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| | Musculature 2 |
 | | Fig 10.29b Pectoral girdle muscles of a urodele amphibian as an example of an early tetrapod (Kardong, 2002). | | | Fig 10.30b Ventral pectoral girdle muscles of a urodele amphibian as an example of an early tetrapod (Kardong, 2002). | | | *unspecialized axial muscle is interrupted by pectoral girdle, branchiomeric muscles, hypobranchial muscles |
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http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/308muscle2Lec.html
(1114 words)
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| | Integrative and Comparative Biology: Wake dynamics and locomotor function in fishes: Interpreting evolutionary patterns ... |
| | The anteriorly situated pectoral fins of fishes, in particular, play important roles both in controlling body position and in propelling the body during steady and unsteady swimming behaviors. | | | The general goal of our research in this area is to contribute to an understanding of the functional consequences of major evolutionary transformations in pectoral fin morphology within the Actinopterygii. | | | Important work in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries involved inference of fin function from muscle architecture and qualitative observations of swimming behavior (e.g., Williamson, 1893; Osburn, 1907; Schmalhausen, 1916; Magnan, 1930; White, 1939). |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4054/is_200211/ai_n9154517
(1277 words)
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| | Palaeos Vertebrates: 80.700 Neoselachii: Hypnosqualea |
| | The propterygium (anterior basal of pectoral fin) comes in contact with an orbital process through an antorbital cartilage, and the pectorals are fused to side of head over external gill openings. | | | In some forms, the principal articulations of the basals with the body are through these secondary contacts. | | | Perhaps the rays' diurnal cruising behavior represents a search for suitable hunting blinds, rather than food. |
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http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/080Neoselachii/080.700.html
(2711 words)
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| | Postcranial Skeleton Lecture 2 |
| | Fig 10.2 Anterior view of the pectoral girdle of the chrondrostean, Polypterus (Kent/Miller, 1997). | | | Fig 9.19E Lateral view of the pectoral girdle of an opossum, a marsupial mammal (Kardong, 2002). | | | *most agnaths lack any trace of paired fins |
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http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/308post2Lec.html
(1840 words)
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| | Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly) |
| | The holotype of crassiceps (MCZ 28314) is in poor condition; all the fins are broken and its skin stiff and shrivelled. | | | Colour in life: similar to pattern in alcohol; body whitish with silver on ventral part and on side of head. | | | pseudotaeniatus differs in lacking a bar on the caudal peduncle, in having a second body bar that does not extend onto the anal fin, 3 median predorsal scales, 9-11 developed rakers, a dark intestine, and in lacking a dark ocellus above the pectoral fin. |
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http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm03001
(15384 words)
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| | Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly) |
| | The bases (proximal ends) of the first dorsal-fin spines are positioned between the bucklers (expansions of the pterygiophores) along the base of the fin, but no spine has been observed between the last two bucklers of this subgenus. | | | First dorsal fin with leading edge of second spine finely serrate (first spine missing). | | | Golani and Baranes (1997) remark that the ‘wide and roundish’ internuchal area is diagnostic, but we did not note this difference in the material examined. |
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http://www.bioline.org.br/request?sm03002
(8362 words)
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| | Zebrafish Aggression and Zebrafish Locomotion |
| | Presently, studies in my laboratory are concerned with the (1) characterization of a new zebrafish 5HT 2 receptor, (2) generation of pectoral fin movements and (2) aggressive behavior in zebrafish, Danio rerio. | | | Presently, we explore how serotonin effects pectoral motor pathways and circuits. | | | Kim H. Eliasz 1999, 2000 (Fighting Behavior in Zebrafish) |
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http://people.depauw.edu/hschneider/NewFiles/research.html
(709 words)
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| | Guardian Unlimited World Latest Boy Survives Bump From Killer Whale |
| | The behavior here was perhaps triggered by what the whales themselves likely perceived as an odd occurrence, he said. | | | Ellis stood up in water about chest high. | | | Ford said killer whales slap tails and fins to express emotions at different levels and contexts. |
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http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,1282,-5219471,00.html
(787 words)
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| | GJLPUB |
