|
| |
| | Genera overview - Introduction |
 | | Our general approach has been to avoid giving taxonomic names to any subdivisions which we feel are likely to be polyphyletic, for instance we have followed Kleijne (1991) in dividing the large number of extant holococcolith-bearing genera into two groups based on whether they show dimorphism or not. | | | However, since this character is very likely to have evolved repeatedly, it does not form a suitable basis for grouping the genera into formal taxa. | | | All taxonomic groupings may be regarded as hypotheses which may be tested through analysis of morphology and direct evolutionary data. |
|
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/ina/taxcatalog/INTRO.HTM
(3037 words)
|
|
| |
| | Cladistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In contrast, paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups are both defined based on key characters, and the decision of which characters are of taxonomic import is inherently subjective. | | | Many argue that they lead to "gradistic" thinking, where groups advance from "lowly" grades to "advanced" grades, which can in turn lead to teleology. | | | The idea is that monophyletic groups can be defined objectively, in terms of common ancestors or the presence of synapomorphies. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics
(1683 words)
|
|
| |
| | UCMP Glossary: Phylogenetics |
| | polyphyletic -- Term applied to a group of organisms which does not include the most recent common ancestor of those organisms; the ancestor does not possess the character shared by members of the group. | | | Derived characters are those acquired by the most recent common ancestor of the taxa under consideration. |
|
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss1phylo.html
(1380 words)
|
|
| |
| | Lecture.1.report |
| | It was also suggested that pleisiomorphic characters may be important, especially when rapid adaptive radiation is suspected. | | | Polyphyletic hypotheses, such as those of Fryer, propose multiple origins of the major subphyla. | | | Manton's belief that different basal arthropod types could not have given rise to each other (therefore the group must be polyphyletic) was countered with the argument that they all could have had a similar origin. |
|
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/biol606/OldLecs/Lecture.98.01.Zaklan.html
(968 words)
|
|
| |
| | CSC - Intelligent Design: The Origin of Biological Information and the Higher Taxonomic Categories |
| | therefore, not depend upon assumptions of either a long or short fuse for the Cambrian explosion, or upon a monophyletic or polyphyletic view of the early history of life. | | | Form, like life itself, is easy to recognize but often hard to define precisely. | | | Instead, it will analyze whether the neo-Darwinian process of mutation and selection, or other processes of evolutionary change, can generate the form and information necessary to produce the animals that arise in the Cambrian. |
|
http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/index.php?command=view&id=2177&progr...
(14205 words)
|
|
| |
| | MORT, MARK E.*, DOUGLAS E. SOLTIS, AND PAMELA S. SOLTIS. |
| | Our analyses reveal six major clades and suggest that five of the six subfamilies currently recognized are polyphyletic. | | | Likewise, systematic relationships at the generic level are problematic. | | | The topology also provides insights into the limits of several other disputed genera, such as Tylecodon, Bryophyllum, and Kitchingia. |
|
http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/bsa-abst/section13/abstracts/68.shtml
(285 words)
|
|
| |
| | What do terms like monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic mean? |
| | These terms are used to describe groupings of organisms, and indicate the extent to which they can be considered as ``natural groups''. | | | This is a polyphyletic group - a totally unnatural assemblage - because it can't even be expressed as a paraphyletic group, that is, a clade minus one or more of its subclades. | | | Such groups are not used at all in phylogenetic work since they are a purely artificial construct. |
|
http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/dino/faq/s-class/phyletic
(814 words)
|
|
| |
| | RBGE: STERCULIACEAE |
| | Recent molecular work (Alverson, 1999) has shown that the family Sterculiaceae is polyphyletic but that those taxa traditionally put in the tribe Sterculieae form a monophyletic group. | | | These families have traditionally been recognised as being very closely related and their circumscription has been much debated. | | | Recent molecular and morphological studies (Alverson 1999) into the order Malvales has shown that Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae are polyphyletic. |
|
http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/science/research/systematics/stercul.jsp
(706 words)
|
|
| |
| | Plant Evolution |
