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| | JGV Direct - Review: Origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic (A. H. Reid and J. K. Taubenberger) |
 | | Until recently, it was thought that reassortment between avian and human strains would be unlikely to take place in humans because there was no evidence that humans could be infected by a wholly avian influenza virus. | | | The hypothesis that reassortment between avian and human strains is the likely mechanism for the generation of new pandemic strains has become well accepted. | | | It seems likely that the 1957 and 1968 pandemic strains originated in the reassortment of avian and human strains. |
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http://www.socgenmicrobiol.org.uk/jgvdirect/19302/19302ft.htm
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| | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA |
| | Your response to Dr. Stephens focused on the fact that a reassortment with the circulating strains would just present the same neuraminidase and hemagglutinin antigens that everybody is seeing anyway, which is fine. | | | YOUNG: Yeah, with respect to reassortment, there's really two different situations you need to consider when you think about reassortment. | | | STEPHENS: This is a clarification regarding the reversion rate, which you suggest is low, less than minute ten to the minus 20. |
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http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/02/transcripts/3912t1.htm
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| | Patent 4571385: Genetic reassortment of rotaviruses for production of vaccines and vaccine precursors |
| | This invention relates to processes which are used to produce, isolate, and characterize human rotavirus/animal rotavirus reassortants and to produce live attenuated vaccines and vaccine precursors. | | | Initially, as is set out in the Greenberg article, selection of the desired viral reassortants was achieved by exposing progeny from mixed infection to potent specific bovine rotavirus antiserum that did not neutralize human rotavirus. | | | Both the genotype and phenotype of the reassortants studied had previously been determined. |
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http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4571385.html
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| | 00.00.01 - Cancer's penchant for developing drug resistance is a result of chromosome reassortment, UC Berkeley ... |
| | Based on their experiment, Duesberg and his colleagues concluded that aneuploidy best explains the development of multidrug resistance. | | | Berkeley - A heretical theory about the origins of cancer could explain a longstanding medical mystery - why cancers often become resistant to the drugs used to treat them. | | | Chromosome reassortment is capable of activating numerous biochemical pathways that could disarm a variety of drugs. |
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http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2001/01/24_cancr.html
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| | AI update: Implications of H5N1 infections in pigs in China |
| | In addition, laboratory experiments would be required to shed some light on the probability for virus reassortment, the possible pathogenicity of a reassorted virus, and the chance that pigs will act as a pathway for the emergence of a potential pandemic strain. | | | Because the findings remain preliminary and are not necessarily indicative for widespread infection among pigs, assessing the consequences of this information for public health is difficult. | | | These results will help national and international public health authorities not only to assess the role pigs and humans play in the emergence of a new influenza pandemic virus from H5N1, but to structure the necessary public health interventions. |
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http://www.thepigsite.com/LatestNews/Default.asp?AREA=LatestNews&Display=8066
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| | Swine influenza: a zoonosis - (c) Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow |
| | The involvement of reassortment in at least the human pandemics of 1957 and 1968 shows that it is a successful event from the virus' point of view and therefore can be expected to underlie the next possible human pandemic. | | | The amount of virus that reaches the deeper airways and the resulting production of infectious virus in the lungs determine the severity of illness. | | | Only the HA was derived from the human H1N1 virus, phylogenetic analysis of which has suggested it had been circulating in pigs since the early 1980s. |
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http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html
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| | Biochemical Evidence that ``New'' Influenza Virus Strains in Nature may Arise by Recombination (Reassortment) -- ... |
| | Biochemical Evidence that ``New'' Influenza Virus Strains in Nature may Arise by Recombination (Reassortment) -- Desselberger et al. | | | Biochemical Evidence that ``New'' Influenza Virus Strains in Nature may Arise by Recombination (Reassortment) | | | Oligonucleotide analysis of two avian influenza A viruses (Hav6N2 and Hav6Nav4) isolated in nature showed identical or almost identical patterns for the corresponding M and HA genes: 24 of 25 and 13 of 13 large oligonucleotides were indistinguishable by two-dimensional gel analysis. |
