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| | Phrenology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Phrenology has however received credit as a protoscience for having contributed to medical science the ideas that the brain is the organ of the mind and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions. | | | Phrenology, which focuses on personality and character, is to be distinguished from craniometry, which is the study of skull size, weight and shape, and physiognomy, the study of facial features. | | | Phrenology (from Greek: φρην, phrēn, "mind"; and λογος, logos, "study") is a theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (reading "bumps"). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology
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| | Phrenology |
| | The practice of phrenology is built upon the ideas that the brain is compartmentalized, that each compartment "organ" controls a personality aspect of a person and acts like a muscle which can grow or shrink depending on usage, that the skull conforms to the shape of the brain. | | | Despite having been proved wrong, phrenology is an important part of the history of our current understanding of the brain. | | | The current school of thought at the time held that the brain was a single organ; René Descartes had postulated that there was no localization in the brain [1]. |
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http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/courses/classes/NE-24/Phrenology.htm
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| | History of Phrenology on the Web |
| | Phrenology was a science of character divination, faculty psychology, theory of brain and what the 19th-century phrenologists called "the only true science of mind." Phrenology came from the theories of the idiosyncratic Viennese physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828). | | | Methodologically problematic as it was, phrenology was the first system to attribute psychological behaviour to localized regions of cerebral cortex, an approach that has, with refinements and exceptions, been increasingly vindicated since the 1860s following the work of Pierre-Paul Broca and others in France and Carl Wernicke in Germany in the 1870s. | | | However, phrenology was also of interest to many who were not intent on bringing about social or political change. |
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http://pages.britishlibrary.net/phrenology/overview.htm
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - phrenology |
| | Phrenology, discredited theory that a person’s character and intelligence can be measured by feeling the bumps and depressions on the skull. |
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http://ca.encarta.msn.com/phrenology.html
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| | phrenology |
| | Phrenology advanced the correct notions that the human brain is the seat of character, emotions, perception, intellect, etc., and that different parts of the brain are responsible for different mental functions. | | | It is difficult to explain the early popularity of phrenology among scientists, since the empirical evidence for a direct relationship between the brain and character was scant. | | | He was also impatient and obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating, unable to settle on any of the plans he devised for future action."* On the other hand, one might conclude that the Gage incident blew a hole through the theory that bumps on the head were the keys to the functions of the brain beneath. |
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http://skepdic.com/phren.html
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| | Schlag Law and Phrenology |
| | Consequently, neither phrenology nor its successor sciences were necessary for their objects of study to do their work: the brain and the skull do their work perfectly well (or perfectly badly) whether they are being studied by a discipline or not. | | | In 1840, phrenology was a confident science, promising clear and certain knowledge concerning the mental attributes and behaviors of human beings. | | | In contrast to phrenology, the relations of the discipline of law to its objects of study are quite complicated. |
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http://stripe.colorado.edu/~schlag/phrenology.html
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| | PHI 340 Phrenology |
| | Phrenology encouraged people to believe that the human mind could be studied scientifically, that the mentally insane could be treated rationally, and that science could help run the prisons and the schools. | | | When phrenology recommended a new and detailed conception, particular experiments were then called for to either confirm or refute the hypotheses suggested by the new conception. | | | But phrenology also had plenty of adherents among medical researchers and the educated public. |
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http://www4.ncsu.edu/~n51ls801/PHI340mirror/phrenology.html
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| | PHRENOLOGY - LoveToKnow Article on PHRENOLOGY |