| | Four markers, placed on the distal edge of the fin, facilitated field-by-field analysis of kinematics. | | | The oscillatory movements of the pectoral fins of bluegill suggest that both lift and drag-based propulsive mechanisms are used to generate forward thrust. | | | For the most part pectoral fins have been modeled as rigid plates. |
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http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~acg/gibbpage/GJLPUB.HTM
(432 words)
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| | Pectoral Fin Motor Controllers |
| | For our purposes, the detailed movement of the pectoral fins is of less interest than the movement of the fish body. | | | Many reef fishes use pectoral swimming to achieve very fine motion control, such as backwards motions, by keeping their bodies still and using their pectoral fins like oars. | | | However, we do approximate the dynamic forces that the pectoral fins exert on the body of the fish to control locomotion. |
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http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/people/tu/thesis/node61.html
(535 words)
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| | Untitled Document |
| | Definite pectoral appendages with endochondral support (radials) do occur in some early vertebrates without pelvic appendages but pelvic appendages do not occur without the pectoral fins (at least in early vertebrates). | | | While some of the pectoral girdle is dermal, the basals, radials (and homologues in tetrapods) are endochondral. | | | From what did the tetrapod limb evolve from and how is the organization homologous to that in actinopterygians. |
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http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_13_appendicular.html
(1466 words)
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| | Appendicular Skeleton |
| | All fins are supported by basals and radials, which may be cartilage or bone | | | - basal pterygiophores that articulate the fin to the pectoral girdle | | | The anterior girdle is the shoulder or pectoral girdle, to which dermal and endochondral skeletal elements contribute, and that support a pectoral fin or limb |
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http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/Chapter9.html
(1359 words)
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| | Fish Encyclopedia |
| | Description: color silvery with yellowish fins; no spots; no chin barbells; no prominent canine teeth at tip of upper jaw; preopercle finely serrated; 5 to 6 chin pores; mouth terminal. | | | Description: basic silvery color; with 5 or 6 distinct vertical black bands on sides, not always the same on both sides; prominent teeth, including incisors, molars, and rounded grinders; no barbells on lower jaw; strong and sharp spines on dorsal and anal fins. | | | Description: color light background with brown or red-brown bars on sides; stripe in shape of tuning fork on forehead; third spine of dorsal longer than second ; pelvic fins shorter than pectorals; black dots around the eyes; large black saddle on caudal peduncle. |
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http://www.capecoralvacationhome.com/Fish%20Encyclopedia.htm
(5778 words)
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| | KillerWhales: Body Form |
| | As males grow, the cartilage on the leading edge (forward edge) grows slower than the trailing edge (back edge) so that the back edge may take on a wavy appearance for a period of time as the whale grows up. | | | The flippers, or pectoral fins, are supported by bones - the same types of bones as are found in the human arms (upper arm bone, two lower arm bones, wrist bones, hand bones, and finger bones). | | | Just behind the dorsal fin is the "saddle patch," an area of lighter colored skin that has a unique shape in each individual |
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http://www.biosbcc.net/ocean/marinesci/05nekton/KWbodyform.htm
(917 words)
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| | Pectoral fin question - Cichlid Forums Archive |
| | I find it sad to think that the fish had a defect that I never noticed in two years, but I don't see what else it could be. | | | And there is no fin rot of any kind apparent on the JD or any of the other fish in the tank. | | | I just noticed that one of the pectoral fins on my JD is much smaller than the other. |
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http://cichlidforums.com/showthread/t-7003.html
(246 words)
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| | Gamefish of the Amazon - Peacock Bass, Payara and Other Exotic Species |
| | Although body coloration and markings vary greatly, in any color phase, this fish has an unmistakable mottled patch directly behind its eye. | | | Behavior: Cichlids show some of the most complex and highly evolved behavior patterns of all fishes. | | | The huge pectoral fins aid in propelling these fish rapidly upward when attacking their prey. |
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http://www.acuteangling.com/Reference/SAFishArt.html
(8552 words)
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| | Janvier |
