the Department of Virology and Molecular Biology at Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, has called The Hong Kong Incident. | | | By their nature pandemics tend to take us by surprise. | | | Instead, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients would drown in their own body fluids. |
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http://www.ninthday.com/spanish_flu.htm
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| | Spanish Flu |
| | Kendal, Dr AP (School of Public Health, Emory University) and WP Glezen (Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine)-` Pandemic influenza and pregnancy: Lessons from the past and considerations about the use of live attenuated vaccines' | | | Schoenbaum, Dr S. (Harvard Pilgrim Health Care of New England, Providence)-`Lessons stimulated by the 1918 Pandemic on the transmission and impact of influenza' | | | Reddi, SJ (Faculty of Social Studies and Humanities, University of Mauritius)-`A case study of the Influenza of 1919 in Mauritius' |
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http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/history/conf.htm
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| | Spanish Influenza, Sars, Black Death |
| | After the disease shut down the medical system, women from all walks of life volunteered to take over for sick doctors and nurses and ran hospitals and temporary medical stations. | | | Spain was neutral in that war, and its reporters were not under censorship. | | | Some popular but unproven cures for influenza included chain-smoking, alcoholic consumption, carrying bags of menthol, and applying hot poultices of onions, mustard, and other ingredients to the chest area. |
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http://www.canadafreepress.com/2003/spyros070703.htm
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| | The Great War Society: Relevance Archive |
| | When laboratory studies showed his virus to be similar to the one in pigs, virologists feared the deadly 1918 strain had reentered the human population. | | | There is good evidence, however, that there is an occasional exchange of virus between animal and human populations, and that these may be the source of some of the more virulent influenza epidemics. | | | Though there are no samples of the pandemic's strain, antibody tests of the people who lived through it have given biologists a guess at the identity of the virus. |
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http://www.worldwar1.com/tgws/rel002.htm
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| | Influenza 1918, A Venus Connection? |
| | Readers are invited to review the following article which may have some bearing (in principle) on the 1918 influenza pandemic. | | | The author of that article presents the idea that the disease was brought to the United States by servicemen returning from Europe in the fall of 1918. | | | For one such report suggesting an Asian source in 1917 see: The Spanish Flu. |
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http://www.ebicom.net/~rsf1/vel/1918.htm
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| | The Spanish Influenza |
| | One of our neighbors, a young couple and their baby, all died. | | | At one time the schools were closed because so many people were sick and the authorities felt this was a way of not spreading the disease. | | | In 1918-19 the world experienced a pandemic, the Spanish Influenza. |
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http://www.io.com/~emiller/story/13-influenza.html
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| | The Great War Society: For Students and Researchers |
| | The Great War Society encourages study, research and discussion of all topics related to the events of 1914 - 1918 ranging from personal experiences of combat to the Russian Revolution to the Spanish Influenza Pandemic, and so forth, in an unlimited scope. | | | We are also always seeking fresh material for our site. | | | Next, start on the reading lists we offer. |
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http://www.worldwar1.com/tgws/student.htm
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| | INFLUENZA |
| | Influenza is characterised by fever, myalgia, headache and pharyngitis. | | | The drug Amantadine may prevent influenza if taken continuously by high-risk persons at the time of an epidemic, but is not used widely. | | | Influenza is a disease caused by a member of the Orthomyxoviridae. |
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http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/influen2.html
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| | spanish influenza - definition from Biology-Online.org |
| | Influenza that caused several waves of pandemic in 1918-1919, resulting in more than 20 million deaths worldwide; it was particularly severe in Spain (hence the name), but now is thought to have originated in the U.S. As a form of swine influenza. |
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http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/spanish_influenza
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| | Influenza Epidemic of 1918 |
| | The influenza epidemic caused many more deaths than any of the other epidemics which had preceded it, largely because of a general lack of awareness. | | | The American public health system is one of, if not the, best in the world today at educating its citizens and preventing the spread of communicable disease. | | | Most doctors cited pneumonia on the death certificates of those killed, since flu came first and weakened the resistance of the sick, then pneumonia followed and was the eventual cause of death for most people. |
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http://www.haverford.edu/biology/edwards/disease/viral_essays/redicanvirus.htm
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| | MedlinePlus: Flu |
| | Influenza: The Disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) | | | FDA Update on Influenza Vaccine Supply (10/17/2005, Food and Drug Administration) | | | NIAID Launches Influenza Genome Sequencing Project (11/15/2004, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) |
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/flu.html
