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| | Sexual differentiation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The relationship of biological factors to more advanced and more specifically human aspects of differentiation, and especially the ways and degrees by which social and environmental influences contribute to psychological and behavioral differentiation, is less well understood and a common subject of political controversy. | | | Two processes: defeminization, and masculinization, are involved in producing male typical morphology and behavior. | | | Early in fetal life, germ cells migrate to the genital ridge. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_differentiation
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| | Human sexual differentiation |
| | Differentiation of the urogenital sinus and the external genitalia | | | Differentiation of the internal and the external genitalia | | | According to the classical Witschi’s theory, seminiferous tubules originate from the mesonephros, the " medulla ", while ovarian tissue originates from the secondary sex cords formed from the germinal epithelium or " cortex " (62). |
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http://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html
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| | A ROLE FOR OVARIAN HORMONES IN |
| | Breedlove, S.M. (1992) Sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior. | | | Lisk, R.D. and Suydam, A.J. (1967) Sexual behavior patterns in the prepubertally castrate rat. | | | As an example, the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is larger in male rats, and increasing the size of the structure in females via early androgen treatment is interpreted as masculinizing. |
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http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.fitch.html
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| | Encyclopedia of Social Measurement: Sample Text |
| | One indication that neurological sexual differentiation does exist in human brains, and is an important factor in human psychology, is the marked sex difference seen in the occurrence of several neurological and psychiatric diseases (Table I). | | | The psychology of an individual (i.e., his or her mental and behavioral characteristics) is determined by the structure and function of the nervous system. | | | With that in mind, the process of sexual differentiation of the body and brain anatomy is presented below, followed by a discussion emphasizing sex differences in psychological traits of humans. |
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http://www.apnet.com/refer/measure/forgsamp.htm
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| | Sexual Differentiation in Mammals |
| | Differentiation of male ducts, genitals, and brain depends on action of androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)). | | | Differentiation of gonads, genitals, ducts, and brain occurs at different (but overlapping) time periods during gestation. | | | Decreased perinatal testosterone in males or testosterone treatment of females has induced same sex preferences and changes in sex-typical patterns of sexual behavior in a wide range in species (rats, hamsters, ferrets, pigs, finches, dogs, sheep etc.). |
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http://www.uni.edu/walsh/SEXDEV.html
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| | UrologyHealth.org - Adult Conditions - Sexual Function - Normal and Abnormal Sexual Differentiation |
| | A procedure in which a tiny piece of a body part (tissue sample), such as the kidney or bladder, is removed (with a needle or during surgery) for examination under a microscope; to determine if cancer or other abnormal cells are present. | | | It is the part of the body that contains all of the internal structures between the chest and the pelvis. | | | Surgeons are becoming increasingly aware that it is important for girls to retain normal sexual sensation after genital surgery. |
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http://www.urologyhealth.org/adult/index.cfm?cat=11&topic=110
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| | Recent Publications |
| | -reductase in sexual behaviors of the green anole lizard. | | | Holmes, M.M. and Wade, J. (2004) Characterization of projections from a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus in the spinal cord of adult green anoles. | | | Winkler, S. and Wade, J. (1998) Aromatase activity and regulation of sexual behaviors in the green anole lizard. |
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http://msu.edu/~wadej/RecentPublications.htm
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| | Christie Lee Home Page |
| | In the case of a intersexed child it is often possible to tell at birth that the sexual differentiation process has not taken place in a conventional way and so it is possible to make that decision to assign a sex through medical intervention shortly after birth. | | | The decision to recommend hormonal and surgical treatment for a transsexual person takes place much later in life and is based on the conclusion of a thorough psychodiagnostic process that concludes that a disorder has occurred in the process of sexual differentiation and that the person will benefit from hormonal and surgical sex assignment. | | | As such some of our fellow human beings live (unbeknown to all but their medical practitioner) their lives as women but with a male-type XY chromosomal pattern or testis and vice versa. |
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http://christielee.net/med8.htm
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| | Geert J. De Vries |
| | Wang ZX, Bullock NA, De Vries GJ (1993) Sexual differentiation of vasopressin projections of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial amygdaloid nucleus in rats. | | | Such gradual changes may explain the gradual changes found in male sexual behavior and aggressive behavior after castration. | | | Al-Shamma HA, De Vries GJ (1996) Neurogenesis of the sexually dimorphic vasopressin cells of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and amygdala of rats. |
