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| | Medicine and Health Rhode Island: PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE: TO VACCINATE OR TO REVACCINATE - THAT IS THE QUESTION |
 | | suggested that the vaccine was efficacious in preventing vaccine serotype specific pneumococcal pneumonia and systemic pneumococcal infections and was not less efficacious in "high-risk" groups.18 With such clearly conflicting conclusions, the current uncertainty regarding the efficacy of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in particular groups is not surprising. | | | Observational studies in the United States suggest that pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is effective only in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease. | | | Ideally, the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine stimulates the immune system through a T-lymphocyte independent process to produce antibodies against the antigenic capsular polysaccharides of S. pneumoniae?A The T-cell independent nature of the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is important, because it does not lead to the development of memory B-cells andT-cells. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4100/is_200403/ai_n9405669
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| | BioMed Central Full text Are the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines effective? Meta-analysis of the prospective trials |
| | The objective was to review the evidence of effectiveness of the polyvalent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine from prospective properly randomised controlled trials comparing pneumococcal vaccines with placebo in subjects who are immunocompetent and those likely to have an impaired immune system. | | | To be included in the analysis, a study had to have been a prospective randomised comparison of a polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (any valency) and to have a placebo or no treatment comparison group. | | | We found 12 reports of 13 randomised comparisons of polyvalent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines for inclusion with a total of 45,226 subjects ([12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23] Table 1). |
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http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/1/1
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| | Public Health Fact Sheet - Pneumococcal Disease |
| | Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) protects against the 23 pneumococcal types most likely to cause disease in older children and adults, but is only approved for people 2 years of age and older. | | | Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), protects against 7 types of the pneumococcal bacteria most likely to cause infection in young children, and is approved for infants and children younger than 5 years of age. | | | Pneumococcal disease is caused by bacteria (germs) that can infect the lungs (pneumonia), the blood (bacteremia), and the membrane that covers the brain (meningitis). |
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http://www.mass.gov/dph/cdc/factsheets/fspneu.htm
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| | Pneumococcal vaccines |
| | The currently licensed pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine has been shown to protect adults and children under two years of age against invasive pneumococcal infection, and its use is recommended for adults and children at high risk of pneumococcal disease. | | | It is likely that conjugate vaccines will overcome most of the problems inherent in the polysaccharide vaccine. | | | Conjugate pneumococcal vaccines are now undergoing clinical trials in various parts of the world, and the first phase III trial in the United States with one of these vaccines showed a high degree of efficacy against invasive pneumococcal disease (defined as blood or CSF culture-positive cases). |
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http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/pneumococcus.shtml
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| | FIRST PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE APPROVED FOR INFANTS AND TODDLERS |
| | This vaccine is not indicated for use in adults or as a substitute for other approved pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines approved for high risk children over the age of two. | | | The vaccine was approximately 90 percent effective in preventing invasive disease for illnesses caused by all pneumococcal subtypes. | | | In this trial, the vaccine was 100 percent effective in preventing invasive pneumococcal disease caused by the seven strains of pneumococcus in the vaccine. |
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http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/NEW00716.html
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| | Pneumococcal Disease and Vaccine for Adults |
| | Pneumococcal polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine (PPV23) is a safe and effective. | | | Pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23) may be given any time of the year. | | | Pneumococcal bacteremia occurs in up to 30% of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia and the mortality rate may be as high as 60% in elderly patients, despite antibiotic therapy. |
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http://www.mass.gov/dph/cdc/epii/flu/pneumo.htm
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| | Ask the Experts: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) |
| | Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is recommended for children 2 years or older with chronic illnesses specifically associated with increased risk of pneumococcal disease or its complications (e.g., anatomic or functional asplenia [including sickle cell disease], nephrotic syndrome, cerebrospinal fluid leaks and conditions associated with immunosuppression). | | | In addition, immunocompromised adults with chronic illnesses specifically associated with increased risk from pneumococcal infection should receive the vaccine (e.g., persons with splenic dysfunction or anatomic asplenia, Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, or conditions such as organ transplantation associated with immunosuppression). | | | A one-time revaccination dose should be considered for adults at highest risk for serious pneumococcal infection and persons likely to have a rapid decline in antibody levels, provided at least five years have passed since receipt of the first dose of pneumococcal vaccine. |
