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| | Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences Among Metazoan Phyla -- Wray et al. 274 (5287): 568 -- Science |
 | | The invertebrate phyla for which the most sequences are available for comparison with vertebrates are echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, and mollusks; consequently, these phyla are the focus of our analysis. | | | Definitive representatives of all readily fossilizable animal phyla (with the exception of bryozoans) have been found in Cambrian rocks, as have representatives of several soft-bodied phyla (6). | | | These conclusions apply specifically to divergence times among phyla; the morphological features that characterize modern animal body plans, such as skeletons and coeloms, may have evolved later. |
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http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/274/5287/568?ijkey=4Gb.zrAEYeyQM
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| | http://www.gayleague.com/gay/characters/display.php?id=176 - DrunkMen ASCII Browser |
| | This was, technically, the first meeting between Phyla and Genis, although upon seeing her Genis immediately began to experience memories of growing up with Phyla in the other timeline. | | | She is armed with nega-bands, similar to those of the previous Captain Marvels, which seem to give her the same photonic energy manipulating abilities they have, to project and absorb energy, and create shields with it. | | | Another consequence of Entropy and Epiphany's manipulations were that Genis was driven insane by his cosmic awareness. |
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http://www.drunkmenworkhere.org/150.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gayleague.com%2Fgay%2Fcharacters%2Fdisplay.php%3Fid%3D176
(579 words)
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| | ch4.2 |
| | Put another way, the ground plans of the phyla probably did not evolve gradually as steps or divisions on a scale of complexity, but rather evolved relatively suddenly in response to broad adaptive opportunities that may all have been present contemporaneously. | | | These features may nevertheless contribute the harmonious functioning of the organism at the time of colonization and may be retained or perhaps modified as the immigrant is engineered to conditions on the tessera by microevolution. | | | This is hardly an elegant approach to burrowing, yet the fossil record indicates that these forms developed their burrowing behavior early in the Phanerozoic and have maintained it for several hundred million years. |
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http://history.nasa.gov/CP-2156/ch4.2.htm
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| | Explanations.html |
| | The traditional grouping of phyla as protostomes does not appear to be monophyletic, and at least one analysis suggests the spiralians and dueterstomes have a more recent ancestor than do spiralans and ecdyzoans. | | | These three phyla (kinorhynchs, locifera, and priapulids) have have a spiny proboscis which can be everted (turned inside out) to gather food using the spines. | | | While the relationship among mollusc, annelid, and arthropod groups was often debated (in part because both annelids and arthropods are segmented), they were considered distinct from the deuterostomes. |
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http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/InvertZoo/Tree/Explanations.html
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| | American Scientific Affiliation |
| | Such statements display the fact that the author has neither studied the data concerning the history of life since the Cambrian nor the paleontological evidence from the Cambrian/Precambrian boundary. | | | One would think that with such near unanimous agreement that there could be no doubt about the lack of transitional animals during the Precambrian/Cambrian transition when the major phyla appeared on earth. | | | Our results raise fundamental questions about the validity of characteristics used to distinguish the phyla of lower invertebrates. |
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http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF3-01Morton.html
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| | Records of the diversification of multicellular life, especially animal life |
| | One might have imagined that the phyla would show up gradually over the course of the Phanerozoic eon, as the number of species increased and colonized various habitats, but it turns out that life did not evolve in this way. | | | Evolutionary biologists are moving away from assigning groups of organisms to a particular level in this hierarchy, but the levels are still useful for some applications such as this one. | | | There has been some debate about whether the key factor at this boundary was the origin of most animal phyla, or the emergence of skeletons among many of the phyla. |
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http://www.priweb.org/ed/ICTHOL/THOLlecnotes/THOLpctoc.htm
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| | Darwinism Refuted.com |
| | The theory of evolution maintains that different groups of living things (phyla) developed from a common ancestor and grew apart with the passing of time. | | | The same article also quotes Jan Bergström, a paleontologist who studied the early Cambrian deposits in Chengjiang, China, as saying, "The Chengyiang fauna demonstrates that the large animal phyla of today were present already in the early Cambrian and that they were as distinct from each other as they are today."58 | | | Compared with the 30 or so extant phyla, some people estimate that the Cambrian explosion may have generated as many as 100. |
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http://www.darwinismrefuted.com/natural_history_1_02.html
