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| | Lumbrineridae - Taxa |
 | | Maxillae V (free or fused to MxIV) fused with maxillae IV. | | | Maxillae V (free or fused to MxIV) free from maxillae IV. | | | Maxillae V (free or fused to MxIV) partially fused with maxillae IV. |
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http://www.museum.vic.gov.au/poly/lumitems.html
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| | UCSC Biology 136 Phragmatopoma text |
| | The oblique muscles insert into the parapodia and work in conjunction with the parapodial muscles to stiffen and extend the parapodia and their setae (bristles), which provide the most extensive contract between the animal and its tube. | | | This design of body segmentation facilitatates locomotion in the animal because internally the basic units of movement, the antagonistic muscle bands, are repeated as units throughout the body can work in tandem or in syncopation to create complex segment-by segment distortions of the body -- the sorts of distortions that generate movement of the body. | | | It may be involved in adjusting coelomic conditions or even excreting material by dumping mucus into the coelom. |
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http://bio.classes.ucsc.edu/bio136/LabManual/Phragmatopoma/Phragtext.html
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| |
| | outline for annelids |
| | oblique muscles of parapodia in polychaetes, dorsoventral muscles of hirudinida. | | | Oligochaetes and hirudinidae are hermaphroditic, with complex sexual organs, and engage in cross-fertilization. | | | Oligochaetes use circular muscles to expand and contract individual segments for peristaltic movement, using setae to anchor. |
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http://vassun.vassar.edu/~mehaffey/academic/animalstructure/outlines/annelida.html
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| |
| | Nereis Laboratory Exercise |
| | The peristomium of Nereis is thought to be derived from two fused anterior segments and the four pairs of tentacular cirri are derived from their parapodia. | | | Polychaeta is a large (8000 species) and diverse taxon of marine annelids thought to be the most primitive of the annelid taxa and the most like the ancestral annelid. | | | The segment fused with it has lost all parts of its two parapodia except for their two ventral cirri which form two long anal cirri. |
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http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310nereisLab.html
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| | Characteristics of Annelida: Plesiomorphies and Other Features |
| | The circular muscle layer forms a nearly continuous sheath around the body, except in polychaetes with well-developed parapodia. | | | Beneath the epidermis and its basal lamina lies a layer of circular muscle. | | | Beneath the circular muscle layer lie thick longitudinal muscles. |
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http://tolweb.org/accessory/Characteristics_of_Annelida?acc_id=57
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| | Classes of Annelids |
| | This sort of movement is similar to what you see in snakes-with additional movement caused by the parapodia. | | | For errant polychaetes, or those polychaetes that move more readily in the environment, the general pattern of movement allows for the animals to capture mobile prey. | | | Here are some of the body forms and parapodia forms related to locomotion and |
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http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/322/IZLecture19.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Palps otherwise, sometimes fused to the prostomium so that it appears cleft, or forming ventrolateral pads on the peristomium; tentacular cirri may or may not be present; helpful hints: palps may appear to be multiarticulated, or they may be greatly reduced
...25 24a. | | | Branchiae begin on setiger 11 or 12; 11 to 15 pairs of branchiae present.. | | | Each parapodia with branchiae has one dorsally placed branchiae, and no ventrally placed branchiae. |
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http://www.vims.edu/bio/benthic/documents/polychaete_key.doc
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| | Bristle Worms |
| | Bristle worms rely on these structures for movement. | | | For the complete story: (edHelper subscribers) click here for printable story and worksheets. | | | For some species that do not have gills, their parapodia also serve as their means for respiration. |
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http://www.edhelper.com/AnimalReadingComprehension_192_1.html
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| | Phylum Annelida |
| | Eggs move through oviducts to female genital pore | | | Numerous setae projecting from parapodia used for movement |
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http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/phylum_annelida.htm
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| |
| | The Annelids and Sipunculans (chapter 13) |
| | Polychaetes generally possess at least 1 pair of eyes and at least 1 pair of sensory appendages ( tentacles) on the anteriormost of the body ( prostomium). | | | Errant polychaetes are levered forward by the action of parapodia, which are operated in a complex pattern as oars. | | | paired lateral outfoldings of the body wall ( parapodia). |