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http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p2021o.htm
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| | Addenbrooke's Hospital: FAQs about meningitis and septicaemia |
| | The level of protection this vaccine provides against pneumococcal meningitis is not known, but it is important for people who are most susceptible to the infection to reduce their risk by getting vaccinated. | | | The 'old' polysaccharide meningitis C vaccine might be used in some outbreaks of meningococcal group C disease, if supplies of the new vaccine are limited, or for travellers abroad. | | | There is a new vaccine for group C meningitis ('meningitis C vaccine') but (in 2005) there is no effective vaccine for meningococcal group B meningitis. |
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http://www.addenbrookes.org.uk/serv/healthinform/menigitis1.html
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| | : The AMEDEO Literature Guide |
| | Immunogenicity of the seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. | | | Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of four doses of diphtheria-tetanus-three-component acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated polio virus-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine coadministered with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate Vaccine. | | | Tolerability and immunogenicity of an eleven valent mixed carrier Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid or tetanus protein conjugate vaccine in Finnish and Israeli infants. |
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http://www.amedeo.com/medicine/vac/pedinf.htm
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| | Childhood Immunizations, 2001 |
| | Pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (PCV) for use among infants and young children (whose immune systems are too immature to respond to the adult Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine). | | | Protects against 7 types of Pneumococcus, which together cause > 80% of all pneumococcal infections. | | | Recommended that all children aged 2-23 months receive four doses of PCV - at ages 2,4, 6, and 12-15 months. |
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http://gold.aecom.yu.edu/id/immunization/immunizenote_pcv.htm
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| | Tor A Strand |
| | 1) Strand TA, Aaberge IS, Maage A, Ulvestad E, Sommerfelt H. Immune response to Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in zinc deficient mice. | | | 11) Strand TA, Aaberge IS, Maage A, Ulvestad E, Sommerfelt H. The Immune Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine in Zinc-Depleted Mice. | | | 1) Strand TA, Briles DE, Gjessing HK, Maage A, Bhan MK, Sommerfelt H. Pneumococcal pulmonary infection, septicemia and survival in young zinc-depleted mice. |
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http://www.uib.no/People/mihtr
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| | EID Vol 2 No 4: |
| | Immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. | | | Safety and immunogenicity of a pentavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy toddlers. | | | Immunogenicity in infants of a vaccine composed of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide mixed with DPT or conjugated to diphtheria toxoid. |
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http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol2no4/kayhty.htm
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| | BioMed Central Full text Are the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines effective? Meta-analysis of the prospective trials |
| | To be included in the analysis, a study had to have been a prospective randomised comparison of a polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (any valency) and to have a placebo or no treatment comparison group. | | | Much emphasis has been placed on the possible beneficial effects of pneumococcal vaccines in reducing pneumococcal bacteraemia. | | | Despite this, another systematic review [ 5 ] using randomised and quasi-randomised studies, and making no distinction as to types of patients likely to be vaccinated in Western populations, concluded that pneumococcal vaccination was effective. |
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http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2296/1/1
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| | World Health News |
| | * Infants simultaneously receiving a tetravalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to TT (PncT) and a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus conjugate vaccine showed significantly lower anti-H. influenzae type b-polysaccharide (PRP) antibody concentrations that those receiving either a tetravalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to diphtheria toxoid or placebo |
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http://www.whn.nl/news/13051998-2.htm
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| | Pneumonia: Who's at risk? - 11/5/03 |
| | Although it had been on the market since 1983, Tarnopol had never heard of pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPV), more commonly referred to as the pneumonia vaccine. | | | She was relieved when he suggested she get a vaccine to protect her from the dangerous bacteria that has been associated with pneumonia and other serious diseases. | | | PPV protects against 23 strains of the most common and serious pneumococcal bacteria that can lead to pneumonia, meningitis and blood poisoning, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Immunization Program. |
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http://www.detnews.com/2003/health/0311/05/h06-316364.htm
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| | Allergy & Asthma Disease Management Center: Ask the Expert: Immune Deficiency |