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| | Micscape Book Review |
| | It may seem surprising that some of the major phyla such as those above can undergo extensive revision, but this in part is a reflection of the modern advances in our understanding of the relationships between organisms and their ancestry. | | | Each of these phyla contains an awesome array of diverse life forms of importance to man. Reviewing these in the four to six pages allocated to such phyla is quite a task. | | | The diagrammatic phylogeny for each kingdom also puts the phyla and their relationships into perspective. |
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http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artmay98/fiveking.html
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| | Biology Exam #1 Hints |
| | This is not to say that only one system is correct, but in order to grade these questions objectively, it is necessary to follow one system. | | | A flexible, rod-shaped structure that supports the vertical axis of chordate and vertebrate embryos; in vertebrates, this structure develops into the spinal column. | | | Fertilization and embryonic development occur internally, and the mother contributes nutrients to the developing embryo and fetus. |
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http://waynesword.palomar.edu/biex1hnt.htm
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| | How Animals are Related to One Another |
| | The other phyla embrace such mind-boggling and mostly unknown animals as kamptozoans, vestimentifers, sipunculids, priapulids, and many more. | | | In these phyla you find animals as strange looking as anything a science fiction writer can dream up. | | | A typical member of these mostly overlooked phyla would be a certain kind of worm on the ocean floor. |
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http://www.backyardnature.net/animtree.htm
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| | Body Plans |
| | Classification of phyla is in flux, as molecular data are used to test relationships based on body plans and developmental pathways | | | Most phyla have distinct “body plans” that separate them from other phyla | | | Tissues occur in all phyla except the Porifera |
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http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~ghannan/biol120/bodyplans.html
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| | Precambrian to Cambrian |
| | Moving back in time toward their presumed point of diversion from a common ancestor, organisms belonging to separate phyla converge in morphology. | | | Our understanding of the early history of life is presently in an exciting stage of rapid change and revision. | | | These phyla include living phyla and groups interpreted as ancestral to living phyla. |
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http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/evolution/PSCF12-97Miller.html
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| | Lab 4: Phyla Nematoda and Rotifera |
| | The nematodes and rotifers (and several phyla we will not discuss) present yet another way to examine animal relationships. | | | None of the animals we have studied up to this point have had a true body cavity, or coelom. | | | There are many ways to organize animals based on body structure and you have already been introduced to several of these, i.e.: body shape (radial vs. bilateral); level of organization (cell vs. tissue vs. organ system); and the presence of distinct tissue layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). |
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http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/bios173/173_4.htm
(925 words)
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| | Explosion of Life |
| | Chien: In studying marine organisms, and mainly the invertebrate groups, I have a clear vision of the distinct characteristics of each phyla. | | | The theory of evolution never [seemed to] apply well in my field of marine invertebrates. | | | Walcott originally tried to shoehorn those groups into existing ones, but [his attempt] was never satisfactory. |
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http://www.leaderu.com/real/ri9701/chien.html
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| | Cambrian Explosion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | It is thought that the development of sexual reproduction increased the rate of evolutionary change. | | | The debate centers in part around an earlier notion that all phyla in existence today (and all others now extinct) except one were first found in this period. | | | A popular account of the paleontological analysis of the Burgess Shale is given in Wonderful Life by Stephen Jay Gould. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_Explosion
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| | Poriferans and Cnidarians |
| | There is a lot of terminology involved with the study of the various phyla that are a part of the Animal Kingdom. It is essential to have a basic understanding of these terms so that you may apply them as we study the characteristics of the different animal phyla. | | | To define a number of important terms related to the study of the animal phyla. | | | To describe the characteristics of organisms belonging to the phyla Porifera and Cnidaria. |
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http://saskschools.ca/curr_content/biology20/unit3/UNIT3MODULE5LESSON1.htm
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| | Kingdom Animalia |
| | Among the Eumatazoa phyla with bilateral symmetry, only the Platyhelminthes (the flatworms, including the subgroups planarians, flukes, and tapeworms) do not have any body cavity—they are the acoelomates. | | | The most well known phyla of kingdom Animalia are the Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata, our own phylum. | | | These five phyla are distinct from each other on the basis of segmentation, quite a controversial evolutionary event. |
