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| | Sacral region |
 | | Vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine | | | Unlike the individual vertebrae in other regions of the spine, the vertebrae in the sacral region as well as the coccyx are fused. | | | The coccyx is located at the base of the spine (also called the tailbone) and is composed of four fused vertebrae. |
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http://www.spine-health.com/topics/anat/a06.html
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| | SKELETON - LoveToKnow Article on SKELETON |
| | The sacrum consists of true sacral vertebrae, which directly articulate with the sacrum, and false, which are caudal vertebrae fused with the others to form a single bone. | | | The second vertebra, axis, or Vertebra dentata, has its body surmounted by a thick, tooth-like odontoid process, which is regarded as the body of the atlas displaced from its proper vertebra and fused with the axis. | | | One effect of this is that the two true sacral vertebrae become secondarily fused with the adjacent lumbar, caudal and even thoracic, and these again fuse with the ilium so that the posterior part of a birds trunk is very rigid. |
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http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SK/SKELETON.htm
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| | Anatomy of the Spine Mayfield Clinic |
| | Vertebrae are the 33 individual bones that interlock with each other to form the spinal column. | | | Only the top 24 bones are moveable; the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are fused. | | | There are five sacral vertebrae, which are fused together. |
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http://www.mayfieldclinic.com/PE-AnatSpine.htm
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| | The Sacral Spine |
| | The five sacral vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum, and the four coccygeal vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx. | | | The sacral vertebrae are normally found fused together to form the sacrum. | | | In humans it is usually composed of five vertebrae, which fuse in early adulthood. |
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http://www.becomehealthynow.com/ebookprint.php?id=805
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| | The Vertebrae |
| | The sacral vertebrae are fused in the adult to form the sacrum. | | | Cervical vertebrae are characterised by small vertebral bodies and perforated transverse processes. | | | The first vertebra, the atlas, doesn't have a body. |
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http://www.med.mun.ca/anatomyts/msk/vertebra.htm
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| | World Intellectual Property Organization |
| | In adults, the five sacral vertebrae fuse to form a single bone referred to as the sacrum, and the four rudimentary coccyx vertebrae fuse to form another bone called the coccyx or commonly the"tail bone". | | | These devices and techniques are intended to overcome the disadvantages of purely surgical techniques to mechanically immobilize areas of the spine assisting in the eventual fusion of the treated adjacent vertebrae, and to maintain the length of the treated spinal motion segment to avoid shortening spinal cord and nerve segments. | | | Typically, the posterior surface of the spine is isolated and bone screws are first fastened to the pedicles of the appropriate vertebrae or to the sacrum and act as anchor points for the spine rods. |
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http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=03/88878.031030&ELEMENT_SET=DECL
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| | Back.com - Anatomy - Sacral Spine (Sacrum) |
| | Many back problems occur where the lumbar and sacral region of the spine connect because this region of the spine is subjected to a large amount of stress with certain activities. | | | The sacral spine or sacrum refers to the large irregular triangular shaped bone made up of the five fused vertebrae below the lumbar region. | | | They are an important part of the connection between the sacrum and pelvis and they are often used during spine surgery as a point of attachment for instrumentation that helps to stabilize the lumbosacral junction. |
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http://www.back.com/anatomy-sacral.html
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| | Anatomy |
| | Regions of the Spinal Cord: cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral | | | The peripheral nerves branch off of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions, and are named according to their origin on the spinal column. | | | All information traveling from the brain to the limbs must travel through the spinal cord, and conversely all sensory information coming from the body is relayed to the spinal cord and then to the brain ( 1). |
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http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/2000/Rigel/Anatomy.htm
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| | The Sacrum and Coccyx |