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| | First World War.com - Encyclopedia - The Influenza Pandemic |
| | So quickly did the strain overwhelm the body's natural defences that the usual cause of death in influenza patients - a secondary infection of lethal pneumonia - was often not present. | | | Instead, the virus caused an uncontrollable haemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients would drown in their own body fluids. | | | However by the summer up to a third of influenza sufferers reported increasingly harsh symptoms, including bronchial pneumonia, heliotrope cyanosis and septicemic blood poisoning. |
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http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/influenza.htm
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| | The Pennsylvania Gazette: The Flu of 1918 |
| | The two diseases inflamed and irritated the lungs until they filled with liquid, suffocating the patients and causing their bodies to turn a cyanotic blue-black. | | | The disease began with a cough, then increasing pain behind the eyes and ears. | | | Worried state health authorities decided to add influenza to the list of reportable diseases. |
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http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/1198/lynch.html
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| | EPIDEMIOLOGY: ON THE 1918 SPANISH INFLUENZA VIRUS GENOME |
| | Poor living conditions in the army camps where many of the victims died, as well as a lack of drugs to treat secondary bacterial pneumonia, may have greatly increased mortality rates. | | | All viruses containing one or more gene segments from the 1918 influenza virus were generated and handled under high-containment [biosafety level 3 enhanced (BSL3)] laboratory conditions in accordance with guidelines of the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. | | | Because the 1918 5' and 3' noncoding regions have not been sequenced, the genes were constructed such that they had the noncoding regions corresponding to the closely related influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus. |
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http://scienceweek.com/2005/sw051104-6.htm
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| | 1918 flu pandemic originated in pigs, study finds |
| | The finding supports a widespread theory that flu viruses from swine are the most virulent for humans. | | | The Army private whose tissue was analyzed contracted the flu at Fort Jackson, S.C. For that reason, Taubenberger and his colleagues suggest in the journal Science that the virus be known as Influenza A/South Carolina. | | | WASHINGTON (AP) - The 1918 influenza virus that killed more than 20 million people worldwide originated from American pigs and is unlike any other known flu bug, say researchers. |
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http://www.lubbockonline.com/news/032197/1918flu.htm
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| | 1918 Spanish Influenza Epidemic |
| | There, he was diagnosed as having a strain of flu that was called Spanish Influenza (since it was erroneously believed the strain had originated in Spain). | | | October 9 Precautionary measures against the spread of Spanish influenza in Atlanta seemed to be working as few new cases were reported. | | | October 18 The State Board of Health met and recognized the seriousness of the Spanish influenza epidemic. |
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http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/1918flu.htm
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| | The Spanish Influenza |
| | The Spanish influenza was remarkable for the death and destruction it caused but it also taught scientists and doctors that strong diseases and fatal diseases could strike without warning, teaching them to prepare and to search for warnings. | | | Almost every country in the world was affected by it badly except Australia, which had isolated itself to prevent the rapid spread of the disease. | | | The Spanish influenza was not named the Spanish influenza because it originated in Spain but because it more than 8,000,000 Spaniards contracted the disease. |
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http://www.expage.com/page/hm32
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| | Resurrecting 1918 Flu Virus Took Many Turns |
| | Some was done with invisible molecular primers in a PCR machine in Rockville. | | | Researchers have never figured out what made the virus so lethal, in part because there were no samples to study. | | | It may also prove to be unusually useful -- not an elaborate biological parlor trick, but a vital service to global public health. |
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http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/09/AR2005100900932.html
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| | Bubonic Plague |
| | The report was false, as she really died on May 29, 1979. | | | Infectious Disease News features an article on the current research titled Is another influenza pandemic coming soon? | | | The Center for Disease Control offers details on Influenza and its prevention. |
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http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bubonic_plague
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| | Online NewsHour: 1918 influenza epidemic -- March 24, 1997 |
| | But what we find is that it's a virus that does not match any strain of influenza virus isolated since, but it is most related to the kind of influenzas that infect swine, suggesting that this influenza entered the human population after being passaged through pigs. | | | I hope you find out what it is, and that you're able to predict if it's on it's way again. | | | The tissue is--the genetic material is quite degraded in this sample, and so we can only look at very small pieces at a time and, in a sense, put them together like a puzzle. |
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http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/march97/1918_3-24.html
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| | "Please, Let Me Put Him in a Macaroni Box" The Spanish Influenza of 1918 in Philadelphia |