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http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Animalia
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| | The Animal Phyla Gallery from BioMEDIA |
| | Although most biologists now recognize about 30 animal phyla in total, there are still many questions such as: how the organisms in any one phylum evolved, how the phyla are related, and even whether some groups that have traditionally been recognized as distinct phyla should be combined together with other groups into another phylum. | | | Traditional views of animal phyla classification are changing. | | | Even with this understanding, it has not been easy to group animals into a definitive pattern of phyla. |
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http://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/awob/answers.html
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| | Introduction to the "Aschelminth" Phyla |
| | However, no consensus has yet been reached as to how these phyla evolved and how they are related to each other. | | | Evidence from the anatomy and genetic information of living "aschelminths" suggest that the aschelminth phyla are much older than their sparse fossils would indicate. | | | Today, these organisms are classified in about ten separate phyla. |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/aschelminthes/aschelminthes.html
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| | An Introduction to the Invertebrates |
| | Our wonderful lives, full of complex responses, our perceptions, emotions and thoughts are all only possible because of the highly evolved nature of our physical structure. | | | It is practically impossible to discuss the invertebrate phyla without some specialised terminology, there are some terms which occur regularly and I have tried to explain them in a separate page here called coelom.html. | | | This, and the fact that many of the phyla (20) contain only a few, less than 500 species, explains why we often remain unaware of this wonderful diversity of life that shares our planet with us. |
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http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/intro.html
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| | Phyla-Vell (Captain Marvel's sister) |
| | Phyla explained that from the monitor room, they would know if the Magus approached. | | | Phyla claimed that she was the one with which their mother got it right. | | | Phyla assured her mother that she could handle her brother. |
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http://www.marvunapp.com/Appendix2/phylacaptainmarvel.htm
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| | LECTBP |
| | with emphasis on phyla that are common as fossils: | | | Animals are subdivided on their types of tissues and body cavities. | | | Land-dwellers such as we see usually not many Phyla of animals in our daily life: most animals that we meet are either Chordata (all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish), Arthropoda (all insects and spiders), Mollusca (snails, slugs) or Annelida (worms). |
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http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees104/lect2.htm
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| | 5.5 Definition of Phyla |
| | A phylum can also be defined explicitly as the union of other phyla . | | | Circular definitions of phyla results in equal phyla and will be indicated by the type-checker as a warning. | | | In this case, it is not possible to include some other phylum in it later on, neither to use it as the co-domain of an operator. |
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http://www-rocq.inria.fr/who/Thierry.Despeyroux/papers/as_manual/node25.html
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| | Re: what are the eight largest invertebrate phyla? |
| | The eight largest phyla in terms of the numbers of described species may be radically different to the actual largest phyla, because many of the phyla, including Nematoda, Kinorhyncha and Rotifera, consist mostly of tiny animals, and have been subject to little research or exploration. | | | Many species of all the phyla probably remaim undiscovered. | | | The arthropods (spiders and their relatives, insects and their relatives and crustaceans) are by far the most diverse group of living things, and a large proportion of all described species (including plants and bacteria) are insects, which account for approx. |
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http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/may99/927174694.Gb.r.html
(305 words)
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| | Four major phyla of Fungi, based on the method of producing sexual spores: |
| | Four major phyla of Fungi, based on the method of producing sexual spores: | | | The four fungal phyla, plus another group, the deuteromycetes, which have no known sexual state. | | | These are described further and pictured on the next several slides. |
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http://perth.uwlax.edu/biology/volk/fungi3/sld039.htm
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| | Animal Phyla |
| | The pouches enlarge until they meet and fuse, forming an enterocoelom. | | | Phyla with a true coelom and digestive system are divided into two groups, the protostomes and the deuterostomes. | | | Multicellular animals are heterotrophic by ingestion of food into a body cavity (coelom) that is completely lined by the mesoderm. |
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http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trnov01.htm
