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| | ATSDR - MMG: Nerve Agents: Tabun (GA); Sarin (GB); Soman (GD); and VX |
 | | Nerve agents cause behavioral and psychological changes in humans. | | | Patients who have inhalation exposure and who complain of chest pain, chest tightness, or cough should be observed and examined periodically for 6 to 12 hours to detect delayed-onset bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or respiratory failure. | | | Patients who are comatose, hypotensive, or seizing or have cardiac dysrhythmias should be treated according to advanced life support (ALS) protocols. |
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http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg166.html
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| | Nerve agent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | All such agents function the same way: by interrupting the breakdown of the neurotransmitters that signal muscles to contract, preventing them from relaxing. | | | In experiments, tabun was extremely potent against insects: as little as 5 ppm of tabun killed all the leaf lice he used in his initial experiment. | | | As their name suggests, nerve agents attack the nervous system of the human body. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_agent
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| | NERVE AGENTS |
| | The condition of the patient dictates the need for each of these and the order in which they are done. | | | Systemic atropine will not reverse miosis (unless administered in very large amounts), and miosis alone is not an indication for a MARK I. If the eye or head pain and nausea associated with the miosis are severe, topical application of atropine (or homatropine) in the eye will bring relief. | | | Atropine is quite effective, and care should be taken not to give too much in a casualty who does not need it. |
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http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/army/mmcch/NervAgnt.htm
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| | Research suggests better nerve agent treatment |
| | New experiments Janowsky and UNC colleague Dr. David Overstreet have conducted demonstrated that the popular anti-Alzheimer's drug donezepil (Aricept) is effective in decreasing the actions of the irreversible nerve agent-like cholinesterase inhibitor DFP on rats body temperature, activity and bowel excretion. | | | In the early 1980s, Janowsky performed his research on increases in acetylcholine (physostigmine) not because of concern about nerve gases but because of his interest in depression, which tiny amounts of the compound produce, he said. | | | Donezepil, like scopolamine, also gets into the brain, which may make it more effective than similar drugs that do not affect the brain. |
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http://www.brightsurf.com/news/march_03/EDU_news_032603_b.html
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| | Emergency Preparedness and Response: Safety and Health Guides - Nerve Agents |
| | The effectiveness is determined by the materials of construction, the type and level of exposure, and duration of exposure. | | | The auto-injector consists of the two active components which are injected into an exposed individual through the use of a very long needle. | | | Nerve agents enter the body primarily through the respiratory tract, although they may be absorbed through the eyes or skin. |
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http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/emergencypreparedness/guides/nerve.html
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| | Choice of HI-6 antidote in nerve agent, chemical weapon, poisoning |
| | The effectiveness of antidotal treatment is dependent on the reactivatability of AChE, i.e., on the effectiveness and speed of the reactivator used | | | Similar findings have been presented by many other authors on the basis of the experiments using better animal models than rats for predicting effects in man, such as guinea pigs and primates | | | HI-6 appears to be the nerve agent therapy of choice. |
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http://www.asanltr.com/ASANews-97/Antidot_Choice.html
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| | Chemical Warfare Agents |
| | There is no consensus on the optimum form of treatment. | | | Vesicants burn and blister the skin or any other part of the body they contact. | | | The rapid action of nerve agents call for immediate self treatment. |
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http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/cw/agent.htm
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| | Nerve Agents |
| | If medical methods of treatment are to serve any purpose, they must be introduced immediately. | | | There will be better prospects of survival and less injury. | | | Muscular paralysis caused by nerve agents also affects the respiratory muscles. |
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http://www.opcw.org/resp/html/nerve.html
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| | Neuroscience for Kids - Nerve Agents |
| | They are all extremely dangerous and they can enter the body through the air or on contact with the skin. | | | A diluted (0.5%) bleach solution should also be applied to the skin if possible. | | | Nerve agents attack all synapses that use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter...this means both the central and peripheral nervous systems are affected. |
