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| | Smell and the Olfactory System |
 | | The olfactory system, which senses and processes odors, is one of the oldest and most vital parts of the brain. | | | Olfactory information travels not only to the limbic system -- primitive brain structures that govern emotions, behavior, and memory storage -- but also to the brain's cortex, or outer layer, where conscious thought occurs. | | | By studying how olfactory neurons establish connections with other neurons in the adult brain, researchers hope to learn how nerve fibers connect in other brain regions. |
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http://www.sfn.org/content/Publications/BrainBriefings/smell.html
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| | Neurogenetics at UT Health Science Center |
| | From a behavioral standpoint, the olfactory system of mice is particularly amenable to quantitative assays of chemosensory sensitivity and discrimination ability (Coopersmith and Leon, 1984; Gheusi et al., 2000) using a variety of well-characterized laboratory tests. | | | This suggests that a set of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that modulate bulb development may be especially tractable to quantitative genetic and behavioral analysis (Williams, 1998, 2000). | | | The 30—40% difference in bulb weight between animals that we have exploited to map QTL is an excellent target for correlated behavioral analysis. |
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http://www.nervenet.org/papers/ob/ob2000.html
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| | Linda B. Buck |
| | From there, odor information is sent to higher cortical areas that mediate odor perception and discrimination as well as to limbic brain areas that control emotional, behavioral, and physiological responses. | | | Summary: Linda Buck's laboratory is studying how the olfactory system translates environmental chemicals into odor perceptions, instinctive behaviors, and emotional responses. | | | Our studies showed that the OR family is used combinatorially to detect different odorants and encode their individual identities. |
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http://www.hhmi.org/science/neurosci/buck.htm
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| | Kevin R. Neville -Neuroscience Training Program |
| | I work with Dr. Lewis Haberly, investigating the processing of olfactory information by the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex in the rat. | | | The aim of these experiments was to relate the dynamics of neural populations to the animal's behavior, including learning the meanings of newly introduced odors. | | | Beta and gamma oscillations in the olfactory system of the urethane-anesthetized rat. |
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http://ntp.neuroscience.wisc.edu/students/neville.html
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| | [No title] |
| | The main focus will be the interpretation of behavioral results with models of odor representation at the level of the olfactory sensory neurons, the olfactory bulb and the olfactory cortex. | | | How are the theories about olfactory bulb processing put forward by modelers related to the experimental knowledge to date? | | | (3) What is the nature of the representation of odorants in the olfactory bulb and what role does inhibition play? |
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http://www.nbb.cornell.edu/neurobio/linster/nips98.html
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| | Matt Wachowiak |
| | There is therefore considerable interest in integrating our imaging techniques with behavior, with the goal of understanding how, and at what level, the code for odors is modulated during olfactory-related behavior and learning. | | | We study the relationship between these patterns and an odor stimulus using imaging techniques, which allow us to visualize spatial and temporal patterns of neural activity across an entire brain region. | | | This approach allows us to literally see what the nose tells the brain about odors. |
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http://www.bu.edu/biology/Faculty_Staff/wachowiak.html
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| | Univ. Maryland, Dept. Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medicine, Adam Puche |
| | Research in our laboratory focuses upon on understanding how the olfactory system develops during embryogenesis and early postnatal life. | | | Part of our research program focuses upon studying these mechanisms using a combination of tissue culture, histology and in vivo model systems. | | | Part of our ongoing collaborations look at changes in morphology, electrophysiology, and gene expression in these neurons as they develop using neuroanatomical, neurophysiology, and molecular biology techniques. |
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http://neurobiology.umaryland.edu/puche.htm
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| | Olfactory bulb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | How the olfactory bulb influences animal behavior is a topic of much research and hot debate. | | | However, mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb project their axons to targets in the amygdala and hypothalamus where they may influence aggressive and mating behavior. | | | The olfactory bulb arises from a very old part of the brain. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulb
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| | Olfactory Bulb |
| | The above stylized schematic depicts the organization and relationships of the major types of neurons found in the peripheral olfactory system of mammals. | | | Axons of the more peripherally located external tufted cells make mostly intrabulbar projections. | | | The internal operations of the bulb are conducted at several levels: intraglomerular processing mediated by dendrodendritic microcircuits, interglomerular connections mediated by juxtaglomerular cells, and lateral inhibitory connections between output neurons mediated by anaxonic granule cells. |