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http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/75/7/3341
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| | Pandemic-Probability-Studies, |
| | Reassortment studies can be performed two ways, she explains. | | | Scientists from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control will soon begin experiments designed to see how likely it is for the H5N1 avian influenza virus to ignite a human flu pandemic. | | | Some skeptics have pointed to the fact H5N1 hasn't yet reassorted to argue it may not be able to do so outside of the artificial confines of a laboratory. |
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http://www.cp.org/english/online/full/health/041227/x122706A.html
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| | Influenza Virus Spead - swine and human zoonotic infections |
| | This could lead to the generation of new strains of influenza some of which may be able to transmit to other species including humans. | | | Genetic analysis of two strains of H1N1 virus isolated from pigs in Japan revealed that the HA and NA genes were most closely related to those of human H1N1 viruses circulating in the human population at that time (Katsuda et al 1995a). | | | This concept is supported by the detection of human-avian reassortant viruses in European pigs with some evidence for subsequent transmission to the human population. |
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http://www.pighealth.com/influenzaB.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | This may in part be due to an assumption that it does not occur and therefore few experiments have been attempted. | | | Viruses which are of the same serotype will also be of the same serogroup. | | | Attempts to generate reassortant progeny between members of even some of the closely related serogroups have failed (for example, EHDV, BTV and Eubenangee; Mertens et al., 1984). |
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http://www.iah.bbsrc.ac.uk/virus/Reoviridae/ICTV/Orbivirus_Species.htm
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| | CDC - Influenza AH1N2 Viruses, United Kingdom, 2001—02 Influenza Season |
| | Although H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes have co-circulated in the human population since 1977, reassortant combinations of HA and NA subtypes are rare. | | | Reassortant H1N2 viruses have previously been isolated from sporadic cases in humans and were not maintained in circulation in humans ( 9). | | | H1N2 viruses continued to be isolated from the patients in the community and in hospitalized patients throughout the U.K. until the end of March 2002. |
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http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EiD/vol9no3/02-0404.htm
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| | News - Int’l - Genetic reassortment in bird flu virus draw common concern Engormix.com |
| | The risk of genetic reassortment which might give rise to a potential pandemic has become the common concern of experts in the disease-control field, a Thai public health official said here on Thursday. | | | "In such a situation, the risk of genetic reassortment which might arise from co-infection of human and avian influenza virus, resulting in a new influenza virus with a pandemic potential, has become a major common concern," he noted. | | | Three major integrated manure management systems are paving the way for wa... |
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http://www.engormix.com/e_noticias_list.asp?NRO=3787&AREA=&P=148
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| | CIDRAP >> Pandemic Influenza |
| | It is also not clear if reassortment in another animal host is necessary or whether an avian strain could directly cause a global pandemic in humans (see References : Webster 1997). | | | Some scientists believe that reassortment between an avian and a human strain could occur in the human population without an intermediary host; if this proves true, as more humans become exposed and infected, the potential for reassortment with a human strain may also increase. | | | Reassortment with human strain(s) would be necessary for the current virus to acquire this attribute. |
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http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/panflu/biofacts/panflu.html
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| | Apocalyptic Church » Experts Alarmed At How H5N1 Bird Flu Is Evolving |
| | However, the news was not news because the concept that a pandemic strain will evolve from H5N1 via reassortment with a human influenza doesn't make sense. | | | One maintains that dramatic changes (shifts) are caused by reassortment and the other maintains that small changes are caused by new mutations (drifts). | | | WHO has been relying on two basic tenents of influenza genetics, but both are incorrect. |
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http://manystars.com/wp?p=332
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| | Emerging Viral Diseases. |