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http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/weap.html
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| | BBC NEWS Science/Nature Push for anti-nerve agent drug |
| | The structure was determined using the technique of X-ray crystallography. | | | But you might have more leeway with skin penetration. | | | But the principle of unsupervised use of anti-nerve agent drugs by civilians concerns some experts. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3671827.stm
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| | Riegle Report - Lethal Nerve Agent VX |
| | Instead, the individual shall be taken immediately to the medical facility for observation. | | | Instead, the individual will be taken IMMEDIATELY to the medical treatment facility for observation. | | | During this period the effects of repeated exposures are cumulative; after a single exposure, daily exposure to concentrations of a nerve agent insufficient to product symptoms may result in the onset of symptoms after several days. |
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http://www.gulfweb.org/bigdoc/report/appvx.html
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| | Public - Nerve Agent Exposure - Diagnosis |
| | The information included herein should never be used as a substitute for clinical judgment and does not represent an official position of ACP. | | | An ECG and continuous cardiac monitoring to assess and monitor for myocardial infarction or ischemia and dysrhythmias | | | In patients who do not have the classic signs and symptoms of nerve agent exposure, carefully assess for other conditions that can present similarly. |
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http://pier.acponline.org/physicians/public/d890/diagnosis/d890-s3.html
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| | Perform First Aid for Nerve Agent Injury |
| | Score steps 12 and 13 based upon the soldier's responses. | | | Score steps 5 through 7 based upon the soldier’s responses. | | | Administer nerve agent antidote to self (Self-Aid), if necessary. |
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http://www.atsc.army.mil/itsd/comcor/md1044s.htm
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| | Army issuing nerve agent antidote |
| | And the 2-PAM Chloride is used to halt the body's reaction, explained Ken Franz, emergency manager for Hermiston's Good Shepherd Medical Center. | | | Atropine is used primarily to treat symptoms of nerve agent exposure. | | | The pledge was issued in response to a request from the Oregon Department of Public Health Systems. |
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http://www.tri-cityherald.com/news/2002/0516/story4.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Need for treatment is a clinical decision, not a laboratory one. | | | Should the patient with symptoms survive the immediate effects of nerve agent poisoning, several delayed effects may occur which need to be identified should they occur. | | | Phenytoin is not effective in treating nerve agent induced seizures. |
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http://www.pdhealth.mil/wot/downloads/Fact_Sheet_Nerve_Agents.doc
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| | VX Nerve Gas |
| | The Newport, Indiana community has been vocal in supporting this option and through an advisory committee worked for many years with the Army on devising a safe and effective process acceptable to all. | | | Following the attacks of September 11, 2001 the Army changed its mind, and decided to partially treat the nerve agent on site, turning it from VX nerve agent to VX hydrolysate, and then transport it to an alternative facility for final treatment and disposal. | | | The Newport Indiana community has repeatedly voiced its preference that the VX nerve agent be treated, destroyed and disposed of on site in Newport as originally agreed to by the Army. |
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http://www.delawareriverkeeper.org/factsheets/vx_nerve_agent.htm
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| | Nerve Agent: GB |
| | Also refer to 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG2004) Guide 153. | | | The immediate treatment for nerve agent intoxication is intravenous injection of 2 mg atropine sulfate (intramuscular injection should be considered if the patient is hypoxic and ventilation can not be initiated, as there is a risk of ventricular fibrillation). | | | Victims were dispersed to six area hospitals, where the doctors recognized the symptoms as those of organophosphate poisoning, and treated the patients as they would have those exposed to pesticides. |
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http://www.cbwinfo.com/Chemical/Nerve/GB.shtml
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| | Nerve Agent Treatment Approved for Children |
| | For more about the Atropen, visit Meridian's Web site. | | | The Atropen, made by Meridian Medical Technologies, may cause side effects including tachycardia (fast heart rate), dry mouth, decreased sweating and decreased intestinal function. | | | For victims of severe nerve agent exposure, doses up to three times the recommended amounts may be given, the FDA says. |
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http://www.safe2use.com/ca-ipm/03-06-20a.htm
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| | CDC Facts About VX |
| | Even a tiny drop of nerve agent on the skin can cause sweating and muscle twitching where the agent touched the skin. | | | VX is not found naturally in the environment. | | | VX is the most potent of all nerve agents. |