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http://bama.ua.edu/~clydeard/bsc376/lecture22.htm
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| | Introduction |
| | Short parapodia associated with tubicolous or burrowing habit. | | | The prostomium is usually distinct and may have appendages. | | | Biramous parapodia refer to the division of the foot into notopodia and neuropodia. |
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http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bhworm/errant/introduction.htm
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| |
| | ADW: Polychaeta: Information |
| | Most have well developed, paired, paddle-like appendages (parapodia), well developed sense organs, and numerous setae (usually on the parapodia; "polychaete" means "many hairs"). | | | Polychaetes include such forms as sand worms, tube worms, and clam worms. |
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http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/annelida/polychaeta.html
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| |
| | Elysia obtusa |
| | The white on the edge of the parapodia tends to be more developed in the inner than the outer edge. | | | This internal pigmentation may be almost totally lacking or to the other extreme, be throughout the whole animal. | | | The lack of the white line on the parapodia as described below is perhaps an individual variation seen in some of the Kerama animals. |
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http://www.rfbolland.com/okislugs/elysobtu.html
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| | Marine Invertebrates - Polychaetes |
| | Polychaetes are either adapted for an active life, in which the parapodia are well-developed, or for life in a burrow, in which the parapodia are reduced. | | | The parapodia are muscular projections of the body wall that bear many tiny hairs. | | | The polychaete head is well-developed, bearing eyes, feeding structures called palps, and antennae or tentacles. |
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http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpl/organisms/inverts/marine_inverts/polychaetes.htm
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| |
| | Parapodia |
| | A sort of "false foot" formed by extension of the body cavity. | | | Polychaetes and some insect larvae have parapodia in addition to their legs, and these provide extra help in locomotion. |
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http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Reference/dictionary/Metazoan/P/Parapodia.html
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| |
| | Ragworms (The Polychaeta) |
| | Many of the sedentary forms the tentacles, when present, perform a similar function. | | | Nereids are characterized by long thin multisegmented bodies with well developed parapodia. | | | The nervous system consists of a brain, which is found in the prostomium and connected to the ventral nerve cord, and the sub-pharyngeal ganglia, by a special set of nerves called the circum-pharyngeal connectives. |
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http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/polychaeta.html
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| | Polychaeta |
| | The best way to begin learning the polychaetes is by learning to determine to which family an individual belongs by using taxonomic keys. | | | Polychaetes are annelid worms which have many bristle-like structures called setae that project from fleshy lobes called parapodia. | | | The parapodia themselves are arranged in pairs in a paddle-like fashion along each side of the worm's body, one pair to each segment. |
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http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/SFBay2K/Polychaeta.htm
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| | Chesapeake Bay Program - Class Polychaeta |
| | Each of the bristle worm's body segments has a pair of small parapodia, or paddle-shaped appendages, in which are embedded tiny hairs or bristle-like structures. | | | During dark lunar phases in spring and early summer, clamworms become 'heteronereises'-a sexual form that results in two important changes: their parapodia become enlarged, allowing them to swim, and they become capable of releasing either eggs or sperm. | | | Their bodies produce red blood, and many species have hemoglobin. |
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http://www.chesapeakebay.net/info/polychaete.cfm
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| | Siphopteron brunneomarginatum |
| | Near the middle of the body the margins of the two parapodia touch, or overlap each other. | | | The body is uniformly light greenish yellow with chocolate brown lines extending along the margins of the parapodia to the foot, as a transverse band on the visceral hump, which extends on to the flagellum, when present, and on the apex of the siphon. | | | brunneomarginatum is much more elongate in shape with the parapodia usually touching or overlapping, while in the much more inflated S. |
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http://www.rfbolland.com/okislugs/siphbrun.html