| | Alternatively, an avian virus may become adapted in pigs to the extent that it would not require reassortment with a human virus for efficient replication in humans. | | | In addition to virus genetic variation (mutation, recombination, and reassortment), environmental factors (including ecological, social, health care, and behavioral influences) can play important roles. | | | Adaptation in Humans: Bird virus (white) adapts to virulent state in diseased humans (white to black), resulting in diseased human subject (black). |
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http://clinicalfreedom.org/Nichol1.htm
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| | Recombinomics Elegant Evolution |
| | WHO has the right idea, but the wrong mechanism. | | | This reassorted virus would be able to be transmistted from human to human, but most humans have antibodies to H3 (from H3N2 infections or vaccines), so there wouldn't be much of a pandemic. | | | >>"In such a situation, the risk of genetic reassortment which might arise from co-infection of human and avian influenza virus, resulting in a new influenza virus with a pandemic potential, has become a major common concern," he noted. |
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http://www.recombinomics.com/H5N1_reassort_recombine.html
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| | ScienCentral: Bird Flu |
| | "The only way to answer this question is to mimic reassortment in a laboratory under appropriate biosafety conditions," he wrote. | | | The Centers for Disease Control recently announced that it will conduct such experiments, mating the Avian Influenza A (H5N1) virus and human flu viruses to monitor the resulting viruses' severity, and ability to infect and be transmitted. | | | "It could be that reassortment has occurred (naturally in Asia) but has resulted in viruses that are not viable, not pathogenic, or not more easily transmitted among humans than H5N1 currently is. If so, this news would be very good." |
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http://www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?type=article&article_id=218392470
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| | CDC - Abstract: Human and Avian Influenza in Thailand: Reducing Opportunities for Reassortment |
| | CDC - Abstract: Human and Avian Influenza in Thailand: Reducing Opportunities for Reassortment | | | The critical points to reduce risk of reassortment for viruses with pandemic potential include eliminated human H5 infections through public health messages and continued bird disease control. | | | We studied human and poultry interactions in Thailand to identify critical control points to reduce potential for reassortment. |
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http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/global/ieip/abstracts/avianflu.htm
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| | eMJA: Avian influenza and planning for pandemics |
| | Pandemic strains arise when a new type of haemagglutinin is introduced into humans. | | | Pigs may act as a mixing vessel for reassortment by supporting growth of both avian and human viruses, or a human might be co-infected with both avian and human strains. | | | The greatest concern is that there will be reassortment between the current avian H5N1 strain and circulating human or porcine influenza viruses, producing a novel, virulent human strain. |
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http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/181_02_190704/isa10203_fm.html
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| | SparkNotes: Meiosis: DNA Replication and Genetic Reassortment |
| | Let SparkNotes Physics Study Cards exercise your mind without cramping your style. | | | This crossover occurs after the two sets of homologous pairs (maternal and paternal) become physically linked through the formation of a chiasma. | | | In other words, the genetic reassortment gives rise to a unique genetic make-up that results in some of the genetic variation found in sexual reproduction. |
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http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellreproduction/meiosis/section1.html
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| | NWFSC Molecular Biology Techniques Forums :: View topic - Is intragene reassortment possible in viral polymerase |
| | NWFSC Molecular Biology Techniques Forums :: View topic - Is intragene reassortment possible in viral polymerase | | | Moreover if it had been mistakenly the virulent strain then I should ve found the other mutations in the template which I m not seeing in my sequencing results? | | | My question is, if there is any possiblity of intra gene reassortment when a virus replicates, and this might of subsequently replaced only a part of a gene within the virulent and the vaccine strain viral polymerase gene. |
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http://micro.nwfsc.noaa.gov/forums/viewtopic.php?p=7767
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| | TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 422: REASSORTANT VIRUSES |
| | MeSH supplied the following response to our question: | | | To conclude, any type of reassortment in viruses other than the four families given above would be RECOMBINATION, GENETIC. | | | But the main heading of concern is REASSORTANT VIRUSES. |
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/indexingmanual/TM_422.htm
