|
| |
| | Palaeos Invertebrates: Protostomia |
 | | There is a tendency among researchers in the field of molecular phylogeny to divide the Protostomia into two further groups, the Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa. | | | <==o Protostomia after Winnepennickyx et al., 1998 -- Mollusca -- Annelida [+ Vestimentifera and Pogonophora sensu Rouse, 2001] --+-- Phoronida | | | <==o Protostomia sensu Zrzavý, et al., 2001 --o ASCHELMINTHES |
|
http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Protostoma.htm
(846 words)
|
|
| |
| | Explanations |
| | The Group of Protostomia with coelum is presented by Articulate Protostomia. | | | During the process of embryogenesis, the protostoma is developing to mouth opening and the anus is rupturing secondarily. | | | The Division of Arthropoda is integrated into Subdivision Eumetazoa, the associated Group of Articulate Protostomia into Animals Kingdom. |
|
http://www.wir-trilobiten.de/Erlaeuterungen_e.htm
(1394 words)
|
|
| |
| | CSIRO PUBLISHING - Australian Journal of Zoology |
| | Such groups are usually treated as arbitrary stages in mono- and limited-branch phylogenies, but recent studies show them to be real and significant because the only phylogenetic links are from each Paracoelomata and Protostomia Phylum to Turbellaria; and each Deuterostomia Phylum to Cnidaria-Ctenophora and/or enteropneust Hemichordata. | | | The morphology suggests that this did happen, so that a pseudocoelom and coelom evolved independently in each phylum where they occur. | | | Because of evidence that Protostomia and Deuterostomia were never linked during evolution, the origin of the coeloms in the former are explained by the Gonocoelic Theory and in the latter by the Enterocoelic. |
|
http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/90/paper/ZO9850153.htm
(342 words)
|
|
| |
| | articulata |
| | Protostomia (Gastroneuralia): dorsofrontal cerebral ganglion with inner neuropil, longitudinal nerve cords including one pair of ventrolateral nerves. | | | Proposed relationships under the Ecdysozoa hypothesis: Panarthropoda and Cycloneuralia are sister taxa, the closest sister group of Ecdysozoa is Gastrotricha. | | | Protostomia (Gastroneuralia), Ecdysozoa and Spiralia (bold lines) are strongly supported groups. |
|
http://chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey/articulata.html
(622 words)
|
|
| |
| | Re: What are the 'advantages' of developing a deuterostome pattern of embryonic |
| | I think untimately, our potential to spread our species to other planets gives humanity the advantage, but I would be surprised if some cockroaches didn't hitch a ride to colonize the new worlds, as they have with every other human conquest. | | | Well arguably, the cerebral evolution that resulted in some vertebrates becoming sentient (I won't say who) is an offshot of the extensive brain development associated with the more complex locomotor system and the need for more evasive survival tactics - advantage Deuterostomia. | | | First, let's define what Deuterostomia entails, and how this differs from Protostomia. |
|
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1999-02/918160589.Dv.r.html
(799 words)
|
|
| |
| | [No title] |
| | Although a few possible early tiny triploblastic creatures might be seen in 570 Ma, the whole group has not flourished until the Early Cambrian. | | | What is most interesting is that the most primitive extinct deuterostme phylum Vetulicolia has also been revealed from the Chengjiang. | | | Arthropods used to be thought closely related with annelids. |
|
http://www.globalzoology.org/de-gan-shu.doc
(1943 words)
|
|
| |
| | Issihk.com - Animal, Animal Behavior, Animal Migration - All Trade and Business Information You Need ! |
| | This second body cavity allowed for the movement of internal organs. | | | One basic division is into the Protostomia, in which the embryonic mouth persists, and the Deuterostomia, in which the mouth is produced secondarily in development. | | | Within the Bilateria, a number of phyla have been linked on the basis of early embryology—specifically, how the cells divide and how various organs are formed. |
|
http://www.issicn.com/animals.htm
(3359 words)
|
|
| |
| | An old body became a new brain and heart |
| | Problems with the conventional protostomia-deuterostomia concept: Two conflicting hypothesis have been put forward. | | | According to the protostomia - deuterostomia concept, a widening and deformation of the blastopore took place in one dimension, resulting in a slit-like geometry that forms the future midline (below left). | | | In protostomia such as insects, the anterior part of the slit remained open as the mouth. |
|
http://www.eb.tuebingen.mpg.de/dept4/meinhardt/web_org/hy-hea-brain.htm
(799 words)
|
|
| |
| | Wikipedia: Animal |
