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| | Polychaete - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | One notable polychaete, the Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana) is endemic to the hydrothermal vents of the Pacific Ocean. | | | The polychaetes' paddle-like and highly vascularized parapodia are used for movement and act as the animal's primary respiratory surface (parapodia can be thought of as a kind of external gills that are also used for locomotion). | | | Polychaeta means "many-bristled" (as opposed to the Oligochaeta which are "few-bristled"), and indeed the polychaetes are sometimes referred to as bristle worms. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychaete
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| | Polychaete (aka "bristleworm") FAQ For Reefkeepers |
| | The sedentary polychaetes are the focus of parts 9 (http://www.aquarium.net/0897/0897_5.shtml) and 10 (http://www.aquarium.net/1197/1197_1.shtml) of the reefkeeper's guide to invertebrate zoology series. | | | Even among the polychaetes it is impossible to make a general statement about the tendencies or appearance of worms above the level of Families because they are such a diverse group (I discuss this in much more detail in Parts 7 and 8 of the reefkeeper's series --http://www.aquarium.net/0597/0597_5.shtml and http://www.aquarium.net/0697/0697_2.shtml). | | | I have included this caution simply to indicate that there are some polychaetes for which a healthy respect is wise. |
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http://www.reefs.org/library/article/r_toonen12.html
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| | DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts |
| | The ecology of the polychaete Laeonereis acuta in the soft sediments of an estuarine environment | | | This thesis investigated the pattern of abundance and distribution of the deposit feeding polychaete Laeonereis acuta, and some physical and biological processes that could be responsible for that pattern. | | | The experiments showed that the effect of crabs on sediments changed the feeding behavior of polychaetes, allowing them to feed under the surface and decreasing their predation risk (Chapter 5). |
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http://aslo.org/phd/dialog/200204-16.html
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| | Dr. Julie H. Bailey-Brock |
| | Herein, multivariate techniques were utilized to characterize the benthic polychaete community, examine patterns in community structure, and attempt to determine explanatory environmental variables. | | | The biomonitoring program is a requirement of the waiver to secondary treatment for sewage effluent discharged through the Barbers Point Outfall granted to the City and County of Honolulu. | | | Since each ZID and far field site supports a diverse and coarsely similar polychaete fauna, no pollution level effects seem to be present. |
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http://www2.hawaii.edu/~wormlab/jbpage.html
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| | Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly) |
| | The overriding criterion to satisfy is to enable an identifier with an assumed amount of general polychaete experience to put an accurate name to every specimen in their sample, regardless of its condition, in a short space of time. | | | Unfortunately polychaetes are still regarded as 'difficult' to identify in the eyes of most marine biologists. | | | The description of the assemblage of species as an undisturbed community, inferred from the ABC plot, is surely misleading when the community occurs in an extremely stressful physical regime and is vulnerable to breakdown with the loss of all its constituent members. |
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http://www.bioline.org.br/request?nl93010
(12947 words)
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| | Polychaete Annelid Identification, or “You Can Always Tell A Bristle Worm
by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - ... |
| | While there may be many similarities of internal structures and perhaps even external anatomy, the polychaetes may be subdivided into about 100 smaller and quite unique groups. | | | Now, if you can visualize this kind of basic worm, you probably visualize something that looks like an earthworm, and you would be right. | | | When viewed from above they make some of the worms look vaguely like centipedes but, unlike a centipede's long and essentially tubular legs, these appendages are tissue flaps without joints, so they can't bend or articulate. |
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http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2003-03/rs/index.php
(2769 words)
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| | Australian Biological Resources Study - POLiKEY Version 2 |
| | from a scientific point of view, polychaetes are a key group in phylogenetic studies of the evolution of complex invertebrates and a model group in studies of invertebrate reproduction and development. | | | Polychaetes are also an important economically in both positive and negative ways. | | | This is often done for cost-benefit reasons, but more importantly family-level identification is often sufficient (even preferable) in order to detect compositional and/or abundance differences in benthic infaunal assemblages as a result of environmental disturbance; this applies to macrobenthos and meiobenthos, and both soft and hard substrata (Heip et al. |