| | The bones in the spine are called vertebrae (ver-ta-bray). | | | The Thoracic spine is located in the chest area and contains 12 vertebrae. | | | The lattice-like structure of the cancellous bone (cancel-lus, the spongy interior) in a vertebra absorbs external pressure. |
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http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1396.html
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| | Patent 4047523: Surgical sacral anchor implant |
| | The implant is advantageously made of titanium as this metal neither adversely affects, nor is adversely affected by, the body tissues. | | | In carrying out this technique, one normally works from the top part of the spine to be corrected downwards, as this generally enables the final correction to be made at the most accessible level of spine, namely in the region of the lumbar vertebrae. | | | The technique involves the application of compression on the convex side of the spinal curve, after the contents of the discs have been excised, so as to straighten the curve. |
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http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4047523.html
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| | Canine Intervertebral Disk Disease |
| | The three sacral vertebrae are fused and therefore do not have disks. | | | The major neuroanatomic difference is in which vertebra the end of the spinal cord lies. | | | The more commonly preferred approach is dorsolaterally or laterally on one side of the dorsal spines to reach the articular facet and side (pedicle) of the vertebrae of the affected disk. |
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http://www.dachshund-dca.org/diskbook.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Ventral displacement of the sacrum occurs in large breed dogs, such as the German shepherd, boxer, and hunting breeds and may be associated with instability of the lumbosacral articulation. | | | Dropping or flattening of the sacral angle in relation to the axis of the lumbar spine is seen. | | | Desired stabilization may then be effected.(2) Stabilization may also be achieved by wiring the articular facets from a dorsal approach and applying Cancerous bone. |
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http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/saortho/chapter_67/67mast.txt
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| | Cause of Congenital Deformities |
| | The right-hand side of that vertebra formed like a lumbar vertebra and so is not fused to the rest of the sacrum. | | | This has resulted in instability at the base of my spine and the 2 deformed vertebrae have been wearing against each other for the past 43 years. | | | However, I am now beginning to experience stiffness and pain at the base of my neck and left shoulder. |
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http://www.medhelp.org/forums/arthritis/messages/21a.html
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| | Chapter 18 On the Sacral Bone and the Coccyx |
| | The topmost of these three ossicles has its body attached to the third bone of the sacrum in the same way as the lumbar vertebrae are interconnected, as it receives the descending processes of the sacrum with its ascending processes. | | | In addition, we should be compelled unbecomingly to charge Galen with negligence for stating that the structure of the three lower bones of the human sacrum is not the same as that in the three upper, for no more cartilage intervenes in the union of the lower bones than in the upper. | | | In the second figure are shown the spines or posterior processes of the sacral bones. |
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http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/chapters/FA.1.18.html
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| | Gross Anatomy: FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BACK |
| | a.exit of ventral and dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves | | | 5th lumbar vertebrae fuses with the 1st sacral vertebrae, becomes immobile and becomes part of sacrum | | | We will also apply our knowledge about the anatomy of the back in solving common clinical problems concerning the back. |
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http://www.upstate.edu/cdb/grossanat/limbs10.shtml
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| | SiriusDog.com - TVS, CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME, AND SPONDYLOSIS |
| | In the case of the spinal column, for example, there are also such aberrations as failure of sacral vertebrae to fuse, sometimes referred to as lumbarization of the first sacral segment. | | | You usually see bony changes that are more similar to the sacral area; one of those changes is that the transverse process (the side wing) deforms or “bends” and fully or partially fuses to the ilium. | | | The term “spondylitis” literally means “an inflammation of the spine”, especially the bone, and spondylosis is sometimes used as a synonym as well as for describing types of ankylosis. |
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http://siriusdog.com/articles/tvs-cauda-equina-syndrome-spondylosis.htm
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| | Upper trunk |