| | This suggests that the Sinolepidae may not be monophyletic, and that their presumed autapomorphy (the large ventral fenestration of the thoracic armour) could be either plesiomorphous for the Antiarchi or for the ensemble Sinolepidae + Euantiarchi, or also homoplastic in Vanchienolepis, Xichonolepis and Sinolepis. | | | - The structure of the articulation for the pectoral fin in the Antiarchi is reviewed, with particular reference to the Early Devonian taxa from China, Vietnam and Australia: the Yunnanolepiformes, Procondylolepiformes and Sinolepidae. | | | The Sinolepidae display an amazing diversity of structure of the brachial articulation area of the anterior ventrolateral plate, ranging from a very simple structure, like that of the Yunnanolepiformes, to more complex ones resembly quite closely that of the Euantiarchi. |
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http://www.mnhn.fr/publication/geodiv/g95n1a6.html
(295 words)
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| | The Pectoral Fin |
| | Fish such as Discus and Puffers use their pectoral fins for most of their motion. | | | Typically, pectoral fins are transparent to avoid detection by predators due to their almost constant movement, continually coordinating minute directional changes and maintaining balance. | | | In most fish, the pectoral fins generate the moments that initiate a turning maneuver. |
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http://www.thatfishshop.com/ichthyology/pectoral_fin.htm
(125 words)
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| | SICB - 2004 meeting - Abstract Details |
| | Mudskippers have a unique pectoral fin where the radials protrude from the body wall to form a fin that effectively has two joints. | | | In contrast, aquatic pectoral fin use is characterized by extended rays, such that the fin surface area is much larger than that in terrestrial locomotion. | | | While there have been past descriptions of mudskipper locomotion, they were largely qualitative and did not explicitly compare locomotion in divergent habitats. |
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http://www.sicb.org/meetings/2004/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=677
(283 words)
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - pectoral fin |
| | For most fishes, this means a streamlined body that can move... | | | Most fishes are mobile underwater predators and their bodies have adapted accordingly. | | | adapted for crawling, adapted for flying, adapted for jumping, adapted for walking, electric organs in, fanlike pectoral fins, picture, winglike... |
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http://encarta.msn.com/pectoral+fin.html
(131 words)
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| | Scubas World/Pelagics |
| | Unlike the crevalle jack, its chest is completely scaled. | | | A row of dark-colored scutes extends from the middle of the body to the center of the forked tail fin. | | | In most individuals, the length of the pectoral fins should enable one to identify the species properly. |
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http://www.scubasworld.com/pelagics.html
(2059 words)
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| | Effects of neuromuscular blocking agents and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the response of pectoral fin muscle of ... |
| | Effects of neuromuscular blocking agents and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the response of pectoral fin muscle of the sculpin (Enophrys bison) to indirect stimulation | | | Effects of neuromuscular blocking agents and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on the response of pectoral fin muscle of the sculpin (Enophrys bison) to indirect stimulation -- Gant et al. | | | blocking agents and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ACHE-I) on pectoral |
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http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/177/1/151
(198 words)
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| | Longfin mako Isurus paucus Guitard, 1966 |
| | Guillanton, who suggests it could be longfin mako, Isurus paucus. | | | Pectoral fin height (not defined) decreasing from30.7 to 22.5% with increasing TL. | | | One of litter of 2 (see # for mother) |
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http://homepage.mac.com/mollet/Ip/Ip_list.html
(761 words)
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| | Glossary Searched Term |
| | This fin is generally larger than the pelvic fin and less variable in position and structure. | | | The pectoral is low on the body in more primitive bony fishes and higher in more advanced ones. | | | The paired fin born by the pectoral girdle, usually just behind the gill opening or slightly dorsal or ventral to this position. |
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http://filaman.uni-kiel.de/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=pectoral%20fin
(117 words)
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| | Exogenous retinoic acid induces a stage-specific, transient and progressive extension of Sonic hedgehog expression ... |
| | This study suggests the existence of complex mechanisms controlling the spatial and temporal expression of shh in the developing fin bud. | | | We have shown that RA exposure during the early stages of pectoral fin development first results in a rapid decrease or complete loss of shh/ptc1 expression. | | | We have performed a time course analysis of the expression of Sonichedgehog (shh) and patched1 (ptc1) in response to exogenous retinoic acid (RA) application to get some insight into the mechanism(s) underlying the formation of a mirror-image duplication of shh and ptc1 domains of expression in the pectoral fin buds of zebrafish. |