(4405 words)
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| | Animals |
| | Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans. | | | Divergence time estimates for the early history of animal phyla and the origin of plants, animals, and fungi. | | | Origin of the metazoan phyla: Molecular clocks confirm paleontological estimates. |
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http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/animals.html
(1309 words)
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| | Ocean Planet:Diversity Phyla |
| | One way to think about biodiversity is to sort organisms by general body plan. | | | Each of these broad groupings is called a phylum (the plural is phyla). | | | If species are like twigs, phyla are like tree trunks. |
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http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_diversity_phyla.html
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| | [No title] |
| | What does the new molecular clock evidence suggest about the timing of the origin of modern phyla? | | | Does the new molecular evidence provide support for evolution by punctuated equilibrium, or does this evidence support the neodarwinian (modern synthesis) theory? | | | Does the evidence suggest that the divergence of the modern phyla occurred rapidly in a "Cambrian explosion" or gradually over a much longer time period? |
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http://www.hamline.edu/~bjploger/biocon1/biocon1lec/lec38
(1418 words)
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| | plintroduction.htm |
| | Finally, plankton can be classified by the relationships among organisms. | | | The following are phyla for which we have pictures of representative organisms that we found in the plankton. | | | Organisms are assigned to different groups (phyla) based on certain similarities in body plan. |
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http://depts.washington.edu/fhl/zoo432/plankton/plintroduction/plintroduction.htm
(737 words)
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| | Biological Diversity 7 |
| | Consequently, evolutionary relationships have been established for the most part on a studies of living (extant) animal anatomy. | | | Of the animal phyla, scientists consider nine major invertebrate phyla and the chordates to be of major importance in terms of biological diversity. | | | Modern animals are classified into between 30 and 35 phyla: all major modern phyla were present at the beginning of the Cambrian, along with a great variety of now-extinct phyla recorded in the Burgess Shale (Cambrian) in Canada. |
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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_7.html
(3913 words)
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| | Five Kingdoms : A multimedia guide to the phyla of life on earth (World Biodiversity Database CD-ROM Series) by Lynn ... |
| | Book Subject -- Ecology, General, Life Sciences - Botany, Life Sciences - Ecology, Life Sciences - Zoology - General, Nature, Nature/Ecology, Science, Biodiversity, Phyla, Science / Ecology, Taxonomy | | | Data retrieved from amazon.com Friday October 21 2005 at 3:27 AM Five Kingdoms : A multimedia guide to the phyla of life on earth (World Biodiversity Database CD-ROM Series) | | | Book Title -- Five Kingdoms : A multimedia guide to the phyla of life on earth (World Biodiversity Database CD-ROM Series) |
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http://www.crimsonbird.com/cgi-bin/a.cgi?j=3540408665
(178 words)
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| | Phyla |
| | Minor Invertebrate Phyla - Phylum Ectoprocta The Ectoprocts or Bryozoa -- introduction by Biological Sciences at University of Paisley. | | | Minor Invertebrate Phyla - Phylum Brachiopoda Phylum Brachiopoda -- brought to you by Biological Sciences at the University of Paisley. | | | Diversity and Systematics of Organisms Characteristics of the phyla of the Animalia. |
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http://www.serebella.com/encyclopedia/article-Phyla.html
(234 words)
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| | Lophotrochozoa |
| | The flatworms and their allies form a clade that is basal among the Lophotrochozoa, though it is sometimes treated separately as the Platyzoa. | | | This comprises the phyla Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, and the gnathifera n phyla (such as rotifer s). | | | The arthropod s have traditionally been considered close relatives of the annelids because they both have segmented body plans, but show notable differences and are removed by genetic studies to the Ecdysozoa. |
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http://www.serebella.com/encyclopedia/article-Lophotrochozoa.html
(180 words)
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| | Developmental Biology Online: Why So Few Phyla? |
| | However, this can be reinterpreted to mean that changes that give rise to different phyla may occur in larvae. | | | Another way of evolving new phyla may involve modifying the larva. | | | This is not to say that these body plans are the only possible ones. |
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http://www.devbio.com/article.php?ch=23&id=226
(1603 words)
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| | Phyla (General Biology) - Wikibooks |
| | Animals in this phyla have no true tissues (although their external epithelium looks like a tissue to me), which means, for example, that they have no nervous system or sense organs. | | | Other animal phyla have solid nerve cords ventrally located. | | | Although sponges are multicellular, they are described as being essentially at a cellular level of organization. |
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http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Phyla_(General_Biology)