| | That is, the algal groups must have evolved through separate endosymbiotic events, and the group as a whole is identified on the basis of a similar level of structure, rather than on its evolutionary origins. | | | Such groups, where the members have several different evolutionary origins, are described as polyphyletic. | | | Cyanobacteria have a close evolutionary relationship with eukaryotes. |
|
http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/evolution/plantEvolution.shtml
(2587 words)
|
|
| |
| | Evolution: Chloroplast Genetics and Endosymbiosis |
| | Of more fundamental concern is how those relationships have come about. | | | Comparisons of chloroplast genomes and gene sequences (as well as plastid biochemistry and ultrastructure) have been the common methods of elucidating phylogenetic relationships. | | | One of the main points of conjecture is the whether all plastids are monophyletic or polyphyletic (Gray, 1989). |
|
http://www.geocities.com/we_evolve/Plants/chloroplast.html
(3184 words)
|
|
| |
| | Tree of Life Glossary |
| | monophyletic; technically speaking, the distinction between polyphyletic and paraphyletic is not as clear as it might seem.) | | | A group of organisms that does not include their most recent common ancestor. | | | A group of organisms that includes their most recent common ancestor and some but not all of its descendents. |
|
http://tolweb.org/tree/home.pages/glossary.html
(5247 words)
|
|
| |
| | Blackwell Synergy - Heredity, Vol 81, Issue 1, pp. 38-47: Allozyme variability in sexual and parthenogenetic freshwater ... |
| | See our Privacy Statement and Terms and Conditions. | | | Although rare recombinational events and mutation within lineages may account for some of the variation, the most parsimonious explanation for this pattern is polyphyletic origins of triploid parthenogens from coexisting sexuals. | | | Allozyme variability in sexual and parthenogenetic freshwater planarians: evidence for polyphyletic origin of parthenogenetic lineages through hybridization with coexisting sexuals. |
|
http://www.ice.mpg.de/clib/fulltext/pube/mio/MIO107.htm
(3539 words)
|
|
| |
| | Evolution: Angiosperm Origins and Evolution |
| | As a group, the angiosperms have typically been viewed as being monophyletic (i.e. | | | A fundamental problem that must be dealt with is whether the angiosperms are monophyletic or polyphyletic. | | | Hughes (1994) has argued that, unless proven otherwise, the angiosperms should be assumed to be polyphyletic (i.e. |
|
http://www.geocities.com/we_evolve/Plants/angiosperm.html
(2501 words)
|
|
| |
| | Recurrent formation and polyphyly of nordic polyploids in Drabe (Brassicaceae) |
| | However, a lack of cpDNA variation among the species limited the usefulness of this molecule for analysis of polyploid origins. | | | Electrophoretic analyses of progeny showed high levels of fixed heterozygosity in all three polyploids, demonstrating that all are genetic alloploids. | | | Electrophoretic and rDNA data indicate that po lytopic and/or polyphyletic origins have contributed to the complexity of these polyploids. |
|
http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/brochmann/draba2.htm
(272 words)
|
|
| |
| | [No title] |
| | According to this study, involving 99 taxa representing all sections in Magnoliaceae, the future does not look bright for either Magnolia or Talauma (here accepted a priori as a subgenus of Magnolia). | | | Both are polyphyletic, with the New World members of Talauma closely related to some New World Magnolia spp., and distant from Old World Talauma. | | | Citing the enormity of the nomenclatural changes implicit in the creation of at least two new genera from Acacia (with at least 1000 spp.), together with the inadequacy of the present study (just 39 Acacia spp. |
|
http://www.mobot.org/mobot/Research/Edge/jul01/jul01lit.html
(3706 words)
|
|
| |
| | Phylogenetics –plants |
| | However, morphological characters do not support these two groups, making taxonomic interpretation difficult. | | | Abstract:Phylogenetic relationships of New Zealand endemic Brassicaceae were studied using nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. | | | The Lepideae was found to be polyphyletic as genera from this tribe emerge in three distinct monophyletic groups distributed among taxa from other Brassicaceae tribes. |
|
http://www.inet.net.nz/~anthony/page6.html
(587 words)
|
|
| |
| | Polyphyletic Nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae. - MASON, W.R.M. |
| | MASON, W.R.M. The Polyphyletic Nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): A Phylogeny and Reclassification of Microgastrinae. | | | MASON, W.R.M. Polyphyletic Nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae. | | | Hundreds of the world's finest antiquarian and used booksellers offer their books on Antiqbook. |
|
http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/sut/37620.shtml
(56 words)
|
|
| |
