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| | Positive Reinforcement Tutorial |
 | | Positive reinforcement is one of the key concepts in behavior analysis, a field within psychology. | | | In order to say that an increase in behavior is due to reinforcement, the behavior must have a response-dependent consequence; there must be an if-then relationship between the behavior and the consequence. | | | The first item is an example of positive reinforcement because presentation of attention was dependent upon the target behavior of being on-feet, and this resulted in an increase in the level of the target behavior. |
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http://psych.athabascau.ca/html/prtut/reinpair.htm
(2007 words)
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| | Reinforcement Theory |
| | The source is well-trained in the theory and practice of reinforcement. | | | Reinforcer is totally confused at this point and she goes back to the teacher's lounge complaining about this stupid reinforcement theory. | | | The problem for teachers is this: The research used reinforcement principles on one pigeon at a time. |
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http://www.as.wvu.edu/~sbb/comm221/chapters/rf.htm
(2311 words)
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| | Educational Psychology Interactive: Operant Conditioning |
| | In negative reinforcement, after the response the negative reinforcer is removed which increases the frequency of the response. | | | Punishment--if negative reinforcement strengthens a behavior by subtracting a negative stimulus, than punishment has to weaken a behavior by adding a negative stimulus. | | | Continuous reinforcement simply means that the behavior is followed by a consequence each time it occurs. |
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http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/behsys/operant.html
(1628 words)
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| | Instructional Reinforcement |
| | The effects of (1) verbal reinforcement of on-task behavior, (2) verbal reinforcement of accurate responses and (3) tangible reinforcers (tokens or edibles) for both on-task behavior and accurate responses were investigated. | | | Reinforcement does not undermine intrinsic motivation when the recipient perceives it as a symbol of success rather than an attempt to control his or her behavior. | | | When achievement is reinforced, achievement and behavior (on-task, nondisruptive) both improve; when appropriate behavior is reinforced, behavior improves, but achievement is unaffected. |
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http://www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/2/cu3.html
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| | Chapter 1 - Effects of Geosynthetic Reinforcement Spacing on the Behavior of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls |
| | In principle, the reinforced soil is analogous to the reinforced concrete, and it is logical to assume that the behavior of reinforced soil will depend on the "soil-reinforcement ratio," expressed in terms of reinforcement spacing. | | | The effects of soil strength, reinforcement stiffness, connection strength, secondary reinforcement layers, and foundation stiffness on failure mechanisms were identified with respect to geosynthetic spacing. | | | Presented are the results of numerical analysis on the behavior of MSEWs with modular block facing and geosynthetic reinforcement, considering the effects of reinforcement spacing, soil strength, reinforcement stiffness, connection strength, reinforcement length, secondary reinforcement layers, and foundation stiffness. |
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http://www.tfhrc.gov/structur/pubs/03048/chap1.htm
(606 words)
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| | Psychological Record, The: Positive induction produced by food-pellet reinforcement: Component variations have little ... |
| | In their experiment, rats responded for sucrose reinforcement in the first half of the session on one lever and for food-pellet reinforcement in the second half of the session on a separate lever. | | | In Experiment 2, subjects responded for 1% sucrose reinforcement throughout the session in the control conditions or for 1% sucrose followed by food-pellet reinforcement in the treatment conditions. | | | However, response rates on the lever delivering sucrose reinforcers were still higher than observed in the control condition in which sucrose reinforcement was available during both halves of the session (i.e., induction was still observed). |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3645/is_200304/ai_n9205965
(1200 words)
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| | Positive Reinforcement |
| | By positively reinforcing the behavior you are increasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring again. | | | For the reinforcement to be associated with the intended behavior, the food must be delivered within 1 second of the occurrence of the behavior. | | | If you wait too long to deliver reinforcement, the reinforcement may be associated with a behavior other than the one you intended. |
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http://www.dogmanners.com/foodtraining.html
(1324 words)
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| | Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology: Reinforcement |
| | A particular behavior may be reinforced every time it occurs, which is referred to as continuous reinforcement. | | | In operant conditioning (as developed by B. Skinner), positive reinforcers are rewards that strengthen a conditioned response after it has occurred, such as feeding a hungry pigeon after it has pecked a key. | | | Reinforcement may also be based on the number of responses or scheduled at particular time intervals. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0002/ai_2699000292