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| | Mutation Rate, Recombination, Multi-gene Reassortment, and Pseudotyping, Report of the Cross-Species Infectivity and ... |
| | This emphasizes the need for good diagnostic tests. | | | Mutation Rate, Recombination, Multi-gene Reassortment, and Pseudotyping, Report of the Cross-Species Infectivity and Pathogenesis Meeting, July 21-22, 1997 | | | Kathryn V. Holmes and Ralph Baric spoke on this topic. |
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http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dait/cross-species/page5.htm
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| | The mechanisms for genetic variation in RNA viruses |
| | Although there is no direct proof that natural reassortment is responsible for the antigenic shift of influenza A, the process has been seen in the laboratory. | | | The new subtype is thought to arise from the reassortment between animal and human influenza viruses in an animal host such as the pig, so that the haemagglutinin and perhaps the neuraminadase gene from the animal stain is introduced into the human strain. | | | Reassortment of the individual pieces of RNA may occur in a dual infection leading to the production of new genotypes. |
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http://www.virology-online.com/questions/92-4.htm
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| | Aneuploidy and cancer—the vintage wine revisited - Nature Biotechnology |
| | The constantly shifting karyotype responsible for the drug resistance can also lead to its loss. | | | Continuous chromosome reassortment, catalyzed by aneuploidy, as Duesberg and his colleagues argue in their most recent paper, is a likely mechanism to explain the high mutation rates of cancer cells. | | | The mutations investigated were to resistance against the anticancer drugs puromycin, cytosine arabinoside, colcemid, and methotrexate. |
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http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v19/n1/full/nbt0101_22.html
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| | Asian Bird Flu Became Highly Pathogenic Through Continued Circulation And Gene Swapping |
| | If this gene were passed on to a human flu virus during reassortment in an animal infected with both avian and human influenza viruses, the resulting virus would be resistant to an important family of drugs. | | | The fact that the M2 resistance mutation is arising in different viruses suggests that it can be readily acquired, according to the researchers. | | | In addition, the researchers found that genotype Z viruses in Thailand, Vietnam and Indonesia carried a specific mutation in a protein called M2, known to cause resistance to a family of antiviral drugs used to treat human influenza. |
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/07/040709082136.htm
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| | Guidelines for the use of seasonal influenza vaccine in humans at risk of H5N1 infection |
| | The pandemic viruses of 1957 and 1968 were reassortants of human and avian subtypes of influenza A. Genetic reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses could occur in humans co-infected with current human H1 or H3 subtypes of influenza A and an avian influenza virus acquired from poultry. | | | Vaccination with current inter-pandemic vaccine will not protect humans from infection with avian H5N1 influenza — rather, it minimizes the risk of co-infection and genetic reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses in humans. | | | Targeted vaccination with the current seasonal influenza vaccine for humans is being recommended, in countries currently experiencing outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in poultry, as one of several measures for reducing opportunities for the simultaneous infection of humans with avian and human influenza viruses. |
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http://www.jphpk.gov.my/Agronomi/bird_flu46.htm
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| | AADMC: WYPR 1998: Avian Flu - Concerns about a possible pandemic |
| | Such reassortment could lead to a widespread infection, likely severe, in humans similar to the | | | There was no evidence of human-human transmission and no reassortment of the RNA. | | | Therefore, you can reassure your patients that a severe pandemic is very unlikely to occur due to infection with this flu virus strain. |
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http://www.aaaai.org/AADMC/inthenews/wypr/1998archive/avianflu.html
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| | What Reassorts When Reovirus Genome Segments Reassort? -- Joklik and Roner 270 (9): 4181 -- Journal of Biological ... |
| | This phenomenon of genome segment reassortment was analyzed in detail in studies of the progeny of pairs of the three reovirus serotypes, the genomes of each of which are homologous genome segment sets( 7, 8). | | | Thus some genome segment complements are very much more successful than others, at least with respect to their ability to maintain their identity during multiplication in cultured cells. | | | Work from the author's laboratory was supported by United States Public Health Service Research Grant RO1 AI 08909 and Research Training Grants T32 AI 07148 and T32 CA 09111 and by Research Grant 3233 from the Council for Tobacco Research. |
