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| | eMedicine - Anatomy of Olfactory System : Article by Amir Vokshoor, MD |
 | | Gilman S, Newman SW: The rhinencephalon and olfactory reflexes. | | | These signals, which are not detected consciously as odors by the olfactory system, mediate human autonomic, psychological, and endocrine responses. | | | As a chemical sensor, the olfactory system detects food and influences social and sexual behavior. |
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http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic564.htm
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| | SMELL |
| | Receptors are therefore "tuned" to the vibrational frequency of particular odorants, rather like cones are "tuned" to particular wavelengths of light. | | | They are the non-myelinating cells that wrap around (ensheath) olfactory axons within both the peripheral and and central nervous system portions of the primary olfactory pathway. | | | There is clearly experience-dependent learning in the olfactory system, but whether the response to certain smells (in particular malodours) is "hard-wired" is still a matter of debate. |
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http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/olfact1.html
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| | Neuroscience for Kids - Chemical Senses |
| | Olfactory abilities vary widely among individuals -- we all know someone who is able to smell things when no one else can, or someone who doesn't seem to mind an unpleasant odor when most people do. | | | For some experiments, such as the olfactory lab, brainstorming is probably best. | | | Because students have no way of discovering sensory receptors or nerve pathways for themselves, they need some basic anatomical and physiological information. |
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http://staff.washington.edu/chudler/chems.html
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| | ottolab |
| | In this paper, we describe the potential relationship between olfactory and contextual conditioning in experimental animals and the development and expression of CI in humans. | | | Control experiments indicated that BLA and SHAM subjects did not differ in locomotor activity or in acquisition of a successive-cue odor discrimination task, suggesting that deficits in freezing behavior exhibited by BLA subjects were due neither to an impairment in primary aspects of olfaction nor to a general enhancement of locomotor activity. | | | A series of experiments was conducted to initially characterize the time course of the anatomical and behavioral recovery normally observed following ORN regeneration as a consequence of olfactory nerve transection (ONX), and to subsequently characterize the anatomical and behavioral effects of TGF-a administration on this normal rate of recovery. |
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http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~totto
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| | Matt Wachowiak |
| | There is therefore considerable interest in integrating our imaging techniques with behavior, with the goal of understanding how, and at what level, the code for odors is modulated during olfactory-related behavior and learning. | | | We study the relationship between these patterns and an odor stimulus using imaging techniques, which allow us to visualize spatial and temporal patterns of neural activity across an entire brain region. | | | My research focuses on how the nervous system encodes and processes information about odors. |
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http://www.bu.edu/biology/Faculty_Staff/wachowiak.html
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| | Genome Biology Full text The olfactory receptor family album |
| | This information will need to be integrated with the results of a wealth of studies of odor maps and neuronal circuits in the olfactory pathway before an understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying smell perception can begin to emerge. | | | Detailed analysis of the human olfactory receptor family also enabled Glusman et al. | | | This convention has been applied by Glusman et al. |
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http://genomebiology.com/2001/2/10/reviews/1027
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| | Bipolar Depression |
| | In the future, doctors might use these detectable differences in nerve calcium content to help determine which medication a patient should be on, and how much they should take, the researchers said. | | | So, clinicians go through a series of trials and errors, and the patient suffers until the right medication is found," lead author Dr. Chang-Gyu Hahn, of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, said in a prepared statement. | | | Hahn is hopeful that a routine examination of these olfactory (smell) cells might someday "be developed as a 'medication responsiveness test' to indicate which medication a patient should be on." |
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http://www.bipolardepressioninfo.com/ms/news/524262/main.html
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| | ScienceDaily: Olfactory Receptor Cells May Provide Clues To Psychiatric Disease |
| | Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine Goes To Discoverers Of How Olfactory System Works (October 5, 2004) -- The sense of smell long remained the most enigmatic of our senses. | | | The basic principles for recognizing and remembering about 10,000 different odours were not understood. | | | Aberrant Intracellular Calcium Signaling in Olfactory Neurons From Patients With Bipolar Disorder. |
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/03/050309102428.htm
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| | Olfactory receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Like the immune system, this system allows molecules that have never been encountered before to be characterized. | | | Each individual odor receptor is broadly tuned to be activated by a number of similar structures. | | | According to an analysis of the Human genome project, humans have 347 functional genes coding for olfactory receptors. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor
