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Topic: Multicellular organism

  
 Model organism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A model organism is a species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
Often, model organisms are chosen on the basis that they are amenable to experimental manipulation.
When researchers look for an organism to use in their studies, they look for several traits.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_organism   (807 words)

  
 Multicellular stage, Animals
Multicellular animals direct behavior at other objects by the contraction of muscle cells located where the muscles are needed to change the body’s shape, and neurons generate behavior by controlling the relevant muscles.
For organisms to be alive, it is the choice between growing and reproducing, whereas for living organisms to be animals, it is the choice between eating a particular object and not.
Thus, the organism's behavior as a whole depends mainly on the biological behavior guidance system at the multicellular level, and it reproduces as a whole.
http://www.twow.net/ObjText/OtkCbGeRRS04B.htm   (5002 words)

  
 From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms 18
During evolution many of the developmental devices that evolved in the simplest multicellular organisms have been conserved as basic principles for the construction of their more complex descendants.
Evidently, signals pass from one part of the organism to the other, governing the development of its body pattern - with tentacles and a mouth at one end and a foot at the other.
This principle, applying at first to simple associations of cells, has been taken to an extreme in the multicellular organisms we see today.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.61   (3950 words)

  
 Man and Multicellular Organism
Where multicellular organisms were concerned, the way had been paved for this development among the learners when their central nervous system increasingly assumed the task of creating behavioral formulas.
Many unicellular organisms may be regarded as either animals or plants and are therefore included in their respective systems by zoologists and botanists alike.
The dividing line between the numerous organizational types represented among multicellular organisms and the far more successful productive bodies constituted by human specialists and productive organizations is thus very distinct; it is characterized by several basic functional changes: Only our body itself remained within the competence of the hereditary formula.
http://www.hans-hass.de/Englisch/Human_Animal/2_14_Man_and_Multicellular_Organism.html   (3266 words)

  
 ipedia.com: Immune system Article
Most multicellular organisms possess an immune system consisting of innate immunity which generally consists of a set of genetically-encoded responses to pathogens and does not change during the lifetime of the organism.
Ealier studies of innate immunity utilized model organisms that lack adaptive immunity such as the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the worm Caenorhabditis elegans.
It must also have the capacity to change, since the self itself evolves with time.
http://www.ipedia.com/immune_system.html   (1830 words)

  
 PLB 108 (Towill)-- Course Policies
Aristotle also used the term movement to refer to the changes that an organism undergoes during its lifetime.
The activities of life today are similar to those of Aristotle but have been expanded as our knowledge about organisms grew.
Plants are able to reproduce asexually both in natures and through manipulations by humans.
http://lifesciences.asu.edu/plb108/ltowill/criteria_of_life.htm   (1227 words)

  
 The Social Superorganism and its Global Brain
The fact that complex organisms, like our own bodies, are built up from individual cells, led to the concept of superorganism.
The concepts of systems theory provide a good framework for establishing a precise correspondence between organismic and societal functions.
Thus human society is still an ambivalent system, balancing between individual selfishness and collective responsibility.
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SUPORGLI.html   (644 words)

  
 Anti-Aging Medicine & Science Blog: Self-Renewal Potential of Human Organism
In fact, however the short-term results of the transition from non-reproductive to reproductive functional state, the long-term consequences of change of internal environmental conditions must be unfortunately estimated as absolutely negative on principle.
Therefore, every organism possesses ontogenetic program ordering soon or later the change of internal environmental conditions to switch over from the non-reproductive to reproductive functional state.
"This research project is focused on investigation of causal relationship between features of internal environment and self-renewal potential of human organism on purpose to discover general condition to restore self-renewal potential.
http://anti-ageing.us/2003/01/self-renewal-potential-of-human.html   (2256 words)

  
 1. General Introduction
Such an approach can be used to study how a facultative multicellular organism can sense the environment, on many different scales, and exhibit a coordinated response.
During the multicellular development all amoebae are still self-sufficient.
This usually occurs when they are subjected to harsh conditions, and is often attended by complex pattern formation.
http://www-binf.bio.uu.nl/stan/Thesis/Thesis/node2.htm   (8151 words)

