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| | OhioLINK ETD: Morton, Douglas |
 | | During both feeding-like patterns, the activity and peripheral actions of B8a, B8b, and B10 are consistent with the neural activity and radula movements observed in vivo during ingestion and rejection. | | | During rejection, the radula is closed as it protracts. | | | During these patterns, BN2 activity is temporally related to protraction and retraction movements, while RN activity is temporally related to radula closure. |
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http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?case1057178515
(399 words)
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| | Radula - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This is the most primitive radula type, and we could assume it represents the plesiomorphic condition (= primitive character state, that is taken over from an ancestor without change), such as would be possessed by the first mollusks (Eogastropoda, also Polyplacophora). | | | The teeth can therefore be individually transferred to the proboscis and ejected like a harpoon into the prey (typical example : Conoidea). | | | the cartilaginous base (the odontophore), with the odontophore protractor muscle, the radula protractor muscle and the radula retractor muscle. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radula
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| | A Comparison of the feeding behaviour and the functional morphology of radula structure in Nudibranchs |
| | The technique of removing, and preparing the nudibranch radula is described by Thompsom (1976). | | | The aim of this study therefore, is to describe the feeding behaviour of the opisthobranch species studied. | | | "Ecotypic variations in the radula may be widespread in the littorinids, and the radular characters should therefore be used with caution in studies of taxonomy, phylogeny and adaptation" |
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http://www.opwall.com/Nudibranchreport.htm
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| | Operant conditioning of Aplysia feeding behavior |
| | Coordination of two sets of movements, protraction-retraction versus opening-closing, of the radula determines the type of behavior displayed. | | | C – Schematic representation of the coordination of movements during feeding behavior. | | | Isolated buccal ganglia continue to produce the neural patterns controlling the feeding behavior (Morton and Chiel, 1993). |
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http://www.brembs.net/learning/aplysia/aplyreview03
(3255 words)
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| | The Sea Slug Forum - Thorunna florens |
| | After many goes at trying to send you the SEM radula photos of the Thorunna cf. | | | Comment on Radula of Thorunna cf florens by Terry Gosliner. |
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http://www.seaslugforum.net/find.cfm?id=401
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| | Snail's Teeth, Spicules, and Other Bizarre Delights: Or Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder |
| | In some snails, I have found radulae nearly as long as the body. | | | One such modification might stun you, quite literally. | | | The radula is like a flexible parabola lined with several rows of teeth and the muscles pull it back and forth, making it a remarkably effective feeding mechanism—if you like algae. |
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http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artsep01/rhsnail.html
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| | The Roman Snail: Nutrition |
| | During the process of eating the radula skin is moved over the odontophor. | | | Other than other invertebrates snails eat with a specialized organ that has been developed that way only among the molluscs. | | | The radula of a snail has got a cartilage core to give it stability (the so called odontophor). |
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http://www.weichtiere.at/Mollusks/Schnecken/land/weinberg/ernaehrung.html
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| | Movie-Radula movement |
| | See Zhurov Y, Proekt A, Weiss KR, Brezina V (2005) Changes of internal state are expressed in coherent shifts of neuromuscular activity in Aplysia feeding behavior. | | | Four piezoelectric crystals for sonomicrometric recording of the radula movement were placed on the preparation. | | | Movements of the radula in the complete buccal mass of Aplysia elicited by esophageal nerve stimulation. |
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http://fulcrum.physbio.mssm.edu/~seaslug/RadulaMovement.html
(132 words)
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| | Scaphopods |
| | Pulsellum salishorum is a gadilid; note the dimple created when the foot introverts. | | | This radula functions to cut and crush hard prey. | | | The gadilid radula is flexible and asymmetric and can close rather like a zipper. |
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http://www.rshimek.com/Scaph1.htm
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| | Wonders of the Seas: All about Mollusks |
| | Mollusks have well developed body organs (nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system, etc.) but lack body segmentation. | | | Many mollusks have a radula, a tongue of sorts, which is rough like sandpaper and is used to rasp away at food. | | | The radula is made of a hard material called chitin, the same material of which Arthropod exoskeletons are made. |
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http://www.oceanicresearch.org/mollusk.html
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| | APStracts 3:0083N, 1996. |
| | Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and the Fishberg Center for Research in Neurobiology, The Mt. Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029; 3Center for Neurobiology & Behavior, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, 722 W 168 Street, New York, NY 10032. | | | Alternatively, contractions are elicited when extracellular suction electrodes are used to stimulate buccal nerve 3 or the radula nerve. | | | 1) Recently a cluster of sensory neurons (peptidergic radula mechanoafferents) has been identified in the buccal ganglion of Aplysia that is likely to play an important role in influencing the activity of feeding motor programs. |
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http://www.uth.tmc.edu/apstracts/1996/jn/May/83n.html
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| | supplementary material for Brembs et al. 2002 (Science) |
| | Pilot studies determined that a suitable intensity of the stimulation was 8 V. At this voltage, usually no behavioral response could be observed. | | | Occasionally, an animal (mostly yoked controls) would show a jaw opening without radula protraction or a rejection-like behavior (i.e., the radula appeared to be closed during protraction) to the first few stimulations only. | | | Throughout the experiment, the animal was observed and all bites recorded. |
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http://www.brembs.net/learning/aplysia/supplement2002
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| | abstract |
| | addition, in behaving animals lesioning either the muscle or the I2 nerve greatly reduces radula protraction. | | | I2 muscle in the radula rest position produces radula protraction. | | | in these neurons is associated with radula protraction, which occurs as |
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http://www.hsc.missouri.edu/~pmr/abstracts/abstract_Page241.htm
(262 words)
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| | Palaeos Invertebrates: Mollusca: Gastropoda: The Gastropod Radula |
| | (This is the most primitive radula type, and we could assume it represents the plesiomorphic condition, such as would be possessed by the first molluscs (Eogastropoda, also Polyplacophora [7])) | | | in the toxoglossan radula [8] each row has only two teeth of which only one is in use at a time. | | | In the rhipidoglossan radula, [5] there is a large central tooth, flanked on each side by five laterals and numerous closely packed marginals (the rhipidoglossan radula marks an improvement over the primitive docoglossan type with a greater number of small side-teeth [Vetigastropoda, Neritomorpha]). |
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http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Molluscs/Gastropoda/radula.html
(277 words)
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| | Abalone: Introduction |
| | This reveals that the majority of the body of the abalone is its muscular foot and that this foot is solid muscle without any organs. | | | The hard material used to press the radula in the abalone is called the odontophore and is a pair of cartilaginous-like structures operated by red muscle. | | | The odontophore is what presses the radula against the food while the animal is eating. |
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http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/06future/abintro.htm
(2344 words)
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| | Slugophile: Nudibranchs of Costa Rica |
| | Radula: A beltlike structure used for feeding in many opisthobranchs. | | | Much can devined about the feeding habits of an animal from the shape of its radula. | | | Flaplike outgrowths, aka parapodia, on the dorsal area are one of the most obvious characters of the animals falling into this taxon. |
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http://www.slugophile.org/slugs/page/defs.html
(298 words)
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| | Radula |
| | Radula are underlain by a supportive cartilage structure called odontophore. | | | Radula are teeth which scrape algae off substrates. |
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http://coe.west.asu.edu/394/ScottA/mollusca/sld005.htm
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| | The Radula |
| | In some Neogastropods, such as Murex and the Drills, the radula is used to bore holes through the shells of bivalve prey, in conjunction with a chemical softening gland on the foot or proboscis. | | | Archaeogastropods (Abalone, Top shells) possess such radula, as do Chitons, which cap their laterals with iron-containing magnetite; a hand lens reveals their rough gouges in the rock. | | | Each separate tooth becomes a barbed harpoon, which is thrust into the prey by the highly maneuverable proboscis. |
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http://www.csuchico.edu/biol/ncnhm/molluscs/pan6/page2.html
(314 words)
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| | Abalone shell size and radula comparison |
| | The objective of this study is to establish correlations between the length of abalones' radula and their shell size. | | | I can be E-mailed at - brandonw@fortbragg.k12.ca.us if there are any questions or suggestions you might have. | | | The graph provided will provide you a better visual account of my data and will enable you to better understand the rsults of this experiment. |
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http://www.fortbragg.k12.ca.us/AG/absize.html
(472 words)
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| | Digestion |
| | At the point that the radula is at its most forward position, the radula teeth bend toward each other and grasp the food. | | | Food is located with the labial tentacles and when needed gathered from the water surface with foot. | | | The jaws are more difficult to see, they only come out of the mouth a very little bit after the radula has pulled back in and the mouth is already closing. |