| | Although the study of the surface of the cerebrum is of the essence of phrenology, yet nowhere in the circle of phrenological literature are the convolutions of the brain accurately described; our knowledge of their order and disposition comes from the morphologist, not from the phrenologist. | | | Modern physiology, from its objective point of view, is engaged over finer and finer issues of microscopic and experimental work; and, from its subjective point of view, is becoming more and more psychological, seeking a higher level of interpretation, and a statement of the departmental life of the brain in terms of ever-~ increasing complexity. |
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http://98.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PH/PHRENOLOGY.htm
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| | OSV - Mind Games |
| | Phrenology also claimed significance beyond the individual as a theory of human nature. | | | What made practical phrenology possible was the practitioners' conviction that the skull conformed to the brain it contained; thus the skull's shape could be examined to give evidence of the size and development of the brain beneath. | | | Phrenology is alive and well, however, at Old Sturbridge Village, where careful research has allowed us to resurrect this "science of the mind" in authentic fashion. |
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http://www.osv.org/education/OSVisitor/MindGames.html
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| | Phrenology and the Psycograph |
| | The strongest argument against phrenology was the propensity of its practitioners to flatter, and to trim their analyses to the situation and character of the subject. | | | Phrenology, strictly applied, is a rigorous system of thought. | | | Risse, Guenther B. "Vocational Guidance During the Depression: Phrenology versus Applied Psychology". |
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http://members.aol.com/kuhfeld/psycgraf.htm
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| | PHRENOLOGY - the bald facts about phrenology. |
| | Sexual Phrenology is the technique of assessing the nature of a person from the shape of their head. | | | PHRENOLOGY is a theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (reading "bumps"). | | | According to psychic author and researcher, Craig Hamilton-Parker, the shape of the skull indicates how sexy you are and says a lot about your relationships. |
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http://www.psychics.co.uk/phrenology
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| | TRN - Nov 1998 - Phrenology Considered |
| | Phrenology is a system that analyzes character by the size and shape of protuberances on the skull and uses this information to make adjustments. | | | The theory of phrenology consisted of six underlying principles. | | | Using its principles and practices, people would be able to achieve all of their desires — regardless of their abilities. |
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http://www.reall.org/newsletter/v06/n09/phrenology-considered.html
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| | The Phrenology Archive |
| | Phrenology represented an early attempt to understand the mind and human behavior by linking personality traits or "faculties" to the physical organ of the brain. | | | This article defends phrenology as a practical approach to understanding and reforming negative character traits and argues for its wide application to child-rearing, education, and marriage choices. | | | As theories of phrenology spread to the U.S. in the 1830s, they merged with the reform-oriented and commercializing culture of Jacksonian America and moved from the realm of scholarly research into a more practical and popular science that focused on self-improvement. |
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http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/searchlm.php?function=find&exhibit=phrenology&browse=phrenology
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| | Phrenology, Mesmerism, and Spiritualism |
| | While phrenology and mesmerism can be seen entering the Victorian consciousness at about the same time, it is phrenology whose origins seemed to have inspired the exploration of the mind. | | | The view we have of phrenology today may be reduced to the idea of head reading but to Victorians it symbolized the promise of a better life through its doctrine of self-improvement. | | | Mesmer achieved popularity in Paris due to a situation remarkably similar to the one in England which allowed phrenology to gain wide acceptance. |
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http://www.gober.net/victorian/reports/mesmersm.html
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| | Reading Heads - Four - Phrenology in America |
| | He was appointed to the governing body of the American Institute of Phrenology, a training college for practitioners. | | | O.S. and L.N. Fowler, Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied; embracing an analysis of the primary mental powers in their various degrees of developments. | | | Characteristic of the Fowlers' approach to promoting practical phrenology, the book was cheaply produced as the poor quality of the paper indicates. |
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http://www.usyd.edu.au/macleay/cphrenex4.htm
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| | Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery |
| | Following each analysis, the summary of findings would be inscribed, often in a small book, which explained the principles of phrenology and the particular qualities of an individual associated with prominence or lack of it of the many areas of the head. | | | Phrenology became rather widely accepted and practiced, once again with varying degrees of acceptance by doctors. | | | He concluded that there was essentially no localization of brain functions, in keeping with the traditions of Descartes, and published a small volume vehemently attacking phrenology. |
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http://www.neurosurgery.org/cybermuseum/pre20th/phren/phrenology.html
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| | NEW PHRENOLOGY |
| | The schematism of phrenology was, however, too alluring; it gave a definiteness to diagnosis, and it satisfied certain other practical and theoretical desires. | | | Gall, as he remarks in the preface to the work on the "Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System," had made numerous observations of the relation of facial, cranial and mental characteristics, and the hypothesis of diversified functions for different brain areas well fitted his own views. | | | Criticisms of this view from the psychological standpoint were laid aside, but since many of the clinical facts could not be fitted to the anatomical divisions, other evidence was sought. |
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http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Franz/phrenology.htm
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| | Franz Joseph Gall (www.whonamedit.com) |
| | Although their influence is not significant for the history of science in the narrow sense, failure to appreciate the importance of popular phrenology would blind one to the most important vehicle of scientific naturalism in the decades before evolutionary theory assumed its role. | | | The popular phrenological parlours often involved the sale of literature on phrenology, a museum, and, most importantly, the phrenological cabinet holding a bust of the human head with the organs and their meaning marked. | | | He characterized his primary goal to develop a functional anatomy and physiology of the brain as well as a revised psychology of personality as "organology." Gall ultimately identified 27 discrete brain "centres" of behaviour, 25 of which have never been confirmed to exist. |
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http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1018.html
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| | Face Reading History - Practice of Physiognomy, Phrenology, Personality |
| | Fortune-telling as a process of character analysis can take such forms as physiognomy (study of facial characteristics), graphology (study of handwriting), phrenology (study of contours on the skull), and palmistry (study of lines on the palm of the hand). | | | Let's try to use this methods in practice, overlooking the debates whether physiognomy really is a true science or charlatanry. | | | Face Reading History - Practice of Physiognomy, Phrenology, Personality |
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http://www.uniphiz.com/physiognomy_history.htm
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| | Phrenology - Examples 2 |
| | This phenomenon represents yet another example of the robust nature of false beliefs when the negative consequences for those who accept them are few and inconsequential. | | | Some phrenologists tried to supply answers to deeper questions and to connect the issues of phrenology to those of physiognomy. | | | Phrenology in Connexion with the Study of Physiognomy. |
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http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/physiognomy/phrenology2.jsp
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| | Modern Phrenology |
| | Since the phrenology experts who did this have had no opportunity for actually palpating Rasputin's cranial bumps, analyzing it from photographs, and since his main personality traits are well known through numerous historical accounts, one should not be surprised by the relatively accurate portrayal produced by such phrenological analysis ! | | | His scheme for the classification of personality was based on body build (such as the athletic, the asthenic and the pycnic types) and how basic psychological characteristics accompanied them. | | | Phrenology is a true science, which is there to benefit humanity |
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http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/frenmod.htm
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| | History of Phrenology and the Psychograph |
| | See especially Mind, Brain, and Adaptation: the Localization of Cerebral Function for a history of phrenology in the context of the development of psychology. | | | Graphics: Phrenology Bust and Brain of the Skull are from the Psychograph poster, The Museum of Questionable Medical Devices. | | | Phrenology by Steven Novella, MD phrenology and lavater, physiognomy, art and racial science |
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http://www.mtn.org/quack/devices/psychist.htm
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| | Authentic Phrenology Model Head |
| | The 19th-century science of phrenology was widely regarded as a way to understand an individual's mind. | | | This handsome authentic replica model head will give mental stimulation from desk or shelf: it's an accurate reproduction of those used as a three-dimensional reference guide for reading a subject's skull (see below for more information). | | | A picture of one of the original models and more information is on the web, as well as L.N. Fowler's involvement with Walt Whitman, whose work his company published. |