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http://www.umass.edu/neuro/faculty/files/devries.html
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| | Development of the Cerebral Cortex:XV. Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System |
| | Whether these structural differences are causally related to sexual orientation, a consequence of lifestyle or behavior, or merely an unrelated epiphenomenon remains to be determined. | | | However, even in laboratory animals, the specific functions of the various sexually dimorphic nuclei are not clear. | | | Perhaps the largest and best studied structural sex difference is the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) of the rat (Fig. |
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http://info.med.yale.edu/chldstdy/plomdevelop/development/March99.html
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| | Exposure to 4-tert-Octylphenol Accelerates Sexual Differentiation and Disrupts Expression of Steroidogenic Factor 1 in ... |
| | Effects of OP treatment on sexual differentiation by stage was determined by histological analysis (n = 9-12 per group). | | | Although the outcome of the gonadal sex did not appear to be affected by these relatively rapid changes in SF-1 protein expression, the long-term affects of this disrupted pattern of SF-1 availability might lead to later anomalies in amphibian reproductive development. | | | Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a monthly journal of peer-reviewed research and news on the impact of the environment on human health. |
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http://www.ehponline.org/members/2003/5304/5304.html
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| | April 5, 2001-Vol32n26: Hull sets standard for research in field |
| | Having shown that testosterone is not the sole arbiter of male sexual behavior, Hull turned her attention back to testosterone to re-examine its role. | | | Scientists in the late 1970s and early 1980s were attempting to understand sexual differentiation and reproductive behavior in order to answer important questions about human reproduction. | | | By the end of the '90s, she and doctoral students in her biobehavioral brain research laboratory at UB had turned the conventional wisdom on sexual function and sex differentiation on its ear. |
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http://www.buffalo.edu/reporter/vol32/vol32n26/n3.html
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| | Hormones & the Origin of Sexual Behaviour |
| | A series of experiments showing that it is possible to effect the sexual behaviour of animals by manipulating hormones circulating in their bodies during early development is presented. | | | These diagrams are based on the drawings found in most textbooks that cover the the biological bases of sexual behaviour. | | | Click here to see an animated diagram of the effects of androgen exposure on external genital development. |
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http://salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk/year1/sexdiff.htm
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| | Gender: In the Genes or in the Jeans? A Case Study on Sexual Differentiation - Case Teaching Notes - Case Study ... |
| | The topic of genital differentiation was presented in an interactive mini-lecture (see the accompanying PowerPoint slides and notes for an outline of the mini-lecture). | | | If there is time for additional classes or assignments, one could focus on the behavioral and social aspects of gender and gender identity using an excerpt from the "Birth, Sex and Death" video (see references). | | | To understand how scientists reached their understanding of these biological matters by considering both laboratory experiments on animals and "experiments of nature," or conditions that occur naturally in humans. |
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http://www.sciencecases.org/gender/gender_notes.asp
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| | In Ovo Exposure to o,p´-DDE Affects Sexual Development But Not Sexual Differentiation in Japanese Medaka (Oryzias ... |
| | Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a monthly journal of peer-reviewed research and news on the impact of the environment on human health. | | | Although o,p´-DDE body burdens are generally quite low (parts per billion), our data suggest that o,p´-DDE may affect sexual development but is unlikely to affect sexual differentiation in offspring of most exposed fishes. | | | Males in this same study did not display small gonads and associated secondary sexual effects (lack of breeding tubercles) that we observed. |
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http://www.ehponline.org/members/2003/5540/5540.html
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| | Minireview: Sex Chromosomes and Brain Sexual Differentiation -- Arnold et al. 145 (3): 1057 -- Endocrinology |
| | Gurney ME, Konishi M 1980 Hormone-induced sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in zebra finches. | | | De Vries GJ, Rissman EF, Simerly RB, Yang LY, Scordalakes EM, Auger CJ, Swain A, Lovell-Badge R, Burgoyne PS, Arnold AP 2002 A model system for study of sex chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits. | | | Are such differences adaptive in the sense that they contribute |
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http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/145/3/1057
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| | ARS Publication request: Sexual Differentiation of Partner Preference: the Ram Model |
| | The medial preoptic area (MPOA), in particular the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN), appears to be involved in the expression of male sexual behavior and mate preferences. | | | These data further suggest that the brains of MORs are incompletely masculinized and support the hypothesis that naturally occurring variations in sexual partner preference are determined by underlying biological mechanisms. | | | We have experimentally compared MORs and FORs under controlled conditions in an effort to relate circulating hormone levels, nervous system structure, and gene expression to behavior. |