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http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/polikey
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| | BIOSI: BioLine Publications: Polychaete Research |
| | Even if you are unable to submit a full paper for peer review, there is scope for comment on any issues relating to polychaete research such as problems with identification, reviews of meetings, etc. If there is always material to publish, the publication interval will reduce from years to months. | | | Polychaete Research (ISSN 0961-320X) publishes short communications, reports, research requests, reviews and comments as well as full, refereed papers on the subject of Polychaeta. | | | McHUGH, D. and TUNNICLIFFE, V. Ecology and reproductive biology of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Amphisamytha galapagensis (Ampharetidae). |
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http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/associates/bioline/poly1.html
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| | Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly) |
| | As well as strictly scientific posters we should like to encourage posters from NRA and Water Purification laboratories which show the geographical area for which that laboratory is responsible and the kind of work it does which involves polychaetes. | | | Papers submitted for publication may be based on original material presented in posters as well as on verbal presentations. | | | I am a postgraduate student and my research at the moment involves screening polychaete worms for disease. |
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http://www.bioline.org.br/request?nl93011
(2454 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | The larval development of chrysopetalids is completely unstudied, albeit the knowledge of the morphology of larval and juvenile stages could bring light to the taxonomy of the family and to its relational ties to other groups of polychaetes. | | | The body of the larva consist of a large cephalic part, four-five parapodial body segments and a pygidium. | | | 1 A-¸); such setae are only present in polychaetes of the family Chrysopetalidae (Fauvel, 1923, 1927; Ushakov, 1955; Ehlers, 1864-1868). |
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http://www.tmbl.gu.se/staff/ThomasDahlgren/Trans/Mileijkovskij_1961.html
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| | annelida |
| | Fig 13.6A,B A simplified polychaete body (Ruppert/Fox/Barnes, 2004). | | | Fig 47 A typical oligochaete chaeta and its muscles. |
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http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310annelid1Lec.html
(2521 words)
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| | Salinity Changes on the polychaete, Nereis succinea Example Essays.com - Over 101,000 essays, term papers and book ... |
| | Salinity Changes on the polychaete, Nereis succinea I chose to experiment with the effects of salinity changes on the polychaete, Nereis succinea. | | | Along with the other members of the group, Patty and Jeremy, I was curious to see whether the worms would engage in adaptive behavior when placed in a tank of water of foreign salinity, or whether they would simply continue changing osmotically until they reached equilibrium with the environment. | | | Also on this day we learned how to mix and measure salinity, practiced weighing the worms, and deciding our exact schedule as far as when we would come in and for how long, etc. From what I observed, the polychaete is a salt-water worm that has adapted to live in estuaries. |
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http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/55235.html
(309 words)
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| | polychaete hypothesis -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | The oligochaetes are thought to have developed from polychaete stock; the leeches, which have the clitellum in common with the oligochaetes, probably evolved from the latter. | | | The annelids are considered to have evolved in the sea, perhaps from an ancestral flatworm that evolved through the trochophore larva, the characteristic early stage of polychaetes. | | | More results on "polychaete hypothesis" when you join. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9060681?tocId=9060681
(795 words)
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| | Polychaete Feeding Modes |
| | We will now proceed through the various kinds of buccal organs that are found among polychaetes and relate them to the feeding mechanisms they are employed for. | | | While the survey we perfom will be basically phylogenetic, and so a review of the basic feeding structures, reference will be made to various ways that polychaetes use these structures to feed. | | | This form of nutrition means that the polychaete has no need to ingest food matter. |
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http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Polychaetes/polychaete_feeding_modes.htm
(1011 words)
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| | ADW: Polychaeta: Information |