| | In 1918 and 1919 the Spanish influenza killed more humans than any other disease in a similar period in the history of the world. | | | Louise Apuchase: We were the only family saved from the influenza. | | | In the early 1980s, when historian Charles Hardy did interviews for the Philadelphia radio program “The Influenza Pandemic of 1918,&; he was struck by the painful memories as many older Philadelphians recalled the inability of the city to care for the dead and dying. |
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http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/13
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| | Heritage Perspectives:The SARS Scare and the Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918 |
| | AIDS, Ebola, West Nile and several other problems have been identified, and a system is in place to deal with the "big one." The SARS crisis has served us well as a dress rehearsal, and we can rest assured that, whatever happens in the future, the best will be done. | | | Pettigrew, in her book, talks about the many bizarre elixirs, potions and "vaccines" that were used to try to help with the Spanish Flu epidemic. | | | The best new book is Gina Kolata's book Flu: The Story of the Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus that Caused it (1999). |
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http://www.pastforward.ca/perspectives/april_182003.htm
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| | 1917-1919 Spanish Influenza Epidemic |
| | Exactly when and where the Spanish Influenza began remain uncertain; however, it was so-called because Spain was the first serious point of attack. | | | By 1930's scientist were able to find the virus that caused influenza, and later a cure. | | | This list contains a hand full of Richland Parish residents who's death certificate listed either of Influenza or Pneumonia as the cause of death. |
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http://users.stlcc.edu/jjohnson/family/1918FLU.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | A local physician, she said, would return home every 24 hours for a change of clothes before beginning his rounds again. | | | A third wave of the Spanish flu, much less devastating than its predecessors, moved through the state in early 1919. | | | Around the time the flu itself was dying out, the 89th Division--and the influenza--were deployed to France during World War 1, Childs said. |
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http://www2.okstate.edu/ww1hist/flu.html
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| | I'm Back! The History of Flu Pandemics - New York Times |
| | Tests Identify the First Human Case of Avian Influenza in Japan (December 23, 2004) | | | This prediction, he wrote, "might be somewhat more evidence-based and of greater predictive reliability than either of the writings of Nostradamus or the Farmers' Almanac." | | | If this cycle holds true, the next pandemic would come in 2025, Dr. Hilleman wrote, when the Asian flu of 1957 will reappear. |
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http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/13/weekinreview/13basicB.html?ex=1132549200&en=832428dc4ee1d97e&ei=5040&partner=MOREOVERFEATURES
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| | 1918 Spanish influenza: The secrets remain elusive -- Webster 96 (4): 1164 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of ... |
| | Cellular transcriptional profiling in influenza A virus-infected lung epithelial cells: The role of the nonstructural NS1 protein in the evasion of the host innate defense and its potential contribution to pandemic influenza | | | Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105 | | | 1918 Spanish influenza: The secrets remain elusive -- Webster 96 (4): 1164 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
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http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/extract/96/4/1164
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| | USATODAY.com - A good defense alone won't win bioterrorism war |
| | What worries scientists is the possibility that those who wish to harm us could reproduce these results and release a horrific flu pandemic on an unprepared world. | | | In October, a team of researchers in Wisconsin and Japan published a paper in the journal Nature describing how it produced a genetically engineered virus with genes from the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic, which killed more than 20 million people. | | | Beyond not having enough vaccines to counter known strains, we must be concerned about the possibility of new genetically engineered flu strains. |
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http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2004-11-21-bioterrorism_x.htm
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| | "He'll Come Home in a Box": The Spanish Influenza of 1918 Comes to Montana |
| | In a 1982 interview with Laurie Mercier, Loretta Jarussi of Bearcreek, Montana, described how people would pass through that tiny town seemingly healthy, only to be reported dead two days later. | | | “He’ll Come Home in a Box”: The Spanish Influenza of 1918 Comes to Montana | | | "He'll Come Home in a Box": The Spanish Influenza of 1918 Comes to Montana |
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http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/14
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| | The Spanish Influenza 1918 |
| | On this Website I have gathered information about The Influenza Epidemic 1918, and about the research that have been done of the virus for the last years. | | | This epidemic ravaged the world in 1918, and in it over 20 million people died worldwide. | | | Last updated on the 17th of Oktober 2005 |
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http://www.vortex.is/sigrun
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| | Georgia History |
| | Age of Spanish Exploration, Conquest, and Early Colonization | | | Military Artifacts of Spanish Florida: 1650-1821: An Internet Museum |
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http://www.cviog.uga.edu/Projects/gainfo/gahist.htm
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