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http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/vx/basics/facts.asp
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| | VM (nerve agent) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Like most of the agents in the V-series (with the exception of VX), VM has not been extensively studied outside of military science. | | | They have similar lethal dose levels to VX (between 10-50 mg) and have similar symptoms and method of action to other nerve agents that act on cholinesterase. | | | They may have been developed sometime between 1950 and 1990. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)
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| | VX - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The VX nerve agent is the most well-known of the V-series of nerve agents. | | | VX blocks the diffusing properties of acetylcholinesterase, thus causing nerves to fire continuously resulting in contractions of all the "involuntary" muscles in the body. | | | Often regarded as the deadliest nerve agent created to date, as little as 200 micrograms is enough to kill an average person, depending on method of absorption. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VX
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| | CNN.com - Officials: No hard evidence in nerve agent report - Dec. 12, 2002 |
| | The nerve agent paralyzes the muscles of the victim, causing death. | | | This official said there was "a report" on the possibility of such a transaction that was of concern -- but that like many pieces of information collected by U.S. intelligence agencies about possible terrorist activities, it had not been corroborated. | | | This official said some intelligence analysts have speculated it could be the deadly nerve agent VX, which the United States has accused Iraq of possessing. |
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http://www.cnn.com/2002/US/12/12/sproject.irq.iraq.al.qaeda/index.html
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| | CDC Case Definition: Nerve Agent Poisoning |
| | Decreased plasma or red blood cell cholinesterase levels based on a specific commercial laboratory reference range might indicate a nerve agent or organophosphate exposure; however, the normal range levels for cholinesterase are wide, which makes interpretation of levels difficult without a baseline measurement or repeat measurements over time. | | | Nerve agent or organophosphate toxicity might result from multiple routes of exposure and is a cholinergic syndrome consisting of excess respiratory and oral secretions, diarrhea and vomiting, diaphoresis, convulsions, altered mental status, miosis, bradycardia, and generalized weakness that can progress to paralysis and respiratory arrest (1-3). | | | The case can be confirmed if laboratory testing was not performed because either a predominant amount of clinical and nonspecific laboratory evidence of a particular chemical was present or a 100% certainty of the etiology of the agent is known. |
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http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/nerve/casedef.asp
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| | TAB H - Muhammadiyat Nerve Agent Modeling Results |
| | Below this exposure level, one would expect no adverse health effects. | | | TAB H - Muhammadiyat Nerve Agent Modeling Results | | | Note, we postulated that all nerve agent was released at one time and modeled each air strike as if it was the only strike that caused the release. |
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http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/muhammadiyat/muhammidiyat_tabh.htm
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| | NERVE AGENT ANTIDOTES |
| | drugs in the treatment of nerve agent poisoning. | | | of nerve agent antidotes are found on the auto injectors | | | mild symptoms of nerve agent poisoning, you should |
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http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14274/css/14274_222.htm
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| | Roadside bomb containing sarin nerve agent explodes in Iraq |
| | He said he believed that insurgents who rigged the artillery shell as a bomb didn't know it contained the nerve agent, and that the dispersal of the nerve agent from such a rigged device was very limited. | | | Antidotes to nerve gases similar to sarin are so effective that top poison gas researchers predict they eventually will cease to be a war threat. | | | Nerve gases work by inhibiting key enzymes in the nervous system, blocking their transmission. |
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http://www.blogdex.net/route.asp?id=9543531
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| | Experts criticize nerve agent disposal plan - Environment - MSNBC.com |
| | There was no information showing that the DuPont plant is capable of treating traces of VX nerve agent or other compounds in the chemical byproduct, the CDC said. | | | The CDC report is critical in several areas, including the possibility of traces of VX still being present in the byproduct that would not be harmful to humans but could harm fish. | | | The Army will destroy the VX nerve agent stockpiled at the Newport Chemical Depot in western Indiana and then store the byproduct there until a decision is made on how to treat and dispose of it. |
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http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7417749