| | typically originate lateral to the spinal ganglion and pass dorsally on the side of the superior articular process (dorsal sacral rami use dorsal sacral foramina). | | | Movement between 2 vertebrae is slight but movement of the vertebral column as a whole is over quite a range (Grant p. | | | is formed by 5 sacral vertebrae fused into one (Grant p. |
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http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/duong/Utrunk.html
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| | Surface Anatomy, Vertebral Column and Musculature |
| | the posterior surface (representing fused vertebral arches) is rough and convex and marked by the medial sacral crest (fused spinous processes of S1-S4) | | | S5 (and sometimes S4 as well), lacking laminae and a spinous process, provide the sacral hiatus, a clinically important bony channel that allows needle access to the inferior vertebral canal | | | attaches to spines of thoracic vertebrae; above, blends with semispinalis to attach to cervical spines and occipital bone |
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http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/Lecture/Main/back-surf.htm
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| | Belly Dance Tips & Tricks |
| | Using the side view diagram of the human spine, the dancer should work on visualizing and feeling the coccyx and these vertebrae within herself, then practice keeping them in the proper position while doing her movements. | | | The simple fact is, an intervertebral disc (the part that can “rupture” and cause pain) with an equalized weight load from a properly aligned spine is much less likely to sustain damage from sharp movements and twisting. | | | Although to the beginning dancer, this may seem horribly complicated and unnecessary information, understanding these mechanics properly significantly reduces the dancer’s chance of spinal injury. |
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http://www.helenavlahos.com/tips_detail.html?id=3
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| | The Emergence of Whales, Chp. 11 |
| | "Sacralized" vertebrae are unfused, but pelvic articulation is still present. | | | 15 thoracic vertebrae, 7 posterior are elongated, ribs articulate only with corresponding vertebrae, so they are functional lumbars. | | | No fused sacrals (though they're still identified), no features for pelvic articulation. |
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http://www.tiac.net/~cri/2001/acker11.html
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| | Holistic Health Encyclopedia - S |
| | There are 24 spinal vertebrae (normally 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck, 12 dorsal or thoracic vertebrae in the upper and mid back, and 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back) in addition to the partly fused bones of the sacrum and coccyx. | | | the columnar assemblage of the vertebrae from the cranium through the coccyx; called also backbone, and spine. | | | Depression could be a precursor to a stroke because you have reduced circulation to the brain. |
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http://www.myholistic.com/glossary/S.php3
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| | IDS -- Sacral Region |
| | Sacral Vertebrae (Sacrum) : These vertebrae fuse together to form the core of the hip structure. | | | The vertebrae themselves are fused together into a solid structure called the sacrum. | | | Ischium : The ischium is the most posterior (rearward) of the sacral structures. |
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http://members.aol.com/ncanvas2/NCWeb/InterSacral.html
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| | MedFriendly.com: Transitional lumbosacral vertebrae |
| | Vertebrae are bones that form an opening in which the spinal cord passes. | | | In very rare cases, surgery can be performed to attempt to correct the problem. | | | Normally, when the vertebrae develop, they are clearly formed to represent different sections (for example, lumbar vertebrae or sacral vertebrae). |
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http://www.medfriendly.com/transitionallumbosacral.html
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| | The Vertebral Column |
| | 5 sacral vertebrae which are fused together to form 1 bone called the sacrum and 4 coccygeal vertebrae that are also fused together to form the coccyx or tailbone. | | | The spinal column is comprised of 33 bones, these bones are refered to individually as vertebrae. | | | The lumbar are L1 – L5 The sacrum and coccyx do not have numbers and each is thought of as one bone. |
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http://www.apparelyzed.com/spine.html
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| | Review of the literature |
| | The adult lumbo-sacral vertebral column normally consists of 5 vertebrae and the sacrum, which consists of five fused sacral vertebrae (Moore KL 1985). | | | One theory concerning the mechanism of this vascular meshwork suggests that annular arteries are the outcome of the healing process of an annular tear. | | | Tiny anastomoses between the adjacent vertebrae after obliteration of the posterior anastomoses have been found in the anterolateral aspects of the vertebrae (Kauppila 1995). |