  
 Externalization of an organism
These organs are using the experience of elementary multicellular life.
The point where communication (between the new kind of bodies) develops is about the point where the diversification is maximum.
A complex mechanism avoids the development of useless structures which gather energy without contributing to the entire organism.
http://www.smalltalking.net/Papers/boi/ch15.html   (2344 words)

  
 celltools.html
A multicellular organism is pretty much anything you can think of.
Systems in a mammal's body include: the respiratory system which includes the lungs, the circulatory system which includes the heart, and the nervous system which includes the spinal cord.
Which one would be weak in a person with asthma?
http://www.udayton.edu/~cj/academics/GSPAGES/structure.html   (649 words)

  
 The Genetic Basis of Development
(a) Morphogenesis is the process that gives a developing organism a specific three dimensional shape
(b) Development of many multicellular organisms traditionally begins at this fertilization step
(a) Often as particular field of biological study may be performed more easily using one kind of organism versus another
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/campbl21.htm   (1347 words)

  
 [No title]
This hierarchical structure of a multicellular organism is referred to as its anatomy.
The study of organisms' anatomy is the subject matter of comparative anatomy, part of comparative biology.
Organisms which never consist of two or more cells are referred to as unicellular organisms, those which do are multicellular organisms.
http://www36.pair.com/waldzell/Library/Inventory/Liv/Organism.html   (486 words)

  
 Hierarchical and Cybernetic Nature of Biologic Systems and Their Relevance to Homeostatic Adaptation to Low-level ...
Various mechanisms have evolved in unicellular and multicellular organisms to cope with ambient (background) and induced levels of oxidative stress.
From Laszlo's analysis of living things as natural systems one may develop a view of man, in both the individual and social dimensions, as a hierarchy of such natural systems interconnected by various patterns of information flow in feedback circuits.
Whereas the single-cell organism survived by its ability to proliferate, the multicellular organism survived and proliferated (e.g., in wound healing and redundancy of cells in tissues) by having differentiated functions and structures at all system levels and with adaptive responses of the genome to stress-induced signal transduction mechanisms (7-10).
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1998/Suppl-1/331-339trosko/full.html   (6794 words)

  
 multicellular organism --  Encyclopædia Britannica
Organisms thriving in the harsh conditions of Antarctica can provide clues about the possibility of life on other planets.
In the amoeba and Protococcus, all parts of the protoplasm—other than structures such as the nucleus—are much alike and can do almost anything.
This is not true of unicellular organisms that have flagella, cilia, and other definite parts.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054238?tocId=9054238   (712 words)

  
 CHAPTER 1, THE SCIENCE OF LIFE REVIEW
The stable internal environment maintained by all living things is called ___________________________________________________.
Many nonliving things, such as rock crystals, display greater organization than do the structures found in living things.
b) refers to a delicate internal balance within organisms
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/revchap1.html   (1981 words)

  
 Chapter 21: The Genetic Basis of Development
When the primary research goal is to understand broad biological principles, the organism chosen is called a
  So-called, model organisms usually possess traits such as readily observable embryos, easy to propagate, short generation times, easy to manipulate.
Pattern formation has been most extensively studied in the model organism,
http://bama.ua.edu/~clydeard/bsc114/chap_21.htm   (2615 words)

  
 biol 1216 chapt 8 notes
All sexually reproducing organisms follow a basic pattern of alternation between haploid and haploid conditions.
In sexually reproducing organisms, offspring resemble their parents more than they do closely related individuals of same species.
For multicellular organisms to develop normally, the timing of cell division in different parts of body must be controlled.
http://www.langara.bc.ca/biology/mario/Biol1116notes/biol1216chap8.html   (2066 words)