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http://www.applesnail.net/content/anatomy/digestion.php
(1942 words)
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| | APStracts 9:0102J, 2002. |
| | Hook protractor motoneurons were active in the same phase with radula retractor motoneurons, while hook retractor motoneurons burst in phase with radula protractor motoneurons. | | | The current study revealed that rhythmic activities of two feeding structures of the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina, radula and hooks, which are used to extract the prey from its shell, are highly coordinated in a phase-dependent manner. | | | Thus, hooks and radula were always moving in the opposite phases, taking turns grabbing and pulling the prey tissue out of the shell. |
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http://www.uth.tmc.edu/apstracts/2002/jn/May/102j.html
(278 words)
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| | Page Title |
| | Marshall kept them in Family Triphoridae for their similar radula. | | | Eulimacea are mesogastropods in which the radula is normally lacking and is replaced by an extendible sucking proboscis. | | | radula with one lateral and one marginal on each side |
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http://home.att.net/~c.thorsson/Fea2/page3.html
(260 words)
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| | Cephalopod Radula |
| | The radula of neocoleoid cephalopods consists of a maximum of nine elements. | | | One of the most peculiar is the "ctenoglossan" radula of bolitaenid octopods in which all lateral teeth are multicuspid. | | | The terminology is shown here for the two basic types of decapodiform radulas, the heterodont radula with more than one cusp on the rhachidian tooth and, usually, the first lateral teeth and the homodont radula with a single cusp on all teeth. |
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http://tolweb.org/accessory/Cephalopod_Radula?acc_id=2035
(379 words)
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| | radula - definition of radula by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. |
| | This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. | | | I did my Biology at University College,--getting out the ovary of the earthworm and the radula of the snail, and all that. | | | A flexible tonguelike organ in certain mollusks, having rows of horny teeth on the surface. |
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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/radula
(113 words)
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| | Radula |
| | Snails and some other mollusks use a rasp-like radula to scrape their food off of the rocks. | | | All images © Corrina and Nancy Chase, 1997 and may not be reproduced without permission. |
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http://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/projects/rocky/snail.html
(32 words)
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| | The Sea Slug Forum - Phestilla panamica |
| | This species has many similarities to the widespread Indo-west Pacific species Phestilla lugubris, which also feeds on species of the coral Porites. | | | To accompany the Fact Sheet on Phestilla panamica, here are some SEM photos of the radula. | | | This species has many similarities to the widespread Indo-west Pacific species |
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http://www.seaslugforum.net/find.cfm?id=12287
(272 words)
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| | Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations |
| | Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link. | | | For a journal article, please see the Resource Relation field. | | | Radula replacement and cell proliferation in the x-irradiated radular gland of the slug Limax flavus L. On the function of the radular gland epithelia |
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http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4344999
(119 words)
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| | Silphium radula |
| | radula are opposite (also, do you notice how the stem appears square?); however,... |
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http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mbierner/bio406d/images/pics/ast/silphium_radula.htm
(71 words)
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| | Schizopora radula (Pers.: Fr.) Hallenb. 1983 |
| | radula is separated clearly from the similar species Sch. | | | Characters of distinction are the colour of the fruit body, spore size and morphology as well as the morphology of the hyphal endings in the pores walls: | | | radula bigger pores and their basidiocarps are lighter coloured. |
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http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/bbm/mycology/schizopo/radula.htm
(453 words)
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| | EXN.ca Discovery |
| | But the radula is very long and new sharp teeth are brought into play. | | | Together with a gland in the foot of the snail that dissovles and softens the shell of the oyster, the radula scrapes out the hole. | | | They use them obviously for collecting food but this one is from a snail which bores holes in oysters and clams, anything that will sit still long enough for it to climb aboard. |
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http://www.exn.ca/Stories/1999/02/01/54.asp
(278 words)
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| | octopus on Encyclopedia.com |