| | Most have well developed, paired, paddle-like appendages (parapodia), well developed sense organs, and numerous setae (usually on the parapodia; "polychaete" means "many hairs"). | | | They lack any permanent sex organs (in contrast to other kinds of annelids); gonads appear as swellings during the breeding season. | | | Polychaetes are a large and extremely diverse group. |
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http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/annelida/polychaeta.html
(317 words)
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| | Linking Genotoxic Responses and Reproductive Success in Ecotoxicology |
| | Recent research to evaluate relationships between genotoxic responses and indicators of reproductive success in model animals is described from an ecotoxicological perspective. | | | Effects of acute radiation on reproductive success of the polychaete worm Neanthes arenaceodentata. | | | Similar to the polychaete studies, putative cumulative dose effects were observed in the nematode. |
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http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1994/Suppl-12/9-12anderson/anderson-full.html
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| | Sabellid Polychaete Infestation Disease in Abalone |
| | However, this technique is useful for determining the reproductive status of the sabellids in an infestation and thus the potential for new infestations can be assessed. | | | Microencapsulation as a potential control technique against sabellid worms in abalone culture. | | | Failed methods for controlling infestations include: air exposure for extended periods of time, freshwater treatment, severe temperature exposure, chlorine treatment, and exposure to several insecticides. |
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http://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/sci/shelldis/pages/sabelab_e.htm
(2196 words)
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| | Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - The Why's and How's of Sand Beds - Sept. 6th 1998 - www.reefs.org |
| | Polychaete worms are probably the most numerous and diverse of the visible infauna in most soft-sediment ecosystems and we should strive for significant diversity in our tanks to provide multiple pathways for material flow. | | | Additionally there are "epibenthic or demersal zooplankton" which may include larvae from annelids, but has as a major component harpacticoid copepods(both animals and fecal pellets). | | | In my systems, as an example, the following polychaete annelid families were represented in the sediment: Amphinomidae, Capitellidae, Chaetopteridae, Cirratulidae, Dorvilleidae, Eunicidae, Lumbrineridae, Maldanidae, Sabellidae, Spionidae, and the Syllidae. |
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http://www.reefs.org/library/talklog/r_shimek_090698.html
(3732 words)
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| | Ocean Citations - Introduced Species |
| | Also, plastic tubes mimicking polychaete body structure were not avoided by the amphipods, indicating that the physical tube structure of the polychaetes does not explain the amphipod's choice of burrowing site. | | | One plausible outcome of interactions between the 2 species is that the amphipod, the more mobile species, would avoid areas where the more sessile polychaete is present in high numbers. | | | In the laboratory, we tested the hypothesis that, if given the choice, the amphipod avoids burrowing in sediment with high polychaete abundances. |
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http://www.seaweb.org/background/abstracts/introduced/2003/03introduced.11.html
(283 words)
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| | Museum Victoria: Polychaete Worms |
| | Future research interests include studies using molecular systematic techniques to investigate relationships between populations of estuarine Nereididae and the history of those estuaries, as well as biogeographic and molecular studies of deep sea taxa. | | | Polydorids are the most significant of several groups of polychaetes that bore into abalone and other mollusc shells and commonly have a detrimental effect on the growth and marketability of commercially important shellfish fisheries. | | | Polychaetes mostly live in the sea where they are often among the most abundant and diverse marine organisms. |
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http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/collections/sciences/polychaetes.asp
(468 words)
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| | CSIRO PUBLISHING - Books & CDs |
| | Eighty-three families and about 1150 living genera of polychaetes are recognised worldwide, and all can be identified using this practical, easy-to-use CD-ROM. | | | Polychaetes: An Interactive Identification Guide brings together new and existing information making polychaete identification simpler and more accurate. | | | All interactive keys have been developed in DELTA software using the interactive identification program Intkey. |
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http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/18/pid/3539.htm
(359 words)
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| | Journal of Paleontology: Reversal in some fossil polychaete jaws |