(541 words)
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| | Bozarth (ed., 1987): Assessing Drug Reinforcement, Chapter 6 |
| | In many ways drug reinforcement is more similar to brain stimulation reinforcement than to food reinforcement, and detailed consideration of response chaining, of central delivery, of delay of reinforcement, and of hunger and satiety may prove to be as important for the drug specialist as for the brain stimulation specialist. | | | It is relatively easy to define quantity of reinforcement in the case of brain stimulation because we have reasonably good evidence of the effects of brain stimulation reinforcement on the firing patterns of the neurons that constitute the reinforcement mechanism of the brain (Gallistel et al., 1981). | | | The fact that reinforcement accrues primarily from the sensory impact of the reinforcer means that the true quantity of reinforcement is at best only a correlate of its biological value; biological value is not necessarily well reflected in the sensory impact of a reinforcer. |
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http://wings.buffalo.edu/soc-sci/psychology/aru/MARPADc06.html
(11947 words)
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| | SUNY Press :: Power of Reinforcement, The |
| | Countering the myths, criticisms, and misrepresentations of reinforcement, including false claims that reinforcement is "rat psychology," the author shows that building reinforcement theory on basic laboratory research is a strength, not a weakness, and allows unlimited applications to human situations as it promotes well-being and productivity. | | | Also examined are reinforcement contingencies, planned or accidental, as they shape behavioral patterns and repertoires in a positive way. | | | According to Stephen Ray Flora, reinforcement is a very powerful tool for improving the human condition despite often being dismissed as regarding people as less than human and as "overly simplistic." This book addresses and defends the use of reinforcement principles against a wide variety of attacks. |
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http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=60838
(359 words)
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| | Reinforcement - Psychological Self-Help |
| | Behaviorists have a specific definition for a reinforcer: a reinforcer is anything (like food) that is produced by an operant behavior (like pressing a bar) which increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the future. | | | The reinforcement must be contingent on the operant behavior. | | | Regardless of the outcome of these many debates and questions about the technical term reinforcement, you can rest assured that the outcome or consequences of a specific behavior will in some way influence the occurrence of that behavior in the future. |
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http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap4/chap4h.htm
(2761 words)
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| | HyperText Psychology - MEMORY/Operant/schedules |
| | FR-15 would indicate one reinforcement for a response after waiting 15 seconds. | | | There are four basic schedules of reinforcement used. | | | FR-15 would indicate a reinforcement for a response after waiting about 15 seconds. |
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http://sun.science.wayne.edu/~wpoff/cor/mem/operschd.html
(448 words)
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| | Reinforcement Theory - Persuasion Context |
| | The examples of reinforcement cited in the research cover such a broad range, from an 'A' to a verbal "nice shirt," that the only commonality appears to be their positive nature. | | | According to Reinforcement Theory, the people in the areas that received the reinforcement and the campaign will have the greatest change in attitude toward organ donation. | | | Reinforcement Theory does not define what constitutes a reinforcement. |
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http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/capstone/persuasion/reinforce.htm
(487 words)
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| | A. Perez-Uribe Introduction to Reinforcement learning |
| | One key aspect of reinforcement learning is a trade-off between exploitation and exploration [4]. | | | Herein, we present a brief introduction to reinforcement learning techniques. | | | The two basic concepts behind reinforcement learning are trial and error search and delayed reward [1]. |
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http://lslwww.epfl.ch/~anperez/RL/RL.html
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| | Positive Reinforcement - Dumb Friends League, Humane Society of Denver |
| | Intermittent reinforcement can be used once your pet has reliably learned the behavior. | | | It may be necessary to use "shaping," with your pet (reinforcing something close to the desired response and gradually requiring more from your dog before he gets the treat). | | | There are many small opportunities to reinforce his behavior. |
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http://www.ddfl.org/behavior/positive.htm
(1159 words)
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| | Reinforcement learning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Reinforcement learning differs from the supervised learning problem in that correct input/output pairs are never presented, nor sub-optimal actions explicitly corrected. | | | The exploration vs. exploitation tradeoff in reinforcement learning has been mostly studied through the multi-armed bandit problem. | | | Formally, the basic reinforcement learning model consists of: |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_learning