| | Polyphyly - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | For example, the group of warm-blooded animals is polyphyletic, because it contains both mammals and birds, but the most recent common ancestor of mammals and birds was cold-blooded. | | | Scientific classification aims to group species together such that every group is descended from a single common ancestor, and the elimination of groups that are found to be polyphyletic is therefore a common goal, and is often the stimulus for major revisions of the classification schemes. | | | The group of "warm blooded animals" is polyphyletic. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic
(265 words)
|
|
| |
| | Protoctista |
| | This one is not perfect in that regard as the Protoctista and the Monera are undoubtedly polyphyletic (ie include groups that are not closely related to each other). | | | (Polyphyletic means that the group does not have a single common ancestor in the group. | | | Protoctista, or Protista, consists of about 35 phyla of largely unrelated organisms than may have nothing uniquely in common except their unicellularity. |
|
http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/112protc.html
(3762 words)
|
|
| |
| | Evolution - A-Z - Polyphyletic group |
| | Polyphyletic groups are formed when two lineages convergently evolve similar character states. | | | The key difference between paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups is that paraphyletic groups contain their common ancestor, whereas polyphyletic groups do not. | | | Polyphyletic groups are recognized by pheneticists but not by cladists or evolutionary classifiers. |
|
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Polyphyletic_group.asp
(78 words)
|
|
| |
| | Cladistics |
| | For example, the once-recognized group Pachydermata was found to be polyphyletic because an elephant and a rhinoceros were each found to be more closely related to non-pachyderms than either to each other. | | | Biologists consider groups that turn out to be polyphyletic to be errors in classification, often occurring because convergence or other homoplasy was misinterpreted as homology. | | | If a named group is found to include some but not all of the descendants of the ancestor on which the group is based, it is termed paraphyletic. |
|
http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/cladistics
(1330 words)
|
|
| |
| | Phylogeny of the Kinetoplastida: Taxonomic Problems and Insights into the Evolution of Parasitism |
| | In trypanosomatids, the genera Leptomonas and Blastocrithidia were polyphyletic, similar to the genera Herpetomonas and Crithidia and in contrast to the monophyletic genera Trypanosoma and Phytomonas. | | | This analysis has shown that the morphological classification of kinetoplastids does not in general reflect their genetic affinities and needs a revision. | | | The genera Herpetomonas and Crithidia were polyphyletic: the endosymbiont-containing members of these genera formed a separate monophyletic clade, while the endosymbiont-free members were found elsewhere on the tree. |
|
http://memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br/963/4213hm.html
(1974 words)
|
|
| |
| | Graphical explanation of phylogenetic terms |
| | Polyphyletic taxon : A group composed of a collection of organisms in which the most recent common ancestor of all the included organisms is not included, usually because the common ancestor lacks the characteristics of the group. | | | Polyphyletic taxa are considered "unnatural", and usually are reclassified once they are discovered to be polyphyletic. |
|
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss1/phyly.html
(201 words)
|
|
| |
| | Milford H. Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari: Response to Grappling with the Ghost of Gould by David P. Barash |
| | It has always been a theory about intraspecific evolutionary processes with an emphasis on gene flow, and therefore provided a model for hominid evolution that was antithetical to punctuated equilibrium theory (Wolpoff and Caspari, 1997). | | | In any other discipline it would be laughable to have to deal with a theory dead for more than a half century, as if current physics papers needed to repeatedly prove that distant galaxies were red shifted, or continued to debate whether light was a particle or a wave. | | | His book review essay, quite appropriately named, ends with the exaltation to “consider, as a final extended quotation, this marvelous rhetorical flourish against the polyphyletic theory of human origins.” This is followed by a citation of Gould’s terminal mischaracterization of multiregional evolution as a polygenic theory based on parallel evolution. |
|
http://human-nature.com/nibbs/02/wolpoff.html
(378 words)
|
|
| |
| | Human Biology: Relationships by isonymy between persons with monophyletic and polyphyletic surnames from the Monterrey ... |
| | When a patient reported that one of his or her close relatives had already been interviewed, the data for that person were laid aside, as were data for a member of the same family attending on the same date. | | | Several studies of the historical antecedents and the genetic composition of the populations of the state of Nuevo Leon have been done (Garza-Chapa 1983; Garza-Chapa et al. | | | R sub ib means were compared by one-way analysis of variance. |