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| | Sunbathing Sea Slugs That Steal The Ways To Use The Rays |
| | However, some invertebrates challenge our notions of what it is to be an animal even farther, and at first glance it can sometimes be difficult to tell just what sort of organism you are viewing. | | | The resemblance of the lettuce sea slug's parapodia to leaves is more than just a coincidence, since these structures, and indeed much of the surface of the animal, function somewhat like leaves. | | | These parapodia also increase surface area for gas transfer (oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release), so they serve double duty, functioning somewhat like gills. |
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http://www.reefkeeping.com/issues/2002-06/bcap/feature
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| | Bottom fauna of the USSR. Polychaeta. |
| | There is a pair of nephridial papillae onto 3rd S, slightly medially to 1st pair of notopodia. | | | Parapodia sedentariate only, often some anterior with reduced neuropodium and some posterior with reduced notopodium (in Melinninae 3-4 anterior SS with capillary neurosetae only) (puc.21.1,5) 7 | | | A form of parapodia doesn't almost change caudally, only the most posterior parapodia (less 10) are reduced. |
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http://biodiversity.uno.edu/~worms/translation/j-book.html
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| | Anellida |
| | The surface area of the intestine is increased substantially by a dorsal fold of the lumenal epithelium | | | Parapodia are supported by chitinous rods, and numerous setae project from the parapodia, giving them their class name. | | | Oligochaetes lack parapodia, because parapodia and long setae would interfere with their burrowing lifestyles. |
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http://www.snow.edu/~allans/biology1320/anellida.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Annelid |
| | The coelom (fluid-filled body cavity) provides a kind of structural support, so that the body is flexible. | | | The body is made up of several similar units, or segments, separated externally by furrows and internally by septa (partitions). | | | The segments generally bear parapodia (lobes) with setae (bristles) that are used in locomotion. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560164/Annelid.html
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| | Phylum Annelida |
| | Leeches may have a bad rep, but they are actually still used for legitimate medicinal pruproses... | | | each segment has a pair of parapodia with setae | | | Parapodia with bristles (below, parapodia from a bristle worm -- earthworms have them too, although they are much smaller) |
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http://www.indiana.edu/~q201bio/labs/lab5/annelida.htm
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| | Bloodworms - Glycera dibranchiata - Eastern Sea Worm Company, Hancock, Maine |
| | Movement: Bloodworms are excellent burrowers utilizing their prostomium, short stiff parapodia and perisaltic muscle contractions. | | | Respiration: Each parapodia has two finger-like gills where gases are exchanged with their body fluid. | | | Their pale skin allows their red body fluid to show through, hence, the name "bloodworm." Their anterior end has a small tapered postomium with four small antennae. |
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http://www.seaworms.com/facts.html
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| |
| | annelida |
| | The sense organs must be positioned to get early access to new environmental conditions, (hence anterior in a bilaterally symmetrical animal). | | | This worm uses piston-like parapodia to pump water through a mucus filter, which it periodically ingests. | | | There must be a central command center close to sense organs to coordinate motor activity of the parapodia with sensory input, (hence brain). |
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http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310annelid1Lec.html
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| |
| | Exam 2 Key |
| | Describe the association between locomotion and body plan in Polychaetes, Oligochaetes, and Hirudinea. | | | Oligochaetes: burrowing with spacious segmented coelom, longitudinal and circular muscles, but streamlined with no parapodia and reduced setae | | | How are these locomotion modes associated with feeding modes, and what structures perform what functions? |
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http://www.wsu.edu/~dybdahl/exam2key.html
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| | Z250 - Lec20 Outline- Annelida I (2002) |
| | Errantia - active forms; well developed parapodia & sense organs; many similar segments; eversible pharynx; epitoky common | | | - the prostomium may be complex with tentacles & sense organs; the peristomium surrounds the mouth and lacks parapodia | | | - many possess paddle-like parapodia on each segment that are bilobed (notopodium & neuropodium) and possess many setae |
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http://biodb.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/LecOutl-02/LecOutl/outl20.htm