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http://flavor.monell.org/~loweg/OlfactoryBulb.htm
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| | Brain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Olfactory pathways are routed to the olfactory bulb, then to various parts of the olfactory system. | | | An outgrowth of the telencephalon called the olfactory bulb is a major structure in many animals, but in humans and other primates it is relatively small. | | | In some species such as bees, the mushroom body receives input from the visual pathway as well. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain
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| | Olfaction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The importance of smell, and pheromones, to Humans and other Animals | | | Visual system - Auditory system - Olfactory system - Gustatory system - Somatosensory system | | | This is possibly due to the olfactory system's close anatomical ties to the limbic system and hippocampus, areas of the brain that have long been known to be involved in emotion and place memory, respectively. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfaction
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| | Taming time in the olfactory bulb - Nature Neuroscience |
| | The authors suggested that this reciprocal dendrodendritic synaptic connection mediates mitral-to-granule excitation and granule-to-mitral inhibition, and that this negative-feedback loop is responsible for the rhythmic oscillatory behavior found in the olfactory bulb | | | receptor-mediated output from granule dendrites, and hence the oscillatory behavior of the bulb. | | | The olfactory bulb is the first site of olfactory processing within the brain (Fig. |
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http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v2/n12/full/nn1299_1041.html
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| | How Rats and Mice—and Probably Humans—Recognize Odors |
| | From studies with catfish, whose odorant receptors proved very similar to those of rats, Axel and his associates soon concluded that a given olfactory neuron can make only one or a few odorant receptors. | | | This synapse actually forms in the olfactory bulb, which is a part of the brain. | | | "The brain is essentially saying something like, 'I'm seeing activity in positions 1, 15, and 54 of the olfactory bulb, which correspond to odorant receptors 1, 15, and 54, so that must be jasmine," Axel suggests. |
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http://www.hhmi.org/senses/d/d130.htm
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| | Olfactory bulb stem cells and Lou Gehrig's disease |
| | The research was funded by the ALS Association. | | | Retrieved cells were then transplanted into the spinal cords of genetically engineered mice that develop the equivalent of ALS. | | | Johns Hopkins researchers have found that transplants of mouse stem cells taken from the adult brain's olfactory bulb can delay symptoms and death in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig's disease. |
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http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-10/jhmi-obs102104.php
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| | Olfactory Bulb |
| | Meanwhile, major strides in our understanding of the functional organization of the peripheral olfactory pathway had made the | | | olfactory bulb much more attractive, and I was drawn back into sensory physiology. | | | Over the following years, we put much effort into designing and performing rigorous experimental tests of the cyclic AMP model of olfactory transduction. |
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http://flavor.monell.org/~loweg/PI.htm
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| | OdorMapDB Home Page |
| | The main maps archived here are based on original studies using 2-deoxyglucose and on current studies using high resolution fMRI in mouse and rat. | | | OdorMapDB is designed to be a database to support the experimental analysis of the molecular and functional organization of the olfactory bulb and its basis for the perception of smell. | | | This database is supported by the Human Brain Project (NIDCD, NIMH, NIA, NICD, NINDS) and MURI (Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative). |
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http://senselab.med.yale.edu/senselab/OdorMapDB
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| | The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: Faculty Personal ... |
| | No proven cures or effective therapies are available that can either prevent nerve cell loss or replenish these neurons in the human brain and spinal cord to restore neurological function. | | | Lesuisse C and Martin LJ: Immature and mature cortical neurons engage different apoptotic mechanisms involving caspase-3 and the mitogen-activated Protein kinase pathway. | | | The subventricular zone (SVZ)-rostral migratory stream (RMS)-olfactory bulb (OB) system appears to be a source of neural SC (NSC) in rat, mouse, and human CNS. |
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http://www.neuroscience.jhu.edu/peopledetail.asp?ID=53
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| | Olfactory Bulb |
| | This region of the limbic system receives olfactory inputs and is important in the emotional reactions to odors: |
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http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/brain/olfac4.htm
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| | Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Home Page |