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http://www.pdg.cnb.uam.es/UniPub/iHOP/gp/9647163.html
(272 words)
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| | Atlantida Cancun |
| | The back fin is like the keel of the boats, that gives stability while they swim and unlike the pectoral fins this one does not have any bony structure, but woven connective fibrous, that gives its form and firmness. | | | Pectoral flippers have the major skeletal elements of the forelimbs of land mammals, but they are foreshortened and modified. | | | Dolphins use their pectoral flippers mainly to steer. |
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http://www.atlantidacancun.com/faqs.asp
(287 words)
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| | FIGIS - FAO/SIDP Species Identification Sheet: Alopias pelagicus |
| | Compagno (1984) and Eschmeyer (1998) were unable to provide information on whether or not the syntypes of this species still exist or for that matter if they were even preserved and deposited in a research collection. | | | First dorsal-fin midbase about equidistant between pectoral and pelvic-fin bases or closer to pectoral-fin bases. | | | Pectoral fins of "macroceanic" type with straight and very broad tips. |
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http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=2009
(1543 words)
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| | Striped Anglerfish, Antennarius striatus |
| | Anglerfishes often combine camouflage with cryptic (hiding/keeping still) behaviour. | | | In some species, this pumping action can be used to "jet-propel" the anglerfish through the water. | | | The fin has been pulled forward and up to reveal the opercular opening "hidden" behind the lower end of the pectoral fin. |
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http://www.amonline.net.au/fishes/students/focus/anten.htm
(1031 words)
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| | References |
| | In young both parts of the dorsal fin and anal fin are connected, but midsection becomes covered by skin when individuals reach 1ft (30cm)--resulting in 2 dorsal and 2 anal fins... | | | Females also have a white chin, but rest of body brownish red to rose, sometimes very dark or with irregular bars. | | | Identification: Body flattened as in rays, but expanded pectoral fins are not attached to head and gill slits are in a notch at rear of head... |
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http://www.usc.edu/dept/education/mascha/knoll/glossary.htm
(648 words)
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| | pectoral fin |
| | (in fishes) either of a pair of fins usually situated behind the head, one on each side, and corresponding to the forelimbs of higher vertebrates. |
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http://www.factmonster.com/ipd/A0581635.html
(50 words)
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| | Koaro pectoral fin. - NIWA Science |
| | The underside of the pectoral fin of koaro, showing the strongly developed ridges that probably help the fish to climb very efficiently. |
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http://www.niwa.cri.nz/pubs/wa/11-1/climbing4_large.jpg/view
(22 words)
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| | FIGIS - FAO/SIDP Species Identification Sheet: Heterodontus quoyi |
| | Total vertebral count 103 to 109, precaudal count 67 to 72, monospondylous precaudal count 24 to 36, diplospondylous precaudal count 33 to 41, pre-first dorsal-fin spine count 19 to 20, and count from diplospondylous transition to second dorsal-fin spine 11 to 19. | | | fieldmarks: Dorsal fins with spines, anal fin present, first dorsal-fin origin over pectoral-fin inner margins, colour pattern of large dark spots. | | | Anal fin rounded-angular, apex well anterior or reaching lower caudal-fin origin when laid back; anal-caudal space less than twice anal-fin base. |
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http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=12660
(527 words)
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| | IngentaConnect Cloning and embryonic expression of six wnt genes in the medaka (... |
| | Focus was on wnt5a, which was expressed in the pectoral fin buds, because its expression pattern was particularly comparable to that in tetrapod limbs. | | | Its detailed expression pattern was further examined during pectoral fin bud development. | | | Thus, these wnt genes may be useful as molecular markers to investigate development and organogenesis using the medaka. |
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http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/dgd/2003/00000045/00000001/art00006
(296 words)
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| | Yellow River |
| | A section of the leading edge of the first pectoral fin-ray is removed to be aged back at the laboratory. | | | Population size and survival are being assessed using Cormack-Jolly—Seber (CJS) type models based on individual fish recapture histories. | | | The entire leading pectoral fin-ray was removed from dead fish, which allows us to section the fin-ray at numerous locations in an attempt to calculate the number of years (rings) that are lost as you move away from the point where the fin meets the body of the fish. |