(1079 words)
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| | The MAXQ Method for Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning - Dietterich (ResearchIndex) |
| | Abstract: This paper presents a new approach to hierarchical reinforcement learning based on the MAXQ decomposition of the value function. | | | In all of these approaches, the behaviors and the gating function are all control... | | | MAXQ unifies and extends previous work on hierarchical reinforcement learning by Singh, Kaelbling, and Dayan and Hinton. |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/dietterich98maxq.html
(482 words)
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| | REINFORCEMENT--The key to successful dog training. |
| | Understanding reinforcement is critical to understanding your dog's behavior, how it was learned and how to be successful in making any changes in his/her behavior. | | | Many people feel guilty upon discovering they were reinforcing the very behavior they are dealing with at the moment, or a behavior they ended up disliking. | | | Keep in mind you may or may not have been the person who reinforced a particular behavior in your dog. |
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http://www.thuntek.net/dogtrain/key2.htm
(1531 words)
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| | 1.6 History of Reinforcement Learning |
| | A secondary reinforcer is a stimulus that has been paired with a primary reinforcer such as food or pain and, as a result, has come to take on similar reinforcing properties. | | | The history of reinforcement learning has two main threads, both long and rich, which were pursued independently before intertwining in modern reinforcement learning. | | | This thread began in psychology, where ``reinforcement" theories of learning are common. |
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http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~sutton/book/1/node7.html
(3141 words)
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| | Amazon.com: Books: Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning) |
| | This problem is formulated as a semi-Markov decision problem, and reinforcement learning techniques were used to minimize the probability of blocking a call. | | | All three fundamental reinforcement learning methods are presented in an interesting way and using good examples. | | | The authors summarize the foundations of reinforcement learning, some of this coming from their own work over the last decade. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0262193981?v=glance
(2244 words)
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| | Reinforcement Learning (Tom Dietterich) |
| | Most reinforcement learning methods rely on uninformed (or minimally-informed) search procedures to explore the environment. | | | We have developed the MAXQ value function decomposition for hierarchical reinforcement learning, and we are currently experimenting with it in the | | | We have pioneered the application of reinforcement learning to such problems, particularly with our work in job-shop scheduling. |
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http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~tgd/projects/rl.html
(1044 words)
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| | UConn School of Medicine Reinforcement Program |
| | The specific purposes of this program are to offer small and large group review sessions on difficult subject material, conduct practice practical examinations when requested, and to offer individual tutoring to students who experience difficulties mastering material taught in the various courses of Phase 1. | | | Student Review Materials: The Reinforcement Program has developed a collection of educational aids designed to facilitate student initiated individual or group review sessions. | | | If a course director would like to use any of these materials, the Reinforcement Program Director should be contacted. |
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http://medicine.uchc.edu/programs/reinforcement/index.shtml
(343 words)
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| | Reinforcement Unlimited - Clinical and Behavioral Consultants |
| | Reinforcement Unlimited consultants posses a unique blend of training as behavior analysts and traditional psychologists. | | | Our passion at Reinforcement Unlimited is to improve the lives of children by using scientifically validated procedures. | | | Our Autism Spectrum Assessment Program - ASAP evaluations include both traditional psychological assessments and Behavior Analytic assessments like the ABLLS for determining what to do to best serve the child who is found to be in the Autism Spectrum. |
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http://www.behavior-consultant.com
(448 words)
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| | Reinforcement Learning and Control |
| | Reinforcement learning is often used to learn very simple behaviors. | | | One domain in which we are developing applications of reinforcement learning is the heating and cooling of buildings. | | | This thesis studies how to integrate statespace models of control systems with reinforcement learning and analyzes why one common reinforcement learning ar chitecture does not work for control systems with Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers. |
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http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~anderson/res/rl
(1802 words)
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| | Reinforcement : Saint-Gobain business sector |