  
 02-09
The unicellular organism has no play ground in this sense, and it is directly subject to it’s real environment.
A new system theory of mind is presented in which mind is identified with the intercellular biophysical environment.
The multicellular organism’s self-environment plays a much more important role than the multicellular organism’s environment does.
http://www.imprint-academic.demon.co.uk/T2000/02-09.html   (804 words)

  
 diffusion
This means that as organisms become bigger it becomes more difficult for them to exchange materials with their surroundings.
Multicellular organisms have another difference from unicellular ones: their cells are specialised, or differentiated to perform different functions.
In a unicellular organism (like bacteria or yeast) all the cells are alike, and each performs all the functions of the organism.
http://www.biologymad.com/cells/diffusion.htm   (717 words)

  
 Investigation of Self-Renewal Potential of Human Organism
This research project is focused on investigation of causal relationship between features of internal environment and self-renewal potential of human organism on purpose to discover general conditions to restore self-renewal potential.
Information on new results of life-extension research, anti-aging hypothesis, and life-extension program.
http://www.healthdir.net/site/product/4713   (153 words)

  
 Biology
Plants- multicellular organism that use chlorophyll to make their own food, and lack locomotion.
Definition: Biology the study of life, from the Greek bio meaning "life," and ology meaning "study of."
Fungi- multicellular organism lacking locomotion that obtains food by absorbing dead or living organisms.
http://members.aol.com/ibss3/ibss3/biology.htm   (232 words)

  
 chapter 1 worksheet bI
New organisms from sexual reproduction have _______________ material from both parents.
Most unicellular organisms can only be seen with a __________________________.
Explain why development is necessary for multicellular organisms?
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/chapter_1_worksheet_bi.htm   (810 words)

  
 United States Patent Application: 0040092471
As mentioned above, a critical feature of the subject methods is that the vector or vectors comprising the various elements of the Sleeping Beauty transposon system, e.g.
The method according to claim 1, wherein said multicellular organism is a vertebrate.
The method according to claim 12, wherein said multicellular organism is a vertebrate animal.
http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040092471".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040092471&RS=DN/20040092471   (9174 words)

  
 [No title]
In further describing the subject invention, the methods will be described first in greater detail, followed by a review of the subject systems and kits, as well as components thereof, for use in practicing the subject methods.
into the multicellular organism by endonucleases in the extracellular or intracellular fluids that can be introduced to or already present in the muticellular organism.
Background of the Invention Reagents and methods that facilitate directed genome modification in multicellular organisms constitute a powerful toolbox for experimental genetics, human therapeutics and agriculture.
http://www.wipo.int/cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/93421.031113&ELEMENT_SET=DECL   (10404 words)

  
 Bio 103 Fall 2005 Lab Forum
Today's lab is aimed at giving you some experience with the latter kind of scientific research.
Grobstein suggested for the moment that each cell is an individual organism.
We believe that this is because multicellular organisms have specialized cells that do not need to perform as many functions as a unicellular organism does.
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/forum/viewforum.php?forum_id=361&start=16209&end=16217   (1757 words)

  
 Multicellular organisms
"The path from a unicellular condition to a multicellular one has been well-traveled.
Somehow the germ cells exchange proliferation by fission within the organism for reproduction by seed across generations, and the specialized somatic cells gain in reproductive opportunities by fission within the organism.
Keeping these controls tuned so that the integrated division of labor which produces a multicellular-organismic functionality is preserved requires a node of selection at the whole organism level.
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/MULTICEL.html   (377 words)

  
 Chlamydiaceae evolution - Chlamydia & Chlamydophila - Inclusion as multicellular organism
Simple multicellular organism are said to have the advantage of social or cooperative feeding.
One begins to wonder if the chlamydial inclusion exercises some of the functions of a multicellular organism and thereby reaps some of the benefits of multicellularity.
On the basis of their experience with cellular slime molds and myxobacteria, Dworkin (1997); Bonner (2000); Shimkets (2000); and Kaiser (2001) have suggested minimum requirements for the simplest sort of multicellular organism.
http://www.chlamydiae.com/docs/Chlamydiales/ev_multicellular.asp   (693 words)

  
 Fission
If such a situation arises, the separate sub-groups of cells each now become separate organisms in their own right.
Cell division and organism fission are therefore two distinct ways in which a new organism may be created.
in an adjacent grid position to) at least one other cell in the organism.
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/timt/papers/thesis/html/node70.html   (94 words)