| | Bergman (1989) has documented less distinct ontogenetic changes of the forceps in the Silurian polychaete Gotlandites slitensis. | | | The taxonomy of extinct polychaetes is in disarray due to extensive use of form taxonomy. | | | This has been further confused by the introduction of a system based on complete jaw apparatuses, employed since 1947, parallel to the old form taxonomy (for futher information see Bergman, 1989). |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_199807/ai_n8787125
(1434 words)
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| | The Sea Slug Forum - Polychaete Worms (Bristle worms) |
| | In Fireworms, Eurythoe spp (A), the bristles have evolved into defensive organs. | | | Polychaetes are often called bristleworms because each of the body segments has an upper and lower bundle of bristles (called setae or chaetae) on each side. | | | Polychaetes are often called bristleworms because each of the body segments has an upper and lower bundle of bristles (called setae or chaetae) on "> |
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http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=polychaete
(390 words)
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| | Invertebrate Zoology - Scientific Staff - Dr Pat Hutchings |
| | Hutchings, P. Ethics of Manipulative Research: The Scientific Community Perspective. | | | Hutchings, P. Biodiversity and functioning of polychaetes in benthic sediments. | | | Wilson, R., Hutchings, P.A., and Glasby, C.J. (2003) Polychaetes: An interactive Identification Guide CSIRO Publishers. |
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http://www.austmus.gov.au/invertebrates/staff/hutchings.htm
(4057 words)
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| | Underwater Field Guide to Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica |
| | Here is a ventral view of an exhumed Antarctic terebellid polychaete, with its feeding tentacles extended; you can see some of its characteristic polychaete spines in the middle section of its body. | | | This terebellid polychaete burrows into the bottom and then extends long feeding tentacles from its head end to capture tiny plants and animals. | | | Terebellid polychaetes have been found in the stomach contents of the fish Trematomus bernacchii |
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http://scilib.ucsd.edu/sio/nsf/fguide/annelida3.html
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| | BIOSI: BioLine Publications: Polychaete Research 17.3 |
| | Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U.K, To see the next article in Polychaete Research, Preliminary notes on the genus Syllis Savigny, 1818 (Syllidae) in British waters, click here. | | | The influence of Sabellaria reef on sublittoral community structure. | | | Spatiotemporal changes of sabellarian reefs built by the sedentary polychaete Sabellaria alveolata (Linne). |
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http://www.cardiff-university.com/biosi/associates/bioline/poly3.html
(4285 words)
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| | Journal of Paleontology: Late Ordovician jawed polychaete faunas of the type Cincinnatian region, U.S.A. |
| | FindArticles > Reference and Education > Journal of Paleontology > May 2003 > Article | | | In spite of this, this microfossil group has been largely neglected, and its potential in stratigraphy, paleobiogeography, and paleoecology has been overshadowed by an historical parataxonomic treatment closely similar to that plaguing the study of conodonts for many years (Klapper and Philip, 1971; Bergman, 1989; Eriksson and Bergman, 1998, and references therein). | | | Late Ordovician jawed polychaete faunas of the type Cincinnatian region, U.S.A. Journal of Paleontology, May 2003 by Eriksson, Mats, Bergman, Claes F |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200305/ai_n9255208
(1205 words)
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| | Microbial diversity in marine sediments from Sagami Bay and Tokyo Bay, Japan, as determined by 16S rRNA gene analysis ... |
| | Haddad, A., Camacho, F., Durand, P. and Cary, S. Phylogenetic characterization of the epibiotic bacteria associated with the hydrothermal vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana. | | | ectosymbiont of a polychaete, Alvinella pompejana, found at | | | Gray, J. and Herwig, R. Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial communities in marine sediments. |
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http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/145/11/3305
(4475 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Sperm environment affects offspring quality in broadcast spawning marine invertebrates. | | | Effects of an introduced polychaete, Sabella spallanzanii, on the development of epifaunal assemblages. | | | Changes in the feeding behavior of the deposit feeder polychaete Laeonereis acuta on soft-sediments inhabited by burrowing crabs. |
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http://www.eicc.bio.usyd.edu.au/scripts/database/view.pl?DB=pubs
(9485 words)
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| | Evolution of the Sulfide-Binding Function Within the Globin Multigenic Family of the Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent ... |