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http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514270436/html/c227.html
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| | Anatomical Dictionary |
| | vertebra n., pl. vertebrae a bone of the spine (backbone) (see figures 9 and 10) | | | na the opening in a vertebra through which the spinal cord passes (see figure 9) | | | For example, the vertebrae of the neck are called cervical vertebrae |
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http://www.dinosauria.com/dml/anatomy.htm
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| | The Plesiosaur Site - Chronological List of Taxa -Callovian |
| | Basioccipital, exoccipitals, basisphenoid, parts of maxilla, premaxillae, portions of parietals, and frontals, portions of the mandible, 44 cervical vertebrae, 2 pectorals, 19 dorsals, and 12 sacrals and caudals, many of the vertebrae have the fused neural arches ( SEELEY 1874a) | | | Basioccipital, exoccipitals, basisphenoid, parts of maxilla, premaxillae, portions of parietals, and frontals, portions of the mandible, 44 cervical vertebrae, 2 pectorals, 19 dorsals, and 12 sacrals and caudals, many of the vertebrae have the fused neural arches ( ANDREWS 1910a) | | | Basioccipital, exoccipitals, basisphenoid, parts of maxilla, premaxillae, portions of parietals, and frontals, portions of the mandible, 44 cervical vertebrae, 2 pectorals, 19 dorsals, and 12 sacrals and caudals, many of the vertebrae have the fused neural arches ( BROWN 1981) |
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http://www.plesiosaur.com/stratigraphy/callovian.htm
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| | Virtual Hospital: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal System: Sacrum and Coccyx |
| | (1939-40) Transmutation of vertebrae in the lumbosacral region of the human spine. | | | Accessory articular facets may occur on the lateral sacral crest at the level of the first or second dorsal sacral foramen; these have been found to be unpaired or bilateral and to articulate with appropriate facets on the ilium. | | | The number of vertebrae in the sacrum may be increased by fusion of the first coccygeal, by (less often) addition of the last (fifth) lumbar, or by addition of both the last lumbar and first coccygeal vertebrae. |
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http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/anatomy/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Text/SacrumCoccyx.html
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| | Mark D. Uhen, Cetacean Research |
| | Basilosaurids have short necks, although all seven cervical vertebrae remain free and unfused, unlike many modern cetaceans that fuse some of the cervical vertebrae. | | | Also, basilosaurids have their posterior caudal vertebrae dorsoventrally flattened. | | | This feature is only found in modern mammals that have a tail fluke (cetaceans and sirenians) and the pattern of shape change along the vertebral columns of dorudontines is very similar to the pattern seen in modern cetaceans. |
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http://www.cdp1802.org/~muhen/CetRes.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Typical Sacral Vertebrae -sacral vertebrae are fused- form the sacrum | | | Typical Lumbar Vertebrae -most massive vertebrae- anchor the large muscles that control movement | | | Typical Cervical Vertebrae -main distinguishing characteristic is the transverse foramina in the transverse process |
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http://info.med.yale.edu/anatomy/notes/back1-2.html
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| | Re: sacral vertebrae |
| | Actually, it is interesting that some crocs develop a third sacral! | | | Yep, more or less as expected - two sacrals is the ancestral condition for archosaurs. | | | this shows that some variation in sacral number is quite normal in archosaurs, and suggests how the increase in number in dinosaurs started to evolve. |
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http://dml.cmnh.org/1998Jun/msg00339.html
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| | Health Topics |
| | The thoracic vertebrae comprise the chest section and have ribs attached. | | | The sacral vertebrae are caged within the bones of the pelvis, and the coccyx represents the terminal vertebrae or vestigial tail. | | | The lumbar vertebrae are the remaining vertebrae below the last thoracic bone and the top of the sacrum. |
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http://www.netwellness.org/ency/imagepages/1116.htm
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| | INSECT - Online Information article about INSECT |
| | The Shrew-mice, or, shortly, shrews (Soruidae), are closely related The sacral vertebrae are united by their expanded and compressed to the Talpidae, with which they are connected by means of some spinous processes, and all the others, with the exception of the of the subfamily Myogalinae. | | | The number of dorsal vertebrae varies from 1.3 in Tupaia to In in C'entries, of lumbar from 3 in Chrysochloris to 6 in Talpa and Sore.r, and of caudal from | | | The facial part of the skull is generally much produced, and the premaxillary and nasal bones well developed; but the cheek, or zygomatic arch, is usually slender or deficient, the latter being the case in most of the species, and post-orbital processes of the frontals are found only in the Tupaiidae and Macroscelididae. |