| | BACKGROUND: A deficient antibody response to polysaccharide antigens is determined by measuring the response to the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. | | | However, the diagnosis of this specific antibody deficiency is hampered by the lack of sufficient data and standardized testing of the response to pneumococcal polysaccharides. | | | I did not think this patient had an immune deficiency, but I would be happy to do blood work if recommended. |
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http://aaaai.org/aadmc/ate/immunedeficiency.html
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| | NGC - NGC Summary |
| | B: Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) should be given to all those aged two years or older in whom pneumococcal infection is likely to be more common or more serious in terms of increased morbidity and mortality (those with chronic lung disease, underlying medical conditions, or are severely immunocompromised). | | | C: Consider the individual patient’s needs and the availability of support at home. | | | B: General practitioners should give non-pneumonic lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) patients written information to help explain the illness, to explain the decision not to prescribe an antibiotic, and to reduce reconsultation rates. |
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http://guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3361&nbr=2587&string=copd
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| | Streptococcus pneumoniae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In 1936, a pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine was used to abort an epidemic of pneumococcal pneumonia. | | | Susceptibility testing is routine, with empiric antibiotic treatment, guided by resistance patterns in the community in which the organism was acquired, pending the results. | | | pneumoniae can be found in the human upper respiratory system. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae
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| | John R. Schreiber, M.D. |
| | CpG oligodeoxynucleotides act as adjuvants for pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccinesa nd enhance antipolysaccharide immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG3 antibodies. | | | Immunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b-CRM197 conjugate vaccine elicits a mixed Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell cytokine response that correlates with isotype of anti-polysaccharide antibody. | | | Human monoclonal antibodies against Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide derived from transgenic mice containing megabase human immunoglobulin loci are opsonic and highly protective against fatal pseudomonas sepsis. |
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http://www.cwru.edu/med/pathology/fac/schreiber.htm
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| | VHA Public Health Strategic Health Care Group Home Page |
| | All veterans who meet established guidelines or those veterans whose clinicians feel they would potentially benefit from prevention of pneumococcal disease should be vaccinated with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) | | | VHA Public Health Strategic Health Care Group Home Page | | | Definitions of Health Care Workers with Direct Patient Contact |
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http://vhaaidsinfo.cio.med.va.gov/
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| | Streptococcus pneumoniae - Wikipedia |
| | In 1936, a penumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine was used to abort an epidemic of pneumococcal pneumonia. | | | pneumoniae can be found in the upper respitoray system of humans. | | | A study of competition in a laboratory revealed that, in a petrì dish, S. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae
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| | Use of Vaccines in Persons With Altered Immunocompetence : Bureau of Immunization : NYC DOHMH |
| | asplenia) such patients may be at higher risk for certain diseases, and additional vaccines, particularly bacterial polysaccharide vaccines (Haemophilus influenza type b [Hib], pneumococcal and meningococcal) are recommended for them. | | | Frequently, the immune response of immunocompromised persons to these vaccine antigens is not as good as that of immunocompetent persons; higher doses or more frequent boosters may be required, although even with these modifications, the immune response may be suboptimal. | | | Certain medical conditions, such as renal failure, diabetes, alcoholic cirrhosis, or asplenia, may increase the patient's risk for certain diseases. |
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http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/doh/html/imm/immcomp.shtml
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| | Pneumococcus |
| | The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23PS) protects against many different types of the pneumococcus bacteria and it is recommended that to be given to people over age 65 and children over age two who are at high risk. | | | The pneumococcus is a bacteria that causes serious infections in adults and children, including pneumonia, blood infections, and meningitis. | | | The risk of invasive infection with the pneumococcus bacteria is much less in children over age 5. |
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http://www.belkysbravomd.com/pneumococcus.htm
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| | Introduction to Bacteriology |
| | Major advances in bacteriology over the last century resulted in the development of many effective vaccines (e.g., pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, diphtheria toxoid, and tetanus toxoid) as well as of other vaccines (e.g., cholera, typhoid, and plague vaccines) that are less effective or have side effects. | | | The discipline of bacteriology evolved from the need of physicians to test and apply the germ theory of disease and from economic concerns relating to the spoilage of foods and wine. | | | During this period, great emphasis was placed on applying Koch's postulates to test proposed cause-and-effect relationships between bacteria and specific diseases. |
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http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/intobact.htm
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