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http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/270/9/4181
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| | Influenza A viruses reported in variety of species - humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals, mustelids, & birds |
| | The leading theory is that the pig represents the `mixing vessel' where this genetic reassortment may occur. | | | Genetic analysis of the isolates demonstrated that `new' strains most certainly emerged after reassortment of genes of viruses of avian and human origin in a permissive host. | | | In the 20th century the sudden emergence of antigenically different strains transmissible in humans, termed antigenic shift, has occurred on four occasions, each time an influenza pandemic occurred. |
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http://www.avian-influenza.com/Disease/Public_Health/abstract.asp
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| | Untitled Document |
| | Furthermore, the a reassortant swine H1N1 virus was isolated from a person in Wisconsin in 1998, and reassortant swine H1N2 and H3N2 viruses have been isolated from turkeys in the U.S. Classical swine influenza viruses can also be directly transmitted to humans as zoonotic infections, sometimes with fatal consequences. | | | In the human influenza pandemics of 1957 and 1968, it is clear that an avian virus reassorted with a pre-existing human virus to create the new variant virus. | | | Pigs, however, are uniquely susceptible to infection with both avian and human viruses, as well as their own swine viruses, and are thus thought to serve as the intermediary for human/avian virus reassortment. |
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http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/zoonoses/influenza/swineflu.html
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| | Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations |
| | This is the first evidence demonstrating genetic variability among circulating ARVs through a combination of evolutionary mechanisms involving multiple cocirculating lineages and genetic reassortment. | | | Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link. | | | Furthermore, variable topologies were the result of frequent genetic reassortment among multiple cocirculating lineages. |
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http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=20474884
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| | Safety, Efficacy, and Immunogenicity of a Quadrivalent Reassortment Rotavirus Vaccine (QRV) |
| | A licensed tetravalent rhesus-based reassortant rotavirus vaccine was withdrawn because of its association with intussusception. | | | During 1993-94, at 10 U.S. study sites, 439 healthy infants, ~2-6 months of age, were enrolled to receive 3 doses of oral QRV or placebo at 6-8 week intervals. | | | RV vaccines with a favorable safety profile remain a public health priority; human-bovine reassortant RV vaccines represent an alternative to rhesus reassortants. |
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http://cdc.confex.com/cdc/nic2002/techprogram/paper_284.htm
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| | WSN/33 Recombination and Reassortment in Swine in Korea |
| | They will probably focus on reassortment, which will generate cause for concern. | | | At a very gross level, they will clearly see evidence for reassortment between WSN/33 a human virus derived from WS/33 the first human influenza virus ever isolated (in 1933) as well as a H9N2 avian virus, most closely related to avian H9N2 isolated from a chicken in 2003 and a swine in 2004. | | | The H1N1 isolates will be all human except for PB2. |
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http://recombinomics.com/News/12120401/WSN_33_recombination_reassortment.html
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| | Flu.25 |
| | Reassortment does not naturally occur between Influenza A and B viruses. | | | The particles are very stable and resistant to drying, UV light, etc. |
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http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Tutorials/balti/balti5/balti24.html
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| | Barnyard blues |
| | This all must seem totally irrelevant, but there's a kicker: After a shift or a reassortment, the human immune system will have no antibodies to the new strain, and therefore no power to fight it. | | | Even more drastic is a process called "reassortment," the mixing of genes from different flu strains. | | | That's what probably happened in 1918 (we'd know for sure if good viral samples were available). |
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http://www.whyfiles.org/049flu/main3.html
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| | Reassortment Illustration Text Description |
| | The goal of reassortment is to combine the desired HA and NA antigens from the target strain (flu strain 1) with genes from a harmless strain that grows well in an egg (flu strain 2). | | | Each year, researchers predict which flu strains will be most prevalent and select three â“ two influenza A strains and an influenza B strain â“ to be included in that yearâs vaccine. | | | This new reassortant flu strain and two other flu strains will make up next yearâs vaccine. |