|
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199412/ai_n8731442
(1224 words)
|
|
| |
| | Palaeos Invertebrates: Mollusca: Tryblidiida: Problems with defining the "Monoplacophora" |
| | It is quite likely that the "Monoplacophora" is a polyphyletic grouping, as cladistic analysis gives confusing results. | | | Trying to establish a systemmatic classification of the "Monoplacophora" is not easy, especially since it seems that "Monoplacophora" is a polyphyletic grade rather than a natural group. | | | Waller 1998 shows that the Tryblidiidan are the sister group of all other Conchifera. |
|
http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Molluscs/Tryblidiida/Monoplacophora.html
(308 words)
|
|
| |
| | What is taxonomy? |
| | Kingdom Protista is an example of a polyphyletic group, for biological purposes, such a taxon classification leads to inaccuracy, for the organisms are often not related. | | | In any of these methods of classification, a taxon, or group of organisms, can be specified in several different ways. | | | A monophyletic group is one which contains all of the descendants of a common ancestor, a paraphyletic group is one which contains some of he descendants of a common ancestor, but not all, and a polyphyletic group has many different evolutionary lines which don’t have a common ancestor. |
|
http://md.essortment.com/whatistaxonomy_rfcd.htm
(519 words)
|
|
| |
| | Zoology 404, Chapter 14 notes |
| | Operationally, a polyphyletic group is defined by convergent traits (analogies). | | | These other bases for similarity (homoplasy) can confuse interpretation. | | | A polyphyletic group consists of species whose common ancestor is not included within the group. |
|
http://www.science.siu.edu/zoology/king/404/mr14.htm
(1483 words)
|
|
| |
| | Lecture Nov 20 |
| | If the phylogeny is not what we thought it was, then the taxonomy we've all been using isn't any good. | | | Some quick definitions needed here; polyphyletic = derived from more than one ancestral group (or, you can't shake one branch of the tree and have only your group move); paraphyletic = you have a monophlyletic clade OK, but within your clade not all members are of the same taxon. | | | Polyphyletic or paraphyletic groups cannot be designated as discrete taxa (a taxon is a taxonomic unit of unspecified level -- species, genus, whatever). |
|
http://www.lclark.edu/~seavey/bio210/lecture_Nov_20.html
(590 words)
|
|
| |
| | Comparative Anatomy Topic 2 - Phylogenies and Fossils |
| | Polyphyletic group - a group consisting of two or more distantly related species (an extreme of paraphyly); in cladistics, this is an invalid grouping because it does not express evolutionary relationships | | | A + B could be considered either paraphyletic or polyphyletic although I personally would have went with paraphyletic. | | | On the phylogeny above, what kind of grouping is A + F? Note to those looking at this again, there was a typo and this said A + B previously. |
|
http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/zy/0301/Topic2/topic2.html
(754 words)
|
|
| |
| | Monophyletic, Polyphyletic, & Paraphyletc Taxa |
| | : The diagram above recognizes Taxa 1, 2, and 3 as examples of "monophyletic", "polyphyletic", and "paraphyletic" groups. | | | Both schools reject the use of polyphyletic taxa, although most phylogenetic taxonomists would use that term to included paraphyletic taxa. | | | (1) In the diagram, identify two additional examples each of groups that would be considered "holophyletic," "polyphyletic," and "paraphyletic". |
|
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Taxon_types.htm
(318 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Virtual Museum. |
| | Animals with many features in common may prove not to be as closely related as their classification would suggest. | | | The bony fishes themselves have long been grouped into the class Osteichthyes, but even this is polyphyletic: it includes two distinct groups, the actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes) and sarcopterygians (lungfishes, coelacanths and extinct lobe-finned fishes), which are sufficiently distinct to be considered classes. | | | For example, if all fishes were grouped into a class Pisces (as they once were), this would be polyphyletic, for it would include sharks and other cartilaginous fishes. |
|
http://www.abdn.ac.uk/zoologymuseum/professor/polyphy2.html
(119 words)
|
|
| |
| | BIOL 321 Outline Page |
| | For a polyphyletic example, I would use something like CF. | | | On the other hand, paraphyletic groups and polyphyletic groups are never clades. | | | A polyphletic group has two or more separate origins. |
|
http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/biol335/questions.answers.htm
(3861 words)
|
|
| |
| | Lec 6 Origin of Dinosauria |