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http://cars.er.usgs.gov/coastaleco/Yellow_River/yellow_river.html
(454 words)
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| | Bump oN Betta's pectoral fin -- fishlover forum |
| | Please...if you have any idea what this could be let me know. | | | Other than this he eats okay & seems healthy but this bump is very strange. | | | Other than this he eats okay & seems healthy but >this bump is very strange. |
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http://www.voy.com/2008/604.html
(198 words)
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| | ICLDR - Abstract Information - |
| | The systematic identification of genes involved in zebrafish pectoral fin development. |
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http://icldr.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/Abstracts/neumann.html
(160 words)
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| | Sharks: Anal fin, Second Pectoral fins |
| | Some kinds of shark have a pair of second, smaller, pectoral fins between the main pectoral fins and the tail. | | | Some kinds of shark have a small fin on the underside of the body near the tail. | | | They help keep the shark's body stable in the water. |
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http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/sharkbits9.htm
(47 words)
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| | Carcharhinus falciformis |
| | Hexanchidae: dorsal fin single and six or seven pairs of gill-slits. | | | Second dorsal fin small, with a long inner margin; its origin slightly behind anal fin origin. | | | Triakidae: pre-caudal pits absent and upper edge of caudal fin with a straight margin. |
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http://www.ciesm.org/atlas/Carcharhinusfalciformis.html
(329 words)
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| | Muraenesox cinereus |
| | Muraenidae, Heterenchelyidae and Ophichthidae (in part): lack of pectoral fin. | | | Ophichthidae (in part): either no caudal fin or lack of vomarine row of blade-like teeth. | | | Congridae and Anguillidae: dorsal fin origin above or behind pectoral fin base (clearly in front in Muraenesox). |
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http://www.ciesm.org/atlas/Muraenesoxcinereus.html
(250 words)
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| | Grade 4, Theme 6: Label a Web Diagram |
| | The much smaller soft dorsal fin is about three-fourths of the way from the spiny dorsal fin to the caudal fin. | | | The belly part of the fish's body is called the ventral section. | | | And there are two more fins before we're finished. |
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http://www.eduplace.com/kids/hmr/4/6/diag_instr.html
(195 words)
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| | Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps) |
| | Strandings of these whales may often be related to calving, as females with newborn young often strand, as well as females whose reproductive tract shows evidence of parturition just prior to stranding. | | | These whales are found in warm waters worldwide. | | | Measurements of one whale: total length, 3.2 m; snout to anterior edge of dorsal fin, 1.7 m; height of dorsal fin, 76 mm; length of pectoral fin, 495 mm. |
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http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/kogibrev.htm
(246 words)
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| | ESPN Outdoors -- Tips & Techniques |
| | Even with these features, the little tunny is one of the fish most frequently misidentified by marine recreational fishermen. | | | Wavy stripes along the posterior portion of the back, several scattered dark spots below the pectoral fin, and small finlets behind the second dorsal and anal fins are identifying characteristics. |
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http://www.espn.go.com/outdoors/tips/s/f_enc_LittleTunny.html
(369 words)
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| | Gadus morhua pectoral fin references |
| | 1990: Reference to genus Gadus: Page 41 (text) - "...pectoral fins falling far short of anal fin origin..." Nelson 1994: Reference to order Gadiformes: Page 227 (text) - "...no true spines in the fins..." | | | Summary: Pectoral fins ½ length of head, falling far short of anal fin origin. |
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http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/rfe3ac14.html
(48 words)
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| | Glossary Searched Term |
| | Applied to ventral fins when inserted far behind pectorals. |
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http://fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=abdominal%20fins
(48 words)
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| | Lutjanus synagris pectoral fin references |
| | Pectoral fins relatively short, not reaching level of anus, with 15 or 16 rays. | | | 1991: Page 168 (text) - "...number of pectoral fin ray 15-17..." | | | 1991: Page 168 (text) - "...P1 15-17..." Allen 1985: Page 33 (text) - "...pectoral fins with 15 to 18 rays..." |
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http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/rfe3ls14.html
(45 words)
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