| | The simplest of such animals are the Platyhelminthes (flatworms), which may be paraphyletic to the higher phyla. | | | The vast majority of the triploblastic phyla form a group called the Protostomia. | | | These phyla all have a complete digestive tract (including a mouth and an anus), with the mouth developing from the archenteron and the anus arising later. |
|
http://www.factbook.org/wikipedia/en/a/an/animal.html
(1428 words)
|
|
| |
| | ninemsn Encarta - Print Preview - Animal |
| | For example, one such basic division is into the Protostomia, in which the embryonic mouth persists, and Deuterostomia, in which a new mouth is formed. | | | The ancestral bilaterian had a gut but no other body cavity; because of the absence of such a cavity, or coelom, the animal could be called an acoelomate. | | | Such groups are founded on the basis of how the cells divide and how various organs are formed. |
|
http://au.encarta.msn.com/text_761558664___3/Animal.html
(871 words)
|
|
| |
| | Introduction to the Ecdysozoa |
| | The Ecdysozoa is one of the two large subdivisions within the Protostomia, a group in which the mouth develops from the first opening to develop in the embryo. | | | In turn, the Protostomia belongs to a larger group within the Animalia called the Bilateria, because these animals are bilaterally symmetrical, with a left and a right side to their bodies. | | | Unlike other animals with skeletons who build their body's support from minerals, an ecdysozoan builds a cuticle, an outer layer of organic material that functions as its skeleton. |
|
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/ecdysozoa.html
(602 words)
|
|
| |
| | Protostomia |
| | Protostomia means "first mouth", so called because the mouth develops from the first opening into the gut (blastopore). | | | The group of animals to which the molluscs, arthropods and annelid worms belong is called the Protostomia. | | | The body cavity or coelom forms from a split in the embryonic middle tissue (mesoderm). |
|
http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/protosto.html
(92 words)
|
|
| |
| | annelida |
| | Fig 13a A phylogeny of Bilateria showing the relationships of Protostomia. | | | Fig 1 A phylogeny of Bilateria showing the relationships of Annelida. |
|
http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310annelid1Lec.html
(2521 words)
|
|
| |
| | General Patterns |
| | The mesoderm of Protostomia develops from the blastopore edge (AE 307). | | | There is, however, one important exception to this, namely Sipuncula, which do not have a haemal system at al (AE 68). | | | Protonephridia are found in almost all bilaterian phyla, but the morphology of the organs is highly variable, for example, since Protostomia and Deuterostomia are not homologous, the metanephridia of these groups cannot be homologous either (AE 69). |
|
http://nausicaa.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/MDS/anima97/node4.html
(625 words)
|
|
| |
| | Evolution of the bilaterian larval foregut : Nature |
| | Indirect development through primary, ciliary larvae occurs in both of these branches; however, the closing blastopore develops into mouth and anus in Protostomia and into anus only in Deuterostomia. | | | , which develops by means of a trochophora larva—the primary, ciliary larva prototypic for Protostomia | | | Because of this important difference in larval gut ontogeny, the tube-shaped guts in protostome and deuterostome primary larvae are thought to have evolved independently |
|
http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/35051075
(265 words)
|
|
| |
| | Advanced Placement Biology Course Outline |
| | Week 24- INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS: Porifera, The Radiate Phyla, Origin of the Eumetazoans, The Acoelomate Bilateria, Divergene of the Protostomia and Deuterostomia, The Pseudocoelomate Protostomia, Divergence of the Protostomia and Deuterostomia, The Coelomate Protostomia, The Deuterostomia. |
|
http://www.iit.edu/~rcoleman/apbiol.html
(780 words)
|
|
| |
| | [No title] |
| | germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) | | | male germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) | | | female germ line stem cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia) |
|
http://www.fruitfly.org/~cjm/obol/export/cell.owl
(26 words)
|
|
| |
| | [No title] |
| | The origin of the Deuterostomia, which includes Vertebrata, is also important problem in the biology of evolution. Some scholars think that the Deuterostomia originated from the Protostomia, which includes Annelida and Arthropoda. The upturned features of Protostomia are similar to Deuterostomia (Fig. | | | 7). The genes of determination of ventral side of Protostomia have made clear to be similar to ones of dorsal side of Deuterostomia(19). | | | Therefore attempts to derive Deuterostomia from Protostomia cannot be rejected because of the crossing of the alimentary canal and nervous system. |
|
http://www.geocities.jp/tomioitow/newpage16.html
(1386 words)
|
|
| |
| | Search in gallery |