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| | How To Describe A Nereid |
| | However, nereids undergo morphological changes on sexual maturity. | | | The ligules of these parapodia become flap–like and accessory fleshy processes are developed. | | | Setal structures in nereids are important taxonomic characters and combinations of the different types and their occurrence in the different parts of the parapodia are useful generic characters. |
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http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/taxinfo/help/howto_ne.htm
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| | Parapodia |
| | Parapodia are paired, lateral appendages extending from the body segements. | | | parapodia with neuropodium well developed and notopodium reduced. | | | This type of parapodia and setae are modified for a burrowing polychaete. |
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http://dbsdb.nus.edu.sg/epic/feet.html
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| |
| | [No title] |
| | On the peristomium there are two pairs of tentacular cirri, situated one above the other, and biramous parapodia with dorsal and ventral cirri. | | | In Victoriella the structure of parapodia and setae, beginning at the second segment, are as in Dysponetus, which allows describing the genus to the family Chrysopetalidae. | | | The description of the genus Dysponetus is characterized by numerous morphological characters, and is unified by their character of presence of three (or more) antenna, also by the structure of their parapodia and setae. |
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http://www.tmbl.gu.se/staff/ThomasDahlgren/Trans/Kiseleva_1992.html
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| | BIOSI: BioLine Publications: Polychaete Research 17.4 |
| | Generally only one or two acicula are present in post-proventricular parapodia, and these may include some very stout forms (much thicker than the chaetal shafts) which may also protrude through the tissue of the parapodia - stout emergent acicula. | | | Normally in anterior parapodia there are a larger number of thinner acicula than in parapodia further along the body. | | | It is vital to look at several parapodia to try to eliminate spurious differences arising from viewing acicula in different orientations. |
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http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/associates/bioline/poly4.html
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| | Introduction |
| | Polycheates use parapodia in combination with muscles and a segmented body plan for locomotion. | | | Nemerteans, polycheates, bivalves, and gastropods are among those whose locomotion can be seen by such traces, and characteristics of the trail can even be used to deduce the organism that made it. | | | The parapodia may be modified into paddle-like structures to facilitate swimming or to ventilate tube shafts. |
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http://depts.washington.edu/fhl/zoo432/garrisonbay/themes.html
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| | HTML- zool\Sandworm- parapodia |
| | B Section to show parapodia and internal structure |
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http://www.student.loretto.org/zoology/Graphic%20webs/Sandworm-%20parapodia.htm
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| |
| | [No title] |
| | The trochophore larva is found in polychetes, pogonophorans and echiurans among the annelids, and in animals from several other phyla. | | | 282, second column, why is the lack of parapodia in some burrowing polychetes a problem to our understanding of the phylogeny of the Class Polycheta? | | | What functions do parapodia have on different polychetes. |
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http://www.geneseo.edu/~bosch/Annelida1.doc
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| | evo8.html |
| | It is also thought that arthropod parapodia and annelid parapodia (which also express Distal-less) arose from the cephalic feeding or sensory outgrowths of a common ancestor. | | | Among arthropods, it is generally thought that all arthropod limbs and antennae have evolved from an ancestral lobopod-like structure. | | | Similarly, Distal-less expression was seen prior to metamorphosis in the ampullae rudiments that grow out from the body of the metamorphosing tunicate. |
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http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/evo8.html
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| | Annelida |
| | Some aberrant marine annelids are often placed in separate classes, such as the Archiannelida, which lack parapodia; others may even be in separate phyla, such as the Myzostomaria, which are parasites of echinoderms, and the Echiuroidea, which are unsegmented. | | | Excretory system typically a pair of nephridia for each metamere | | | Respiratory gas exchange through skin, gills or parapodia |
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http://www.geocities.com/superamazingfantasticdonkey/annelida.html
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| | Annelida -> Class Polychaeta on Encyclopedia.com 2002 |