| | Its objective is to become the world leader in reinforcement scrims and fabrics. | | | - Cem-Fil® (alkali-resistant glass) is used in the reinforcement of cements and mortars. | | | The Reinforcement Division employs over 8000 persons in nearly 20 countries. |
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http://www.saint-gobain.com/en/html/groupe/renforcement.asp
(576 words)
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| | REINFORCEMENT LEARNING and POMDPs |
| | Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Based on Subgoal Discovery and Subpolicy Specialization (PDF). | | | Research on Reinforcement Learning (RL) tries to answer such questions. | | | HQ-Learning: Discovering Markovian subgoals for non-Markovian reinforcement learning. |
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http://www.idsia.ch/%7Ejuergen/rl.html
(889 words)
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| | Reinforcement Learning |
| | Technical Publications on Reinforcement Learning from the Reinforcement Learning Repository. | | | Rather, its purpose was to explore some exciting new ideas and approaches to traditional problems in the field of reinforcement learning." | | | Reinforcement learning is the problem faced by an agent that learns behavior through trial-and-error interactions with a dynamic environment." |
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http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/reinf.html
(785 words)
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| | Positive and Negative Reinforcement |
| | The definition of reinforcement and punishment depends upon whether an event is presented or removed after a response is made, and whether the subject's responding increases or decreases. | | | Select a procedure and a strength of preceding behavior below to view an example of reinforcement or punishment. | | | Any event that increases responding is called reinforcement and any event that decreases responding is called punishment; any event that is presented is called positive and any event that is removed is called negative. |
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http://www.dushkin.com/connectext/psy/ch06/posneg.mhtml
(140 words)
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| | fib Task Group 9.3 |
| | Participation in the international forum in the field of advanced composite reinforcement, stimulating the use of FRP for concrete structures. | | | FRP (Fibre Reinforced Polymer) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures | | | The work of fibTG9.3 is organized in 2 sub-groups: (1) FRP reinforcement (RC/PC) and (2) Externally bonded reinforcement (EBR). |
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http://www.labomagnel.ugent.be/fibTG9.3
(234 words)
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| | Reinforcement-routing information page |
| | Predictive Q-routing: A memory-based reinforcement learning approach to adaptive traffic control. | | | Packet routing in dynamically changing networks: A reinforcement learning approach. | | | Dual Reinforcement Q-Routing: An On-line adaptive routing algorithm. |
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http://www.cs.duke.edu/~mlittman/topics/routing-page.html
(229 words)
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| | Concrete, Precast, Shotcrete, Stucco Reinforcement - Nylon, Polypropylene, Steel, Glass Fibers |
| | Concrete, Precast, Shotcrete, Stucco Reinforcement - Nylon, Polypropylene, Steel, Glass Fibers |
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http://www.nycon.com
(11 words)
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| | Peter Dayan: Publications by Date |
| | The variance of covariance rules for associative matrix memories and reinforcement learning. | | | Improving generalisation for temporal difference learning: The successor representation. |
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http://www.gatsby.ucl.ac.uk/~dayan/papers
(1035 words)
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| | Autonomous Learning Laboratory Reinforcement Learning Machine Learning |
| | , a centralized resource for research on reinforcement learning. | | | The long-term goals of the laboratory are to develop more capable artificial agents, to improve our understanding of biological learning and its neural basis, and to forge stronger links between studies of learning by computer scientists, engineers, neuroscientists, and psychologists. | | | Areas of interest include reinforcement learning, machine learning, abstraction, hierarchy, motor control, robotics, computational neuroscience and developmental psychology. |
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http://www-anw.cs.umass.edu
(128 words)
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| | Textbook: Neuro-Dynamic Programming |
| | The methodology allows systems to learn about their behavior through simulation, and to improve their performance through iterative reinforcement. | | | Neuro-dynamic programming uses neural network approximations to overcome the "curse of dimensionality" and the "curse of modeling" that have been the bottlenecks to the practical application of dynamic programming and stochastic control to complex problems. | | | This book provides the first systematic presentation of the science and the art behind this exciting and far-reaching methodology. |
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http://www.athenasc.com/ndpbook.html
(430 words)
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| | Baumann Research and Development Corporation |