(1897 words)
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| | Animal Diversity |
| | Understand the structure and function of the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, sensory, locomotory, and reproductive systems of the clam, squid, earthworm, and crayfish. | | | Know the phylogenetic relationships of the major animal phyla and be able to identify typical representatives of these phyla. | | | Know the principle anatomical features of the major animal phyla and be able to identify typical representatives of these phyla. |
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http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals.html
(63 words)
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| | Phylogenomics Outline |
| | These phyla are however of ecological and biological importance, both in terms of biomass and in terms of key roles in ecosystem function. | | | Even within the genome-project phyla, there is a lack of representation of most of the known diversity. | | | We have been involved in generating nematode genomics data for a number of years, with the specific aim of applying the knowledge and insights of the C. elegans system to other diverse nematode species, particularly parasites (see http://www.nematodes.org) 1-4. |
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http://nema.cap.ed.ac.uk/phylogenomics/phylogenomics_outline.html
(509 words)
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| | informations characteristics of animal kingdom phyla |
| | are also some extinct animal phyla that, without much knowledge of... | | | The following phyla include some of the test common animals. | | | Animals are grouped into phyla that have broad similar characteristics. |
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http://www.team-perfect.de/characteristics_of_animal_kingdom_phyla.html
(193 words)
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| | MICROSCOPY UK / MICSCAPE - Article : A Lobster's Microscopic Friend. Symbion pandora - a new life form and a new phylum |
| | Cycliophora, in which S.pandora has been placed, is thought to have affinities to the phyla Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. | | | The asexual aspect of the life cycle explains why large populations of feeding stages with no mature sexual stages have been found on lobsters. | | | However, S.pandora was so unusual that it could not be classified into any of the existing phyla, and a new one was suggested called Cycliophora. |
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http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/articles/pandora.html
(1203 words)
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| | Lowe.abs |
| | Differences in the roles of body-patterning genes that are correlated with changes in early life history strategy have also been reported in arthropods. | | | However, relatively few comparative studies have been conducted in phyla with complex life histories. | | | Generalizations about gene expression and function based on single species, including the highly derived model systems, may not represent typical developmental processes and life histories within their respective phyla. |
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http://www.mbl.edu/CASSLS/Lowe.abs.html
(178 words)
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| | Invertebrate Phyla |
| | Invertebrates have a wide range of characteristics, the lack of a backbone being the major common trait. | | | While there may be more than one way to describe animal success, insects are the most numerous and diverse animals on earth today. | | | This phylum is the first to have a digestive tract with two openings, which is a major advancement over the phyla up to this point. |
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http://magnetscience.inspiringteachers.com/resource_page.htm
(854 words)
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| | Inter. Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy |
| | These bauplans, or types of organization, characterize high-ranked taxa such as phyla. | | | However, recent studies have shown that many of the organisms had strange and previously unknown morphologies and have no modern analogues. | | | Although life developed to a huge diversity as seen today, probably no new phyla developed in post-Cambrian times and the number of phyla has actually decreased since. |
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http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/palaeontologie/Stuff/casu8.htm
(1653 words)
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| | Lab 6: Phyla Annelida and Onchyophora |
| | In this light the onychophorans give us clues about what the ancestral form may have been like. | | | A well-developed nervous system of ganglia and nerve cords complements a highly developed muscular system and, compared to other phyla studied thus far, annelids have an increased concentration of sensory organs at the head end. | | | While this is a possibility, the current hypothesis of many evolutionary biologists is that the three phyla evolved independently from a common ancestral stock. |
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http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios173/173_6.htm
(542 words)
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| | Animal Phyla Presentations.html |
| | Then they will teach their classmates all about the animals within that group through using Power Point presentations and possible other supplemental aids. | | | All students will learn about all phyla of animals through active listening, notetaking, and quizzes with each presentation. |
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http://www.accessexcellence.com/AE/ATG/data/released/0230-RosieMcKinney
(708 words)
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