| | Respiration is entirely through the body wall in some polychaetes, and partially so in most. | | | Many species have thin-walled extensions of the body surface, i.e., gills, used for gas exchange; most commonly the gills are extensions of the parapodia. | | | The tentacles of feather-duster worms are used for respiratory exchange as well as for feeding. |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/section/annelida_classpolychaeta.asp
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| | Parapodia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Parapodia ("almost feet") are paired lateral outgrowths, bearing bristles known as chaetae. | | | See How to Edit and Style and How-to for help, or this article's talk page. | | | This page was last modified 08:37, 3 February 2005. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapodium
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| | Annelids |
| | Large parapodia, setae, eyes, (often lack digestive system) | | | Parapodia important, parapodia often large with long setae | | | Peristaltic movement within tube (pump water, many have modified parapodia) |
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http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/zool210/jensen/2Lectures/lecture13.html
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| |
| | The Sea Slug Forum - Elysia cf. tomentosa |
| | I have a separate page for those messages and photos that seem to be her species, and this separate page for those which have similarities, but may be distinct species. | | | This photo is of one of a number of possibly distinct species with papillae on the parapodia which in some ways 'fit' Kathe Jensen's description of Elysia tomentosa. | | | Crawling on the surface of mixed sand / coral rubble (not found associated with any alga). |
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http://www.seaslugforum.net/elyscftome.htm
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| | Annelida |
| | The bristles are located on fleshy paddle-like structures called parapodia. | | | Note that the initial statement on the lack of parapodia by the polychaete is wrong. | | | Polychaetes have well developed heads (cephalization) with numerous sensory tentacles and a well developed mouth with jaws. |
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http://www.mercy.edu/faculty/knizeski/annelida.html
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| | Parapodia |
| | This is the definition of the term Parapodia | | | For people who have trouble spelling, this is the defintion of the term Parapodia | | | This is a test ad, modified from what paypal uses |
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http://linkspider.serversystems.net/dictionary/lookup/parapodia
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| | lb7pg3 |
| | Each body segment bears a pair of lateral parapodia, fleshy paddlelike appendages that may be used as legs in crawling or as oars for swimming. | | | In what ways are the parapodia of Nereis sp. | | | In addition, the movement of the parapodia keeps fresh water with a high oxygen concentration constantly moving over the respiratory surface. |
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http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/16lab05/lb7pg3.htm
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| |
| | Quiz #9 material |
| | Both parapodia and setae can be important for movement in mobile species | | | Most apparent structure is the clitellum, a swollen segment partway down the body used in mating | | | Striking feature is the paired parapodia on each segment, fleshy projections often resembling paddles |
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http://jameslunsford.com/quiz_9_material.htm
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| | Annelida |
| | In the present article the Annelida will be understood as comprehending the A. DISCOPHORA, and A. GEPHYREA, the first two being often placed together in the subclass Chaetopoda. | | | The first segment is modified, so as to form a head or snout, and has the eyes, tentacles, andc. | | | 1) is elongated, segmented, more or less cylindrical (certain tubicolous forms having two well-marked (regions), and almost universally furnished with uniramous or biramous bristlebearing feet (parapodia, Huxley). |
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http://www.1902-encyclopedia.com/A/ANN/annelida.html
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| |
| | Kindom Animalia |
| | Posses parapodia (para = side, podia = foot) | | | Eggs are shed by rupture of the body wall | | | Also use Chlorocruorin - green blood Excretory system |
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http://homes.jcu.edu.au/~zljes/zl1001/Annelid.htm
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| | The Sea Slug Forum - Oxynoe kabirensis |
| | There can be some yellowish spots on the parapodia and there are usually a few scattered very elongate retractile papillae. | | | There can also be secondary peaks at the front and back of the parapodia. | | | kabirensis varies from a pale yellowish green to a dark green, but whatever the color there is always a darker region at the base of the parapodia which extends up as a triangular peak in the middle of the parapodia. |
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http://www.seaslugforum.net/factsheet.cfm?base=oxynkabi
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