| | (The Thecondontia are a heterogeneous nondinosaurian paraphyletic and polyphyletic group of basal archosaurs.) Seeley referred to the dinosaurs as a diphyletic group, that is, each group had a distinct and separate ancestry from within the thecodonts. | | | In fact, it was believed that Ornithischia, Saurischia, Pterosauria, and Crocodylia arose independently from the "Thecondontia" (Modern dinosaur paleontologists do not recognize the Thecodontia because of the group's polyphyletic origins). | | | The belief that dinosaurs were polyphyletic continued into this century. |
|
http://www.wvup.edu/ecrisp/lecoriginofdinosauria.html
(1454 words)
|
|
| |
| | Stephanidae: Madegaphoenus |
| | I had the opportunity to examine specimens of this genus only recently, and it is clearly a polyphyletic group, composed of at least two distinct genera. |
|
http://iris.biosci.ohio-state.edu/projects/stephanids/madegaph.html
(26 words)
|
|
| |
| | RA |
| | It was found that for persons with monophyletic and polyphyletic surnames, as well as for the other populations in the MMA and ot her places in Mexico, their ABO and Rho(D) MI and MFI percent of risk are intermediate to the ones estimated for their ancestry. | | | The percentages of MI and MFI are higher for the persons with monophyletic than for the ones with polyphyletic surnames, other populations from the MMA and those from other locations in Mexico. | | | The risks are higher when the similarity with Spanish increases and are lower when their similarities with the Mexican Indians increase. |
|
http://www.unam.mx/serv_hem/revistas/medical/1996/summer/a23.html
(210 words)
|
|
| |
| | polyphyletic - definition of polyphyletic by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. |
| | Relating to or characterized by development from more than one ancestral type. | | | This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. | | | polyphyletic - definition of polyphyletic by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. |
|
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/polyphyletic
(77 words)
|
|
| |
| | Puffball article - Puffball fungi polyphyletic Basidiomycota spores cloud brown spores secotioid - What-Means.com |
| | Puffballs are fungi, they consist of a polyphyletic assemblage of Basidiomycota with gasterothecia (gasteroid basidiocarps) in which the spores are produced internally; that is, the basidiocarp remains closed, or opens only after the spores have been released from the basidia. | | | Their spores are statismospores rather than ballistospores, meaning they are not actively shot off the basidium. | | | Puffball article - Puffball fungi polyphyletic Basidiomycota spores cloud brown spores secotioid - What-Means.com |
|
http://www.what-means.com/encyclopedia/Puffballs
(471 words)
|
|
| |
| | Cladistics - EvoWiki |
| | Hennig used the term monophyletic to distinguish such “natural” taxa from the polyphyletic or “artificial” taxa that consist of a hodgepodge of unrelated forms (with which the classification of plants and animals remains strewn). | | | Thus, systematists seek to define taxa on grounds such that all members included within a taxon are derived from the same ancestor, and all descendants of that common ancestry are included within the taxon. | | | As some systematists have used the term monophyly to denote taxa which while displaying common ancestry still exclude all forms derived from that ancestry (paraphyly), an alternative and preferable term has been coined for monophyly in the Hennigian sense, “holophyly” (Ashlock 1971, Carroll 1988). |
|
http://www.evowiki.org/index.php/Cladistics
(5532 words)
|
|
| |
| | - Bergius Botanic Garden - Research in Rosoideae - |
| | 1994, Rosoideae was polyphyletic as traditionally delimited but when some aberrant groups were removed the rest showed good support as being monophyletic. | | | The large ones have often been split into smaller genera with a large leftover part. | | | Relationships are obscured when species are split off from their close relatives in this way, leaving paraphyletic or even polyphyletic assemblages behind. |
|
http://www.bergianska.se/forskning_rosoideae.html
(773 words)
|
|
| |
| | Molecular evolution of DNA-(cytosine-N4) methyltransferases: evidence for their polyphyletic origin -- Bujnicki and ... |
| | Molecular evolution of DNA-(cytosine-N4) methyltransferases: evidence for their polyphyletic origin -- Bujnicki and Radlinska 27 (22): 4501 -- Nucleic Acids Research | | | Recently it has been speculated that M. NgoMXV (and presumably its homologs) might be related to the common ancestor of both N6mA and N4mC MTases, as it shows comparable degree of similarity to representatives of both N-MTase subfamilies (10). | | | In Figure 3 we propose a general model of polyphyletic evolution of the N4mC MTase family, in which after separation of two main lineages a few widely diverged enzymes narrowed or switched their preference for a methylated base to N4mC-specificity. |
|
http://nar.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/22/4501
(5686 words)
|
|
|