| | demonstrated in other polychaetes such as the lugworm Arenicola | | | Globin Molecular Phylogeny of Vestimentiferans, Pogonophorans, and Closely Related Polychaetes Living in Sulfidic Environments | | | This evolutionary scenario is based on (1) our present knowledge of the positions of free cysteine residues in vestimentiferans, (2) the occurrence of a cysteine residue at position Cys + 1 in the A1 subfamily of O. |
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http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/9/1421
(6965 words)
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| | MSN Encarta - Polychaete |
| | Polychaete, any of a group of marine worms characterized by a segmented body, with each segment possessing a pair of fleshy projections called... |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761582491/Polychaete.html
(85 words)
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| | ATJ's Marine Aquarium Site - Reference - Hitchhiker Worms |
| | Polychaete literally means "many hairs" which is a good description of polychaetes. | | | There are two basic forms of polychaetes, errant and sedentary. | | | This polychaete had burrowed right up to a burrow with two amphipods which then disappeared so I assume this polychaete is predatory. |
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http://www.petsforum.com/personal/trevor-jones/hitchhikerworms.html
(235 words)
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| | Augsburg College Biology - Photo of Month - April 2002 |
| | "Poly" means many, so polychaete means "many setae". | | | Quite a few species of polychaetes engage in this sort of spawning behavior, and at certain times of the year swarms of spawning polychaete worms can be quite conspicuous at night in coastal areas. | | | Many polychaete worms also have much more distinct heads (often with well-developed jaws) than oligochaete worms, and many have conspicuous leg-like appendages called parapodia (also visible below...the setae are attached to the parapodia). |
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http://www.augsburg.edu/biology/photoofmonth/polychetesswimming.html
(849 words)
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| | Question set 3 |
| | Where are the ganglia in polychaete nervous systems and what do they do? | | | How is the blood-vascular system of a polychaete different from our own. | | | How does the reproductive system of oligochaetes work (both in exchange of gametes and in egg-laying), and what might be the reasons behind its being so much more complicated than that of polychaetes? |
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http://www.umesci.maine.edu/biology/inv/q3.htm
(211 words)
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| | Polychaete Tube Worms Synopsis |
| | Tubicolous polychaetes are often found in dense mats. | | | Most of the tube-dwelling, or tubicolous polychaetes, are members of the Subclass Sedentaria, while most of the free-living species are in the Subclass Errantia (Ushakov, 1955a, O'Clair and O'Clair, 1998). | | | Most tubicolous polychaetes are either deposit feeders or filter feeders. |
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http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/groundfish/HAPC/PolychaeteTubeWorms_synopsis.htm
(234 words)
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| | Research Marine Invertebrates |
| | Projects on the life histories and taxonomy of various groups, including bivalves, crinoids, and polychaetes are being undertaken and these are added into phylogenetic studies with a more global perspective. | | | This is used to answer questions concerning the evolution of reproductive mechanisms, co-variability of features such as body size and reproduction as well those involving co-evolution and biogeography. | | | Research on this diverse group of animals concentrates on the phylogeny and systematics of groups such as polychaete annelids and crinoid echinoderms (right). |
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http://www.ees.adelaide.edu.au/research/enviro/systematics/invertebrates
(211 words)
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| | The Biology Of Annelids |
| | Describe the function of setae, the bristles projecting from the bodies of most annelid worms. | | | The circulatory systems of many polychaetes contain hemoglobin, the same oxygen-hungry compound found in our own blood cells. | | | Polychaete feeding styles vary from eating organic material that settles on the surface of the muddy substrate (detritus feeding), to filtering plankton and detritus from the water using feathery feeding tentacles (suspension feeding), to eating their neighbors (predation). |
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http://ebiomedia.com/prod/BOanelids.html
(1307 words)
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| | Reefkeeper's Guide to Invertebrate Zoology Aquarium Net November 1997 |
| | Bristleworm has traditionally been applied generically to any polychaete ("many bristled") worm, but at some point in the hobby (way back when I was actively involved in retail), the term "bristleworm" became synonymous with "fire worm" and people were told to watch out for them in their aquarium. | | | The next article will then describe the families of "errant" (generally interpreted as free-living) polychaetes in much the same manner as these two have described the sedentary polychaetes. | | | The obvious tentacles would generally be the only portion of the body seen by the aquarist, and they are the focus of typical questions regarding these worms. |