| | The body coelom (= cavity) forms from a split (schizo) in the embryonic mesoderm (middle tissue). | | | Embryology.The protostomia (= first mouth) develops from the first opening into the gut (blastopore). | | | The group of animals belonging to the Protostomia are: molluscs, arthropods and annelids. |
|
http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/eng/image-gallery/show/IL020
(62 words)
|
|
| |
| | Z250 - Lec12 Outline- Protostomia & Deuterostomia (2005) |
| | 5) Membership in the Deuterostomia & Protostomia is in a state of flux: | | | Z250 - Lec12 Outline- Protostomia & Deuterostomia (2005) | | | Two major divisions of the Bilateria (Protostomia and Deuterostomia) exhibit many differences: |
|
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/LecOutl/outl12.htm
(98 words)
|
|
| |
| | EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: ON THE SCHEME OF ANIMAL PHYLA |
| | 3) In contrast, the new trees [1-3,7] suggest that the basic division in animals is between the Protostomia and Deuterostomia (a distinction based on the origin of the mouth during embryo formation). | | | The Protostomia can be divided into two "superphyla": Ecdysozoa (animals that undergo ecdysis or moulting, including flies and nematodes) and Lophotrochozoa (animals with a feeding structure called the lophophore, including snails and earthworms). | | | In this new tree, the coelom must have arisen more than once, or have been lost from some phyla. |
|
http://scienceweek.com/2005/sw050603-3.htm
(1707 words)
|
|
| |
| | Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Protostomia -- ... |
| | Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Protostomia | | | Multigene Analyses of Bilaterian Animals Corroborate the Monophyly of Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Protostomia -- Philippe et al., 10.1093/molbev/msi111 -- Molecular Biology and Evolution | | | Articles by Philippe, H. Articles by Brinkmann, H. Molecular Biology and Evolution © Published by Oxford University Press 2005. |
|
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/msi111v1
(324 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Invertebrate Animals |
| | HOX genes in one or more clusters with the genes within a cluster arranged in the same order as the body parts they affect. | | | Their name was created from the names of formerly-separated groups that have now been joined in a single clade on the basis of the similarities of their genomes: | | | The bilaterians contain two clades, the protostomia and the deuterostomia. |
|
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Invertebrates.html
(1969 words)
|
|
| |
| | Hemichordata Lecture |
| | Fig 2 Metazoan phylogeny showing the relationships of Deuterostomia. | | | Bilateria is divided into two great taxa, Protostomia and Deuterostomia. | | | Fig 27.12B A recently proposed deuterostome phylogeny based on molecules and morphology. |
|
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310hemichorLec.html
(2196 words)
|
|
| |
| | Z250 - Metazoa Clade (2005) |
| | the Protostomia is split into two major clades: Lophotrochozoa (composed of two clades: lophophore bearing animals and animals having a trochophore larva) and the Ecdysozoa (clade of molting animals). | | | However, support for the Ecdysozoa clade is based largely on DNA sequence data from a few genes, and two recent papers using data from complete genome sequences do not support the Ecdysozoa clade: |
|
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Clades/clade02-Metazoa.htm
(310 words)
|
|
| |
| | Protostomia -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | The mouth of the Protostomia (proto, “first”; stoma, “mouth”) develops from the first opening into the embryonic gut (blastopore). | | | The coelom (body cavity) forms from a split in the embryonic mesoderm (middle… | | | "Protostomia." Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. |
|
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061633?tocId=9061633
(61 words)
|
|
| |
| | Definition of protostome - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |
| | : any of a major group (Protostomia) of bilateral metazoan animals (as mollusks, annelids, and arthropods) characterized in typical forms by determinate and spiral cleavage, formation of a mouth and anus directly from the blastopore, and formation of the coelom by splitting of the embryonic mesoderm -- compare | | | For More Information on "protostome" go to Britannica.com | | | Etymology: New Latin Protostomia, from prot- + Greek stoma mouth -- more at |
|
http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=protostome
(132 words)
|
|
| |
| | Trends in animal evolution |
| | Protostomia vs. Deuterostomia - Fig 32.7 - cleavage patterns and coelom formation |
|
http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/bio213/animals.html
(255 words)
|
|
| |
| | Untitled Document |
| | o Protostomia now includes the ones that used to be classified as Acoelmates and Pseudocoelomates |
|
http://www.tarleton.edu/~kmurray/Ch32outline.html
(97 words)
|
|
|