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http://www.thelibraryshop.org/phrenin.html
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| | Phrenology - Face Reading. |
| | Psychic Phrenology involves the reader focusing on areas of the skull and intuitively identifying the personality, well being and abilities of individuals. | | | After a visual analysis of the face the reader will then be able to determine the character, well being and identify the abilities and strengths of an individual. | | | sychic Phrenology - Franz Joseph Gall founded the science of phrenology, born in 1758, he studied medicine and became a physician, practising and lecturing on his theories in Vienna. |
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http://www.psychic-predictions.co.uk/head.htm
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| | Brontë Sources, Texts, and Criticism |
| | More often than not, the physical principles of phrenology are tested and found wanting in the Brontë novels. | | | The reader who wishes to come to a better understanding of what these "organs" are--and what phrenology espoused--is encouraged to investigate the Elements of Phrenology. | | | The materials in the menu to the left (George Combe's Elements of Phrenology, the phrenological assessment of Charlotte Brontë) are part of a corpus of electronic texts calculated to shed some light on the scope and substance of the Brontës' sources for allusive materials. |
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http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/peter.friesen?go=217
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| | Phrenology at opensource encyclopedia |
| | While in its day phrenology was an academically respected field of research, today it has been completely discredited. | | | Examples of phrenological tools can be seen in The Museum of Questionable Medical Devices, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. | | | Phrenology is a pseudoscience, popular in the 19th century, that claimed to be able to determine personality traits and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (reading "bumps"). |
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http://www.wiki.tatet.com/Phrenology.html
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| | Kaleidoscope IOW - Phrenology |
| | In Psychic Phrenology the reader focuses on areas of the skull and intuitively identifies the personality, well being and capabilities of the subject. | | | The bumps and indentations in the skull supposedly reflect specific areas of the brain which determine a person's emotional and intellectual functions. |
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http://www.kaleidoscopeiow.co.uk/phrenology.htm
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| | Why Phrenology? |
| | While phrenology's limitations were eventually revealed by modern science, in many ways it was far more right than wrong. Gall's seminal discoveries, coupled with the "nodal" theory of brain function, were confirmed by twentieth century psychologists. | | | As with any movement, however, the character of phrenology itself shifted over time. | | | In our author's mind, phrenology bears the same relation to natural and metaphysical science, that algebra does to arithmetic. |
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http://www.arches.uga.edu/~mgagnon/students/Robinson.htm
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| | Phrenology as Quackery |
| | Phrenology was introduced as a supposedly scientific medical discipline by the Austrian physicist | | | These were used to compose a printed report on the patient's personality. | | | But nothing could be done against it, and eventually phrenology found its way to the dustbin of medical history. |
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http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/frenquak.htm
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| | Phrenology and the Fine Arts |
| | Charles Colbert seeks to redress this neglect by demonstrating the important contributions the theory made to artistic developments in the period. | | | Interactive guide to phrenology - get your head examined: Click on interactive chart below | | | Powers's Greek Slave, for example, can be seen as a model of the physical and moral perfection available to those who adopted the phrenological program, a series of dictates on everything from diet to mental and physical exercise. |
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http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/phrenology
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| | The Roots: Phrenology (2002): Reviews |
| | Thankfully, Phrenology is more therapy than quack science. | | | Phrenology is a celebration of self-determination, a nonstop joyride through some very complicated brains. | | | They've found it in their talent to put black music's long tradition of tune and structure into practice. |
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http://www.metacritic.com/music/artists/roots/phrenology
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| | Amazon.com: The New Phrenology : The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes in the Brain (Life and Mind: ... |