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| | Olfactory receptor neuron - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Most neurons in other parts of the nervous system cannot be replaced, so research focusing on how stem cells differentiate into olfactory sensory neurons could lead to the use of these stem cells to replace damaged or degenerated neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or other parts of the nervous system. | | | Many tiny hair-like cilia protrude from the olfactory receptor cell's dendrite into the mucus covering the surface of the olfactory epithelium. | | | According to prevaling theory, olfactory receptors are activated by binding to structures on the odor molecule. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron
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| | The Nasal CavityDid you know that approximately 95% |
| | The process begins when a G-protein is stimulated. | | | For example, the surface area of a human epithelium is 10 cm, whereas the surface area of a dog's epithelium is 170cm^2. | | | Olfactory receptor cells are the only neurons in the nervous system that are regularly replaced (they last about 4-8 weeks). |
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http://www.macalester.edu/psychology/whathap/UBNRP/Smell/nasal.html
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| | Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Home Page |
| | Ensheathing cells are the non-myelinating glial cells that ensheath olfactory axons within both the PNS and CNS portions of the primary olfactory pathway. | | | Biffo, S., Marti, E. and Fasolo, A. Carnosine, nerve growth factor receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase expression during the ontogeny of the rat olfactory system. | | | Because of differences in the time of implantation and in individual rates of development, embryos develop at variable rates after fertilization. |
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http://duke.usask.ca/~rondouc
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| | InterPro: IPR000725 Olfactory receptor |
| | The olfactory system is a highly-specialised chemical recognition system that, like the immune system, is capable of discriminating with tremendous sensitivity between numerous foreign molecules in the environment. | | | The activating ligands of the different superfamily members vary widely in structure and character, yet the proteins appear faithfully to have conserved a basic structural framework, believed to consist of 7 transmembrane (TM) helices. | | | Amongst the exceptions are the olfactory receptors, which cluster together in a subfamily that lacks significant matches with domains 2, 4 and 6 [ 5 ]. |
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http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR000725
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| | Molec Neuro Lec 23 |
| | receptors present on polymodal nociceptors; much less sensitive generally than olfactory/taste cells; e.g. | | | individual receptor neurons can be activated by multiple odorants, but strength of responses to these odorants can vary, fig. | | | Taste cells are found in taste buds innervated by neurons from cranial nerves VII, IX, X; these correspond to peripheral processes of bipolar sensory neurons located in cranial ganglia corresponding to those cranial nerves; fig 15.10 |
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http://mcdb.colorado.edu/labs/jones/MCDB4777/lec22.html
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| | Olfactory Receptor Resource Area |
| | The Olfactory Receptor Resource Area, is an area that contains resources and tools, integrated with ORDB to help the community of olfactory researchers understand olfactory receptor structure and function. | | | Retrieve publications on olfactory receptors or on olfaction from PubMed that have been published within the last 90 days. | | | A "snake" diagram of an ORL with ORL-specific motifs assigned (based on motifs described in: Skoufos E. (1999) Receptors and Channels, 1999;6(5):401-13 PUBMED) |
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http://senselab.med.yale.edu/Senselab/ORDB/ordb_resources.asp
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| | Olfactory Receptor DataBase (ORDB) |
| | Olfactory receptors (ORs) are the largest family in the genome, and the first of a widening range of chemosensory receptors (CRs) in other chemosensory organs. | | | It also provides links to a local cluster of databases of related information in SenseLab, and to other relevant databases worldwide. | | | ORDB began as a database of vertebrate OR genes and proteins and continues to support sequencing and analysis of these receptors by providing a comprehensive archive with search tools for this expanding family. |
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http://senselab.med.yale.edu/senselab/ORDB
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| | Department Publications |
| | Gilad, Y., Bustamente, C.D. Lancet and S. Pääbo: Natural selection on the olfactory receptor gene family in humans and chimpanzees. | | | Gilad, Y., Man, O., Pääbo, S and D. Lancet: Human specific loss of olfactory receptor genes. | | | Fischer, A., Y. Gilad, O. Man and S. Pääbo: Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes. |
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http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/files/public.html
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| | ExPASy Life Science Directory |
| | ADB - Albinism db (Mutations in human genes causing albinism) | | | BIOMDB - Db of mutations causing tetrahydrobiopterin deficiencies | | | AR mutations - Human androgen receptor mutation db |
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http://www.expasy.org/links.html
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