| | Ensheathing cells are the non-myelinating glial cells that ensheath olfactory axons within both the PNS and CNS portions of the primary olfactory pathway. | | | Biffo, S., Marti, E. and Fasolo, A. Carnosine, nerve growth factor receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase expression during the ontogeny of the rat olfactory system. | | | Doucette, R. (1993) Neuron-glia interactions in the primary olfactory system. |
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http://duke.usask.ca/~rondouc
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| | Olfactory Bulb Neuronal Cell Culture |
| | The olfactory bulb is a very accessible portion of the brain, is rich in certain classes of potassium channels, and is an interesting tissue because the olfactory system periodically regenerates, unlike nervous tissue in the central nervous system. | | | Using an in vitro system, or culturing the neurons of the olfactory bulb in a dish, we can sustain cells over time and ask how ion channels respond to chronic treatment with nerve growth hormone or insulin, common treatments after nerve injury or for a diabetic patient. | | | We then use a different electrophysiological preparation called a brain slice, whereby we maintain a 400 micron slice of olfactory bulb alive in an in situ configuration where we can learn about nerve cell communication across adjacent synapses. |
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http://www.neuro.fsu.edu/faculty/fadool/culture.htm
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| | University of Cincinnati, Dept. of Biological Sciences, Publications |
| | Impulse Conduction of olfactory receptor neuron axons", Microscopy Research and Technique (in Press). | | | Activation of locus coeruleus enhances the responses of olfactory bulb mitral cells to weak olfactory nerve input. | | | Evidence for cholinergic regulation of basal norepinephrine release in the rat olfactory bulb. |
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http://www.biology.uc.edu/pubs/Publishing.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | During breathing air molecules attach to the olfactory mucosa and stimulate the olfactory receptors of cranial nerve I and electrical activity is transduced into the olfactory bulb. | | | The olfactory nerve is actually a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb and pass through the many openings of the cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone. | | | These specialized sensory receptive parts of the olfactory nerve are then located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. |
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http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn1.htm
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| | States of the Olfactory Bulb |
| | Simulation of Chaotic EEG Patterns witha Dynamic Model of the Olfactory System | | | I mentioned the word "complexity" above, I was using in both of its senses. | | | First, the processes controlling the oscillations between the inhalation attractor and exhalation attractor are, indeed, complex in the sense that there is a rich field of connections making up the olfactory bulb neural network. |
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http://www.theory.org/fracdyn/neurodyn/states.html
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| | Molekulare Neurophysiologie -Research -Accessory Olfactory Bulb |
| | The accessory olfactory system is, in most species, involved in sensing pheromones. | | | The accessory system includes the paired vomeronasal organs, the nerves being part of the olfactory nerves, and the accessory olfactory bulbs (AOB), anatomically distinct regions of the olfactory bulbs. | | | At the stages 54-56, there are approximately 350 glomeruli in the AOB, 50% more than in the main bulb. |
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http://www.ukps.gwdg.de/UKMN/content/cont03b4.html
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| | Olfactory Bulb |
| | The region of the cranium where the olfactory nerves pass through the cranium is the: | | | Neurons in the olfactory bulb synapse with olfactory nerves coming from the nasal cavity. |
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http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/brain/olfac.htm
(29 words)
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| | Univ. Maryland, Dept. Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medicine, Michael Shipley |
| | Development and functional organization of the olfactory system: | | | This research is supported by 2 NIH R01 grants and a Program project grant of which Dr. Shipley is Program Director. | | | Molecular biology: in situ hybridization; collaborative studies using gene cloning, transgenic techniques. |
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http://neurobiology.umaryland.edu/shipley.htm
(577 words)
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| | olfactory bulb |
| | the enlarged terminal part of each olfactory lobe from which the olfactory nerve originates. |
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http://www.factmonster.com/ipd/A0566222.html
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| | VE Glossary |
| | Ectodermal thickenings that form olfactory epithelium and olfactory nerves | | | Cartilaginous capsule enclosing olfactory sense organ; Forerunner of ethmoid bone | | | Invagination of nasal placode that eventually forms nostrils, ethmoid sinuses, and olfactory epithelium |
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http://www.visembryo.com/baby/gloss.html
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| | Medcyclopaedia - Olfactory bulb |
| | an expanded portion of the anterior olfactory nerve in immediate contact with the cribriform plate. | | | Copyright General Electric Company 1997 - 2005 |
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http://www.medcyclopaedia.com/library/topics/volume_ii/o/OLFACTORY_BULB.aspx
(64 words)
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