| | Amazon.com: The New Phrenology : The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes in the Brain (Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology): Books: William R. Uttal | | | The New Phrenology : The Limits of Localizing Cognitive Processes in the Brain (Life and Mind: Philosophical Issues in Biology and Psychology) (Paperback) | | | Join Amazon Prime and ship Two-Day for free and Overnight for $3.99. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0262710102?v=glance
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| | Franz Joseph Gall : founder of phrenology |
| | After completing the usual literary course at Baden and Bruchsal, he began the study of medicine under J. Hermann (1738-1800) at Strassburg, whence, attracted by the names of Gerhard van Swieten (1700-1772) and Maximilian Stoll (1742-1788), he removed to Vienna in 1781. | | | GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758 -1828), anatomist, physiologist, and founder of phrenology, was born at Tiefenbrunn near Pforzheim, Baden, on the 9th of March 1758. |
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http://www.phrenology.com/franzjosephgall.html
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| | Cool Things, Phrenology Head, Kansas State Historical Society |
| | A search of the Internet indicates phrenology still has its advocates today. | | | Phrenology was discredited by scientists and others by the 1840s and was equated with other forms of quackery. | | | Phrenology was a theory popular throughout the nineteenth century which maintained that a person's character could be read by measuring the shape of his skull. |
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http://www.kshs.org/cool/coolhead.htm
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| | The Future of Phrenology |
| | The moment has come to advocate a positive approach to scientific Phrenology which is to be considered as a valuable and powerful instrument for | | | Phrenology is a true science, which is there to benefit humanity. | | | However, we should be careful not to repeat the errors that were done in the past and that, through shameless commercial exploitation or through the pursuit of evil, have disgraced the science and given it a bad reputation. |
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http://www.lhoon.com/phreno/intro21.html
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| | Phrenology and Physignomy |
| | The "practicing witch" Sybil Leek spouts a modern racism based on phrenology in these words: | | | Further, phrenology appeared to be based on science--the brain structures for more developed traits would logically seem to be larger, and smaller if not developed. | | | In 1978, they accurately stated "some false beliefs" about the brain "such as phrenology--the study of 'character traits' by feeling bumps on the head" are false. |
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http://www.premier1.net/~raines/phrenology.html
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| | Phrenology |
| | Physiological Researches on Life and Death - Outlines of Phrenology: Phrenology Examined. | | | Also known as Cranioscopy and Bumpology, it is a pseudoscience based on the study of the structure of the human skull to determine a person's character and/or mental capacity. | | | Later discredited by scientific research, Phrenology subsided in the United States in the 1930s. |
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http://www.occultopedia.com/p/phrenology.htm
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| | Dynamo House presents: Phrenology Head |
| | It assumes that the outer shape of the head corresponds with that of the brain and therefore reveals certain characteristics of the person concerned. | | | Phrenology is a pseudo science which was popular in the early part of the 20th century. | | | Our Phrenology Head is an exact reproduction of an early 20th century piece. |
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http://www.dynamoh.com.au/shopcart/servlet/main?Subj=Product&ID=PHH
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| | Early Mormonism and the Magic World View - book review |
| | And there is the problem of treating such things as astrology and phrenology as if they were more or less similar in nature to manipulative magic. | | | Finally, there is one gnawing problem that I have in reading the book. | | | Like most studies, Quinn's work has its weaknesses: a penchant for generalization, for instance, that sometimes overlooks differences in place and time, excessive attention at times to matters more or less irrelevant to the case of Mormonism, and a failure to exploit fully the implications of important instances of magic with which he is concerned. |
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http://www.lds-mormon.com/ematmwv.shtml
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| | Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery |
| | "Phrenology and Physiology expounded and applied by O.S. Fower of New York. | | | Moore, JB: Instructive and Amusing Phrenology and Electric Psychology. | | | Quarter-plate American daguerreotype portrait of a man pointing to a phrenological bust. |
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http://www.neurosurgery.org/cybermuseum/pre20th/93exhibit.html
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| | Tomfolio.com: Occult and Divination, Phrenology |