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| | Deadly Nerve Agent Sarin Is Found in Roadside Bomb (washingtonpost.com) |
| | Kimmitt said the round containing the nerve agent had been rigged as a roadside bomb, or improvised explosive device, but was discovered by a U.S. military convoy. | | | Deadly Nerve Agent Sarin Is Found in Roadside Bomb (washingtonpost.com) | | | Deadly Nerve Agent Sarin Is Found in Roadside Bomb |
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http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33082-2004May17.html
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| | USATODAY.com - Brain cancer linked to nerve agent |
| | For the first time, a study has found an increase in brain cancer deaths among Gulf War veterans who might have been exposed to the nerve agent sarin by the destruction of Iraqi weapons in 1991. | | | USATODAY.com - Brain cancer linked to nerve agent | | | About 100,000 of the 350,000 Army soldiers in the Persian Gulf could have been exposed to sarin after soldiers blew up two large ammunition caches in Khamisiyah, Iraq, in March 1991, according to a study commissioned by the military and performed by the Institute of Medicine. |
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http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2005-07-25-brain-cancer-vets_x.htm
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| | Nerve Agent Exposure |
| | Severe nerve agent exposure results in <30% baseline | | | Return to exposure risk when level >75% baseline | | | More reassuring if exposure to vapor nerve agent |
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http://www.fpnotebook.com/ER130.htm
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| | CNS - CBW: Past Use |
| | United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), "Medical Defense Against Biological Warfare Agents Course: History of Biological Warfare" Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 2545. | | | This incident is sometimes referred to as the first use of nerve gases, but according to SIPRI p. | | | April 1945 [CW] - Germans manufacture and stockpile large amounts of tabun and sarin nerve gases but do not use them. |
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http://www.cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/pastuse.htm
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| | Nerve Agent Precursors: Bifluorides |
| | Bifluorides are used as a source of the fluorine atom in the synthesis of all of the G-type nerve agents except Tabun, in which the fluorine atom is replaced by a cyanide group. | | | Bifluorides are also used in the manufacture of wood preservatives and in soldering fluxes. | | | Ammonium fluoride is converted to the bifluoride by dehydrating an aqueous solution of ammonium fluoride. |
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http://www.cbwinfo.com/Chemical/Precursors/Bifluorides.html
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| | Nerve Agent |
| | Chapter 8: Long Term Health Effects of Nerve Agents and Mustard PDF HERE | | | Military Inernal Medicine CBW/Terrorism Links – USUHS (Some excellent links are not duplicated on our site to limit redundancy. | | | Chapter 6: Pretreatment for Nerve Agent Exposure PDF HERE |
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http://www.usuhs.mil/cbw/nerve_agent.htm
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| | NATO Manual FM8-285 - Table of Contents |
| | Principles in the Use of Convulsant Antidote for Nerve Agents | | | Principles in the Use of the Nerve Agent Pyridostigmine Pretreatment Tablet Set | | | Principles in the Use of The Nerve Agent Antidote Kit, MARK I |
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http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/fm8_285/toc.htm
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| | VX (Nerve Agent) |
| | VX Nerve Agent - This page on the Deployment Health Clinician Center web page contains background information, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of Nerve Agents including VX. | | | Medical NBC Chemical Agent Terrorism Fact Sheet - This page on US Army Medical NBC web page describes effects and medical response for Chemical Agent Terrorism including VX. | | | VX is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent. |
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http://www-nehc.med.navy.mil/postdep/EP/VX1.htm
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| | Nerve Agent Immobilised Enzyme Alarm and Detector-Level 3 |
| | NAIAD is an automatic alarm system which continually monitors the surrounding atmosphere to provide audible or visual warnings of the presence of nerve agent in either vapour or aerosol forms. | | | The equipment consists of a detector and 3 remote alarms which operate up to 500m away from the detector. | | | What's On Nerve Agent Immobilised Enzyme Alarm and Detecto |
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http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/nbcds/nerve_agent_immobilised_enzyme_alarm_and_detecto.htm
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| | local6.com - News - Boy Accidentally Injected With Anti-Nerve Agent |
| | Health officials said even a small dose could be toxic or fatal to a child. | | | Click here for the IBS privacy policy, terms of use. | | | The chemical is used by the military to protect soldiers from chemical nerve agents. |
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http://www.local6.com/news/2474129/detail.html
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