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http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=149637&pf=1
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| | Our Stolen Future: Low level behavioral effects of dioxin |
| | They had predicted that the effects of dioxin on sexual behavior would be associated with changes in the volumes of two key parts of the brain known to be sexually dimorphic. | | | show that fetal exposure to a low level of dioxin (0.7 µg/kg or 0.7 ppb) "disturbed sexual differentiation of reproductive behavior, potentiating the expression of feminine sexual behavior and reducing masculine behavior." | | | summarize literature on mechanisms involved in sexual differentiation of the brain and then present data on impacts of fetal exposure to dioxin. |
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http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/behavior/1998macluskyetal.htm
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| | Hexapedia - XY sex-determination system |
| | intersexual for information on variations in human sexual forms | | | SRY: Sex determination from the National Center for Biotechnology Information |
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http://www.hexafind.com/encyclopedia/Y_chromosome
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| | Hypogonadism |
| | The penis may be small, the testicles undescended (cryptorchidism) or various degrees of "feminization" of the genitals may be present. | | | Besides the tissue changes generated by hormone stimulation, the only other symptoms relate to sexual desire and function. | | | Presently, there are accurate blood tests for most of the hormones in the body, including those from the pituitary and even some from the hypothalamus. |
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http://www.lifesteps.com/gm/Atoz/ency/hypogonadism.jsp
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| | Sexual differentiation |
| | A number of genes are critical to appropriate male genital development. | | | Many such persons gradually assume a male sexual | | | refer to as sexual identity — is established in most children |
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http://www.medical-journals.com/r04_221a.htm
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| | Specialty Laboratories ::: we help doctors help patients |
| | Genetic variations within this pathway interrupt normal male development and will lead to malformation of external and/or internal genitalia. | | | Abnormalities of gonadal differentiation result in a range of clinical problems. | | | The purpose of this is to identify which newborns among those with abnormal genital development need to be screened for inter-sexuality, which need further investigations, and which require referral to a center with experience in the management of these disorders. |
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http://www.specialtylabs.com/books/display.asp?id=1044
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| | Do Toxins Interfere With Sexual Differentiation? |
| | Sign up here to receive periodic updates on NARTH activities, reports, and news stories related to same-sex attractions, reorientation therapy, medical issues, and more. | | | Thus in those homosexuals whose condition had a primarily biological rather than psycho-social foundation, homosexuality would be, like left-handedness, a "biological developmental error." Left-handedness has been associated with a wide range of indicators of reduced fitness, from the standpoint of natural selection. | | | Lalumière, M.L.; Blanchard, R.; Zucker, K.L. (2000): "Sexual orientation and handedness in Men and Women: a meta-analysis." Psychological Bulletin 126, 575-592. |
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http://www.narth.com/docs/toxins.html.old
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| | Fossil Tusks Indicate Earliest Sexual Differentiation |
| | Competition among males for the opportunity to reproduce. | | | Sexual dimorphism, different physical traits in opposite sexes of the same species, is an extremely prevalent characteristic among mammals today. | | | Fossils of both tusked and tuskless Diictodons were found together, making it unlikely that they were different species because different species of animals very close in size would be natural competitors for resources, according to the researchers. |
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http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/01/0128_030128_diictodon.html
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| | Howstuffworks "Sexual Differentiation" |
| | A baby's sex is determined at the time of conception, but the external sexual organs do no develop until the fourth month of pregnancy. | | | Will the baby be a girl or a boy? | | | If the animation above isn't working, click here to get the Shockwave player. |
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http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200124.htm
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| | Archives of Hellenic Medicine |
| | Schemati cally the following practical outline can be applied: | | | ne of the most challenging problems a urologist has to face is the diagnosis and management of patients with sexual differentiation disorders. | | | The anatomy and physiology of differentiation of the internal and external sexual organs in the fetus is quite complex, being regulated by factors at three different levels (fig. |
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http://www.mednet.gr/archives/1999-5/452.html
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| | Chapitre "Bibliographie" : liste des références bibliographiques du site "Psychobiologie Humaine" |
| | WAGNER Christine K., CLEMENS Lynwood G. : Projections of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to the sexually dimorphic lumbosacral region of the spinal cord • Brain research, 539:254-262, 1991 | | | WALLEN Kim : Desire and ability : hormones and the regulation of female sexual behavior • Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 14:233-241, 1990 | | | WARD Ingeborg L. : Sexual behavior : the product of perinatal hormonal and prepubertal social factors • in GERAL Arnold A., MOLTZ Howard, WARD Ingeborg L. (Ed) : Sexual differentiation, vol 11, Handbook of behavioral neurobiology • Plenum Press, NY, 1992 |