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http://www2.niaid.nih.gov/Newsroom/FocusOn/Flu04/illus_reassortment_text.htm
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| | Sequence Analysis of RNA3 of Rice Stripe Virus Isolates Found in China: Evidence for Reassortment in Tenuivirus |
| | The results may provide another evidence for reassortment variation in Tenuivirus. | | | These results show that there were two subgroups in RSV natural population related with geographical location, and reassorment may be the main factor leading to different segments of Y isolate belonging to different subgroups. | | | Sequence Analysis of RNA3 of Rice Stripe Virus Isolates Found in China: Evidence for Reassortment in Tenuivirus |
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http://www.abbs.info/fulltxt/35-1/3501c0097.htm
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| | blo5ish's Xanga Site |
| | However, H5N1 influenza is better adapted to infecting chickens than humans, so human-to-human transmission has been inefficient in the early stages of the outbreak. | | | Over the past few years, Dr. Yi Guan and Dr. Joseph Malik Peiris at the University of Hong Kong have published evidence that H5N1 avian influenza were spread by aquatic birds to chickens to humans (1,2). | | | Their genetic analysis concluded that the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 outbreak arose from a reassortment between A/Goose/Guangdong (H5N1) and A/Quail/Hong Kong (H9N2). |
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http://www.xanga.com/skin.asp?user=blo5ish&tab=weblogs&fid=0&nextdate=3%2F1%2F2004+12%3A35%3A26+PM&direction=n&bflag=
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| | Antigenic Variation Strategy of influenza virus |
| | All human influenza epidemics since 1930 have originated in China. | | | Influenza strains are usually species specific, yet both avian and human influenza strains can infect swine. | | | This is called antigenic shift, whereby a sudden dramatic change in the viral genome occurs. |
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http://www.brown.edu/Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/av/influenza.html
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| | Bird Flu and Human Flu: graphic showing reassortment of RNA segments of Influenza Virus, image by Russell Kightley Media |
| | Illustration shows reassortment of viral RNA segments in a cell infected by two strains of influenza virus (human and bird flu) leading to a new and potentially dangerous strain that could spread easily from human to human and so trigger a deadly worldwide epidemic. | | | This dramatic change in the genotype is called antigenic shift to distinguish it from the more minor changes that occur due to mutation or poor fidelity RNA copying, which are called antigenic drift. | | | Such genetic mixing might occur in pigs, since a pig might be infected by both strains and then pass the new virus on to humans. |
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http://www.rkm.com.au/VIRUS/Influenza/bird-flu-reassort.html
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| | Cell-Biology.com: Cellular (Cell) Division, Mitosis, Meiosis |
| | This is because genetic reassortment that occurs during meiosis. | | | On average two or three crossover events occur on each pair of human chromosomes during prophase of the first meiotic division. | | | Random genetic shuffling of maternal and paternal homologues to daughter haploid cells in meiosis allows for some reassortment. |
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http://www.cell-biology.com/division.html
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| | MMID - Virology Exam 1: Question 10 Choice 4 |
| | D) a recurrence of upper respiratory symptoms of influenza caused by a reassortment of the viral segments and creation of a new virus | | | He calls your office because he is coughing so much he can't smoke any more. |
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http://medinfo.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/quiz.cgi?mmid1_2000r/q10a4
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| | Medmicro Chapter 56 |
| | Reassortment occurs when a cell is infected simultaneously with two different but closely related bunyaviruses. | | | In some phleboviruses, the small RNA segment is ambisense (i.e., one portion is viral complementary in sense and the other portion is viral in sense). | | | Reassortment of RNA segments occurs between closely related members. |
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http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch056.htm
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| | CRORA : RESUME DES PUBLICATIONS |
| | In this study, the genetic relatedness of the EHD serogroup viruses, bluetongue virus type 10 (BTV-10) and Pata virus was assessed by RNA-RNA blot hybridization and by gene reassortment experiments in vitro. | | | In contrast, gene reassortment was not observed in inter-serogroup crosses between EHD 1 and BTV-10, BTV-10 and Pata virus, and between EHD 1 and Pata virus. | | | RNA-RNA blot hybridization data, however, suggest that Pata virus is not a member of the Eubenangee serogroup. |
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http://www.pasteur.fr/recherche/banques/CRORA/res2/re888.htm
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