| | Text block is intact, but is pulled away from the spine, it is held to the spine by 3 pages. | | | Put out by The Fowler Phrenological Institute in London which offered courses in Phrenology, Physiognomy and other like subjects. | | | Spurzheim to Edinburgh in 1828, became the leading advocate for the "science" in Scotland, England, and America. |
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http://www.tomfolio.com/bookssub.asp?subid=3554
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| | Talking Heads - Page 1 |
| | Talking Heads explores the basis for phrenological study, some of the major figures associated with it, and Boston's own unique place in the history of this peculiar and popular movement. | | | Although its heyday has long passed, the movement endured into the 20th century, and some of its vestiges can still be found today. | | | oth the Boston Medical Library and the Harvard Medical Library have long held strong collections of published works on the subject of phrenology, and the Boston Medical Library acquired a collection of letters of Nahum Capen, of the phrenological publishing firm of Marsh, Capen, and Lyon, in 1884. |
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http://countweb.med.harvard.edu/rarebooks/exhibits/talking_heads
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| | The History of Phrenology: A Chronology |
| | Franz Joseph Gall creates his system of organology and brain anatomy in Vienna. | | | The name phrenology given to the system by Dr. Thomas I.M. Forster. | | | Adapted for the Victorian Web with the kind permission of the author from his extensive UK site on the History of Phrenology. |
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http://www.victorianweb.org/science/phrenology/chron.html
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| | Alexa - Browse: Phrenology |
| | Top > Science > Social Sciences > Psychology > Alternative > Phrenology | | | Directory listings are provided by Open Directory and enhanced by Alexa. | | | The most visited sites in all 'Phrenology' categories. |
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http://www.alexa.com/browse?&CategoryID=574045
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| | Phrenology - Uncyclopedia |
| | The principles of Phrenology are that bits of the brain perform different mental faculties. | | | Phrenology (from Greek: φρην, lump and λογος, fondling) is the science of determining character and personality traits from the shape of the head (fondling "lumps"). | | | Phrenology was developed in secret by the Culinary Institute of America who used it for personality testing new recruits. |
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http://uncyclopedia.org/wiki/Phrenology
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| | Phrenology definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms |
| | Phrenology was a pseudoscience of the 18th and 19th centuries based on the belief that a person's character could be learned by looking with care at the shape of their head and noting each and every bump and depression in their skull. | | | Phrenology has also been called craniognomy and craniology. | | | Phrenology definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms |
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http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10805
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| | phrenology on Encyclopedia.com |
| | PHRENOLOGY [phrenology] study of the shape of the human skull in order to draw conclusions about particular character traits and mental faculties. | | | Modern neurology and physical anthropology have refuted the theory and consider its use a form of quackery. | | | Snaring the fowler: Mark Twain Debunks phrenology: In the 1870s Mark Twain performed a single-blind reliability test on the analysis technique of Lorenzo Niles Fowler, one of the eminent phrenologists of the day. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/p1/phrenolo.asp
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| | The Psychograph: An Antique Phrenology Machine |
| | According to phrenology, different parts of the brain were "organs" controlling various character traits. | | | Phrenology, created by Austrian physician Franz Joseph Gall, was the 'in theory' of the 19th century for determining personality. | | | Left: Phrenology in the 1990's at the Museum of Questionable Devices. |
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http://www.mtn.org/quack/devices/psycogrf.htm
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| | Phrenology Standard Release DVD - MovieWeb |
| | This program introduces the pseudo-scientific field of phrenology, the study of the size, shape, and protuberances of the skull to diagnose disease and interpret personality. | | | Phrenology became popular in the 18th century, but was quickly discredited by many mainstream medical establishments. | | | Some remain committed to the idea, however, and continue to study it to this day. |
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http://www.movieweb.com/dvd/release/37/27437/features.php
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| | The History of Phrenology on the Web |
| | some of the best-selling Victorian books were influenced by phrenology. | | | Newly published: John van Wyhe, Phrenology and the origins of Victorian scientific naturalism (2004). | | | Permission is not granted to re-post or alter the contents in any way. |
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http://pages.britishlibrary.net/phrenology
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