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http://psychobiologie.ouvaton.org/bibliographie/txt-p06.30-08-bibliographie.htm
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| | Understanding Sexual Differentiation |
| | How do these biological changes, in turn, become part of behavior and influence future experience? | | | The Research Roundtable on “Understanding Sexual Differentiation: A New Paradigm for Psychology” will address questions of gender differentiation outside the current paradigms of biological determinism, cognitive modules, and externally imposed (but poorly defined) socialization. | | | Rather, from the very beginning, nature and nurture act simultaneously to differentiate the sexes; we argue therefore, the futility of trying to separate their influences. |
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http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Human_Development_Center/Roundtable
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| | Review of Sexual Differentiation |
| | Activating effects of hormones concern their influence on behavior, not structure, and include hormonal control of sexual and parental behaviors (for example). | | | But sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain is dependent on the presence or absence of estradiol, which is formed from testosterone. | | | Sexual differentiation is an example of how hormones can play an organizational (rather than activating) effect. |
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http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/psy308/Humm/ReviewofSexualDifferentiation
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| | Dr. Daphne Fautin |
| | Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26: v-x. | | | 5 (Sexual Differentiation and Behaviour), K. Adiyodi and Rita G. Adiyodi, editors. | | | Sexual reproduction of two intertidal sea anemones (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) in Malaysia. |
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http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/daphne.html
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| | Human Reproduction, Seminars: Sexual Differentiation, Androgen Insensitivity |
| | The first disorder of sexual differentiation is characterized by androgen insensitivity. | | | Credits: Adapted with permission from Jaffe R.B. Disorders of Sexual Differentiation. | | | The following abnormalities of sexual differentiation are important for you to recognize. |
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http://medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/human_reprod/seminars/seminar1B1.html
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| | TransGenderCare.com : Medical/Hormonal : Sexual Differentiation |
| | The numerous tissues such as liver, brain, and especially muscle and fat (more often during puberty in females) are very important in sexual development and differentiation, in part related to the aromatase. | | | These hormones have profound somatic effects, not only controlled by genetic factors but also changes of activity of the aromatase in organs such as the placenta, contributing in the expression of breast tissue. | | | Studies of multiple genetic disorders clearly state and provide strong evidence that gender identity is not coded primarily by sexual chromosomes or gonadal steroids. |
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http://www.transgendercare.com/medical/sex_diff.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | -strongly linked to a history sexual abuse -lifetime prevalence of mood disorders is 77%, substance abuse and anxiety disorders > 40% -What are the definitions of? | | | >than women (20:1), higher for some specific disorders -exception is sexual masochism which is more common in females -Is there an association with a history of sexual abuse? | | | The same thing can happen when a couple gets a pet, starts a job, or has other activities outside the relationship (church, etc.). |
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http://www.uams.edu/m2007/bh/BehavioralStudyGuideTest2.doc
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| | Her, a gene required for sexual differentiation in Drosophila, encodes a zinc finger protein with characteristics of ... |
| | such a terminal function in sexual differentiation, her encodes a protein | | | hermaphrodite and doublesex function both dependently and independently to control various aspects of sexual differentiation in Drosophila | | | Her, a gene required for sexual differentiation in Drosophila, encodes a zinc finger protein with characteristics of ZFY-like proteins and is expressed independently of the sex determination hierarchy -- Li and Baker 125 (2): 225 -- Development |
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http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/125/2/225
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| | Johns Hopkins Children's Center: Specialties |
| | The Diabetes Program employs a multidisciplinary approach in which a team consisting of physicians, a nurse educator, a dietician, and a social worker provides comprehensive care of children and adolescents with diabetes and support to their families. | | | The division offers expertise in all areas of pediatric endocrinology including disorders of growth, puberty, sex differentiation, glucose metabolism, bone and mineral metabolism, the pituitary/hypothalamus, the thyroid, the adrenal, and the gonads. |
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http://www.hopkinschildrens.org/specialties/aboutus.cfm?specialtyID=16
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| | Abnormal Sexual Differentiation |
| | Description: Article from the Archives of Hellenic Medicine intended for the urologist facing the diagnosis and management of patients with sexual differentiation disorders. | | | We stand at the crossroads of gender balanced on the sharp edge of a knife. | | | Allow users to vote for it from your web site. |
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http://www.susans.org/Academic/1756.html
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