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http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/I27_INV/INSECT.html
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| | The Skeleton |
| | Sternum: the breastbone is made of three regions, the superior one is named manubrium, the middle part is the body, and the inferior one is the xiphoid process. | | | Coccyx: The tailbone is a small triangular bone made by the fusion of 4 tiny vertebrae. | | | Thoracic region: of 12 vertebrae; they have some particular characteristics, such as: they have a long and sharp spinous process; they have articulating facets for the ribs to attach dorsally; the thoracic vertebrae are identified as T1 - T12 |
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http://www.accd.edu/SAC/biology/ratorres/printouts/PTR14.htm
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| | WKU Anth 300 Lab 3 Pelvic Girdle |
| | One of the best ways to learn the bones is to draw them and label the landmarks. | | | Also know how many sacral vertebrae (n=5) and coccygeal vertebrae (n=4) in the typical human adult body. | | | Closely examine the pelvic girdle bones laid out in the lab, being sure to handle the bones gently and to keep the bones with their labels. |
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http://www.wku.edu/~darlene.applegate/forensic/lab3/lab3.html
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| | vertebrae (anatomy) - General Practice Notebook |
| | There is a common structure to the upper, presacral vertebrae with slight regional variation. | | | Oxbridge Solutions Ltd® is an independent company owned by the authors which does not receive income from any other organisation or individual. | | | The vertebrae can be divided into regional groups, from superior to inferior: |
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http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/cache/-33161156.htm
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| | Sacrum : Sacral vertebrae |
| | The sacrum has dorsal and ventral foramina through which nerves can pass. | | | It articulates with the hip bone at two sacroiliac joints. | | | It uses material from the wikipedia article Sacrum : Sacral vertebrae. |
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http://www.eurofreehost.com/sa/Sacral_vertebrae.html
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| | 29 year-old male presenting with lumbo-sacral region pain |
| | There was no evidence of recent fracture; however, bilateral defects in the pars interarticulares were noted at L4 and L5 vertebrae, which were thought to represent old defects. | | | In addition, minimal degenerative spurring was visualized along the anterior and lateral vertebral body margins of L4 and there was a suggested minimal decrease in height of the L4/L5 intervertebral disk space. | | | The following day, a five view lumbar series (PA, lateral, right oblique, left oblique, L5/S1 spot) was taken. |
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http://www.bridgeport.edu/~gwl/29yomalewithpaininlsregion.htm
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| | Re: two or three sacral vertebrae? |
| | Previous by thread: Re: Re: two or three sacral vertebrae? | | | Subject : Re: two or three sacral vertebrae? | | | Interestingly, the paper by Paul Sereno and co. on _Eoraptor_ describes this theropod as having three sacral vertebrae. |
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http://dml.cmnh.org/1996Mar/msg00359.html
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| | BioForum Forums - Sacral vertebrae |
| | This website has some info on sacral vertebrae... | | | Anybody have any figures for sacral vertebrae for any of the following species? | | | I've read that birds have usually about 3 sacrals |
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http://simulium.bio.uottawa.ca/bio1520/Forum/messageview.cfm?catid=16&threadid=1453
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| | mammaldiffB |
| | - Think about those cervical vertebrae, and who has a pygostyle, anyway? | | | 5 cervical, several trunk, 3 or more sacral vertebrae and a pygostyle |
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http://www.sewanee.edu/biology/Berner/AnatomyQuiz/AxialSkeleton/AxSkelAnswers/mammaldiffB.html
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| | Definition of sacral |
| | -- of or relating to sacred rites; "sacral laws" |
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http://www.dictionarydefinition.net/sacral.html
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| | Muscle Quiz #7: Origins |
| | lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae; sacral and iliac crest |
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http://daphne.palomar.edu/ccarpenter/quizzes/muscle7.htm
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