| | makes it possible for some projects which, in the past, due to rebar congestion, could only have been constructed in structural steel, to now be constructed using reinforced concrete. | | | If you have a reinforced concrete design or a structural steel project that you'd like us to convert and provide a price quote on, submit your RFQ and/or Project Documents here. | | | Baumann Research and Development welcomes the submittal of project designs for conversion to the BauGrid |
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http://www.brdcorp.com
(185 words)
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| | Sutton & Barto Book: Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction |
| | Sutton and Barto Book: Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction | | | This introductory textbook on reinforcement learning is targeted toward engineers and scientists in artificial intelligence, operations research, neural networks, and control systems, and we hope it will also be of interest to psychologists and neuroscientists. | | | If you would like to order a copy of the book, or if you are qualified instructor and would like to see an examination copy, please see the MIT Press home page for this book. |
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http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~sutton/book/the-book.html
(108 words)
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| | Structural Design Analysis and Software Solutions - ALASHKI.com |
| | OS: Windows 95/98/NT/Me/2000/XP GaLa Reinforcement - advanced analysis and design of reinforced concrete elements (columns, beams, shear walls) subjected to axial forces and axial or biaxial (Mx and My) bending moments. | | | The program calculates the necessary areas of the reinforcing bars (automatic optimization is available), the R/C cross-sections strains, stresses, curvatures and stiffnesses (with accounting the creep and the nonlinear creep), the cracks widths and spaces, checks the R/C cross-sections reliability, generates interaction failure surfaces. | | | See Details, FAQ and Portfolio for additional information. |
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http://www.alashki.com
(151 words)
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| | Reinforcement Learning Toolbox |
| | The RIL Toolbox is a C++ based framework for Reinforcement Learning Algorithm. | | | Our Motivation is to animate students, people of research and other interested people to use and play with reinforcement learning algorithm. | | | You can code you own controller for a learning proplem and then try to improve the controller with reinforcement learning. |
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http://www.igi.tugraz.at/ril-toolbox/general/overview.html
(552 words)
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| | Learning to Play Black Jack with Neural Networks |
| | We have explored the use of blackjack as a test bed for learning strategies in neural networks, and specifically with reinforcement learning techniques. | | | In these experiments, we used the same state encoding previously described, but this time, we used a reinforcement signal defined as follows: r = -1 if loss, 0 otherwise. | | | However, it is interesting to note how the algorithm determines such threshold without knowing the rules of the game, nor the goal of the game (just by experience and the reinforcement signal at the end of each hand). |
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http://lslwww.epfl.ch/~aperez/rlbj.html
(961 words)
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| | EWRL-5 |
| | Reinforcement learning (RL) is a growing research area. | | | To build an European RL community and give visibility to the current situation in the old continent, we are running a now biennial series of workshops. |
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http://www.cs.uu.nl/~marco/EWRL5.html
(417 words)
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| | A Standard Interface for Reinforcement Learning Software |
| | The interface is meant to facilitate reinforcement learning research and the development of widely useable software. | | | This document presents a standard interface for programming reinforcement learning simulations. | | | In particular, the interface should facilitate a plug and play approach in which learning agents and environments can be designed and implemented separately and then interconnected relatively easily in a standard, uniform fashion. |
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http://www-anw.cs.umass.edu/%7Erich/RLinterface/RLinterface.html
(156 words)
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| | Andrew W. Moore's Home Page |
| | Visual simulation of Markov Decision Process and Reinforcement Learning algorithms by Rohit Kelkar and Vivek Mehta. |
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http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awm/hp.html
(436 words)
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| | BAMTEC ® Reinforcement Technology |
| | is a very economic system for designing, manufacturing and installating of reinforcement steel in concrete slabs, floors, walls, bridges and motorways. | | | Technologically leading systems increase the productivity of BAMTEC |
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http://www.bamtec.com
(29 words)
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| | Llewellyn's On-line Bookstore: Deep Mind Tape for Creative Visualization |
| | Here you'll be guided through visualization exercises, and set a course for self-guided visualization accompanied by synthesized sounds for reinforcement. | | | Enter your e-mail address to be notified about sales and special offers. |
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http://www.llewellyn.com/bookstore/book.php?pn=L169&affiliate=05FCK
(51 words)
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