| | Octopuses move by pulling themselves along with their arms or by forcibly expelling water through the funnel or siphon in the manner of their near relative, the squid. | | | The prey (crabs, lobsters, and other shellfish) is seized by the sucker-bearing arms and pulled into the web of tissue at the base of the arms, paralyzed and partially digested by a poisonous salivary secretion, and chewed by the horny, beaklike jaws and the radula, or tooth ribbon. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/o1/octopus.asp
(607 words)
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| | Guam Shell Club - Library |
| | A Study of Mitrid Radula and a Tentative Generic Arrangement of the Family Mitridae. | | | The Radula of Nine Species of Mitridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). |
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http://www.guamshellclub.org/library.html
(1864 words)
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| | ipedia.com: Mollusk Article |
| | Many have a radula, mostly composed of chitin, in the mouth, which allows then to scrape food from the surface by sliding back and forth. | | | Mollusks also have a coelom, made from cell masses, where all organs are suspended. | | | All species of the phylum Mollusca have a complete digestive tract that starts from the mouth to the anus. |
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http://www.ipedia.com/mollusk.html
(530 words)
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| | Poet: Natalia Radula - All poems of Natalia Radula |
| | Natalia Radula has been writing since she was capable of holding a pencil, and is blessed with a nurturing family who encourage her to find words for all... | | | Click here to write your comments about Natalia Radula | | | Natalia Radula - The daughter of Thomas and Mia Grandin (both gifted radio broadcasters during World War II) Natalia Radula has been writing since she was... |
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http://www.poemhunter.com/natalia-radula/poet-5669
(218 words)
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| | Pecten Radula Pairs: SeaShellWorld.com |
| | Comptopallium radula. Common to the shallow reefs of the indo-pacific. Measures approx 2". Sold as a pair. | | | For new and updated information as well as discounts and special offers from all of our websites! |
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http://www.seashellworld.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Store_Code=S&Screen=PROD&Product_Code=S5475
(44 words)
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| | NatureServe Explorer Species Index: Genus Radula |
| | Your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users. | | | Distribution data for U.S. states and Canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon. | | | FL, GA, LA, NC, TN, TX Radula brunnea |
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http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/speciesIndex/Genus_Radula_107830_1.htm
(793 words)
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| | Chris Thomas Homepage (MiltonCruise)-Gateway-Micro-microscope-limpet radula |
| | Viewed under polarised light, the radula looks like a section of a zip fastener with bulbous teeth at regular intervals on either side. | | | You can also transfer to alternative modes of transport via the controls at the lower right of this page. | | | In the centre are a chain or regular, comb like finer teeth. |
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http://homepages.tesco.net/~chris.jrthomas/Imm_4radula.html
(121 words)
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| | Merriam-Webster Online |
| | For More Information on "radula" go to Britannica.com | | | Get the Top 10 Search Results for "radula" |
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http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=radula
(86 words)
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| | Radula |
| | This slide shows a stained section of a radula from a snail. | | | The numerous chitinous teeth on this ribbon-like membrane are used to scrape, pierce, tear or cut off small pieces of food that are then directed in a continuous stream toward the digestive tract by conveyor belt like movements of the membrane. | | | Note: This page is best viewed at a screen size of 800 X 600 pixels |
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http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-5b/Radula/radula.htm
(76 words)
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| | What does it mean? radula |
| | You wake up from a terrible nightmare involving a gigantic radula. | | | Add Fact Monster search to your site |
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http://www.factmonster.com/cgi-bin/word?month=Sep&day=25
(37 words)
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| | Palaeos Ecology : Radiations : Cambrian Explosion |
| | Similarly, if Arkarua adami (from the Pound Subgroup, South Australia; Gehling 1987) is correctly interpreted as an echinoderm, we have evidence for a derived deuterostome of similar age. | | | If Kimberella is indeed a mollusc, as suggested by Fedonkin and Waggoner 1997, or certain trace fossils recorded from the Ediacara Hills and Zimnie Gory are correctly interpreted as radula scratches, we have evidence for derived protostomes at 555 Ma. | | | In preserving evidence of bilaterians, the Ediacaran record provides constraints on the protostome-deuterostome (P-D) divergence. |
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http://www.palaeos.com/Ecology/Radiations/CambrianExplosion.html
(4187 words)
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| | Plant Profile for Radula () |
| | USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. | | | View 1 genus in Radulaceae or click below on a name for species profiles. | | | View all Radula thumbnails at the PLANTS Gallery |
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http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=RADUL
(171 words)
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