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http://www.reefs.org/library/aquarium_net/1197/1197_1.html
(2101 words)
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| | Late Ordovician polychaetaspid polychaete annelids from the type Cincinnatian region |
| | A seem to reflect this deepening event, which may have caused a stressed environment for polychaetes. | | | A long history of conodont and graptolite studies has resulted in a detailed biostratigraphic framework for various facies types in the type Cincinnatian region (Goldman and Bergström, 1997; Figure 1), to which the results of this study can be tied. | | | These eunicidan polychaetes had jaw apparatuses of labidognath architecture, i.e., jaws arranged in a semi–circle when the apparatus was retracted, in some members comprising more than 20 individual (mainly paired) scolecodonts. |
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http://www.unt.edu.ar/fcsnat/INSUGEO/geologia_17/49.htm
(1352 words)
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| | Introduction to the Polychaeta |
| | The many common names reflect the wide array of body forms found in this group, unlike the earthworms and leeches which all have the same general appearance. | | | You might also look at Chapter 9: Annelida of the Keys to the Invertebrates of Woods Hole for more information about the structure and kinds of polychaetes. | | | Polychaetes are known by many names: lugworms, clam worms, bristleworms, fire worms, palolo worms, sea mice, featherduster worms, etc., but all possess an array of bristles on their many leg-like parapodia -- the name polychaete, in fact, means "many bristles". |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/polyintro.html
(237 words)
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| | AIMS Research - Polychaete Worms |
| | Their presence at the ocean surface is an example of a dramatic shift in behaviour that occurs during the reproductive phase of their lifecycle. | | | The polychaetes we observed were seen on the 6 | | | An experimental study on a temperate worm species exposed worms to artificial moonlight over an extended period and found that swarming behaviour was induced in the waning phase of the moon (3). |
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http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/about/communications/polychaete.html
(580 words)
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| | Polychaete References |
| | Pettibone, M.H. Contribution to the polychaete family Pholoidae Kinberg. | | | Miura, T. Eunicid polychaetous annelids from Japan, 1-3. | | | Pettibone, M.H. Scaled polychaetes (Polynoidae) associated with ophiuroids and other invertebrates and review of species referred to Malmgrenia McIntosh and replaced by Malmgreniella Hartman, with descriptions of new taxa. |
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http://www.nhm.org/guana/bvi-invt/bvi-surv/ref-poly.htm
(5208 words)
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| | Life History and Ecology of the Annelida |
| | Many polychaetes and oligochaetes, and even a few leeches, are burrowers that constantly rework the sediment through which they burrow; in addition, they may ingest and excrete large quantities of sediments or soils. | | | Polychaetes usually have separate sexes; many polychaetes hatch into a particular type of planktonic larva, the trochophore, which later metamorphoses into a juvenile annelid. | | | However, probably the most significant ecological role played by annelids is reworking of soil and sediments. |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/annelidalh.html
(196 words)
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| | Fossil Record of the Polychaeta |
| | Many sedentary polychaetes secrete a lining for their burrows, or at least around their body, and these tubes may be found as fossils. | | | Canadia and other Cambrian polychaetes had no jaws, but some later polychaetes developed hard jaws, which are sometimes mineralized with iron oxide. | | | Numerous well-preserved scolecodonts have been found in Silurian strata of Gotland, Sweden; these have been assigned to five genera, and more than 20 species. |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/annelida/polyfr.html
(151 words)
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| | UPPER ORDOVICIAN SCOLECODONTS FROM THE TYPE CINCINNATIAN IN NORTH AMERICA |
| | The Cincinnatian polychaete faunas can be subdivided into at least four more or less distinct faunal associations of potential biostratigraphic utility. | | | The most common and/or characteristic polychaete genera are Oenonites Hinde, Kettnerites Zebera, Ramphoprion Kielan-Jaworowska, Protarabellites Stauffer, “Arabellites” Hinde, Kalloprion Kielan-Jaworowska, Leptoprion Kielan-Jaworowska, and Hadoprion Eriksson and Bergman. | | | Moreover, congeneric and conspecific taxa occur in coeval strata of Baltica and indicate that several of these benthic organisms had an intercontinental distribution during Late Ordovician time. |
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http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001AM/finalprogram/abstract_18643.htm
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