  
 [No title]
 This is an example of a human organism.
The human body is much more than a group of cells.
Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells.
http://www.palmbeach.k12.fl.us/Multicultural/ESOLCurriculumDocs/Secondary/SciOrganism.doc   (1850 words)

  
 Characteristics of Life
Homeostasis is the release of energy caused by the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.
A single celled organism can also be called multicellular.
http://school.discovery.com/quizzes29/kellienash/Life.html   (150 words)

  
 Cell - EvoWiki
Although prokaryotes frequently live completely independently, they may often exhibit the behaviors of a colonial organism.
They also are capable of extreme specialization into different tissue types, as part of a multicellular organism.
As with prokaryotes, different eukaryotes can exist as independant single cells (in yeast, for example) or as colonial organisms (such as the slime mold Dictyostelium).
http://www.evowiki.org/index.php/Cell   (305 words)

  
 CELLS (Chap
In this regard, consider what multicellular organization does for an organism, also consider what the organism
Chemical messenger-receptor mediated regulation of cell growth and function is of fundamental importance in multicellular organisms (and even in unicellular organisms) in terms of homeostasis as well as development, communication with other organisms, etc.
Explain the relationship between an organism and its constituent cells in terms of what the organism must provide for its cells, what the cells must provide for themselves, and what the cells provide to the organism.
http://www.bios.niu.edu/lotshaw/bios103/cells.html   (2960 words)

  
 4.04: The Human Macro-organism as Fungus
Pull a nerve cell from the brain and put it on the ground - within minutes it's a tiny gray blob of snot.
Drawing from his work on cellular evolution in multicellular organisms, Dr. Viermenhouk suggests that while human beings have ceased to evolve as individual organisms, collectively we are evolving through increasingly complex social structures into a macro-organism.
Observe lower social organisms - bees, for example.
http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.04/viermenhouk_pr.html   (875 words)

  
 Multicellular from LiveJournal
See Synonyms at dead." "ob·ject Something perceptible by one or more of the senses, especially by vision or touch; a material thing." "an·i·mal A multicellular organism of the kingdom Animalia, differing from plants in certain typical characteristics such as capacity for locomotion, nonphotosynthetic metabolism, pronounced response to stimuli, restricted...
An argument used by many creationists to support the theory (not really a theory, it's technically an assertion, but whatever) of intelligent design.
There's a wide range in here, some colonial organisms really are just bunches of cells that live together but are all independent, while others involve more specialization.
http://www.ljseek.com/search/Multicellular   (635 words)

  
 chpt21
During development, these three processes overlap in time.
Researchers study development in model organisms to identify general principles: science as a process
Communication between and among cells of the embryo is critical to the development of the organism.
http://www.niles-hs.k12.il.us/jacnau/chpt21.html   (3057 words)

  
 Multicellular organism - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch
Multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating the whole from germ cells (i.e.
Multicellular organisms can suffer from cancer when cells fail to regulate their growth within the normal program of development.
Control processes in multicellular organisms;: A Ciba Foundation Symposium
http://encyclopedia.worldsearch.com/multicellular.htm   (209 words)

  
 UCMP Glossary: Life history
The sporophyte is multicellular and develops from a zygote.
development -- The process by which a multicellular organism is produced from a single cell.
haploid-diploid life cycle -- Occurs when a multicellular diploid phase, or sporophyte, alternates with a multicellular haploid phase, or gametophyte.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss6lifehist.html   (858 words)

  
 Evolution Fairytale Forum > 2-5 Celled Organisms
There is an interesting case of a multicellular organism evolving from a single celled organism.
I'm only bringing this up seeing as most creationists use the point that there are no 2-5 celled organisms.
This new multicellular organism was classified in a new genus.
http://www.evolutionfairytale.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t236.html   (1199 words)

  
 PH@School: Prentice Hall Biology: Student Chapter 7
The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are individual cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized to perform particular functions within the organism.
You will also read about the structure of a cell and its organelles, important cellular functions, and the basic organization of cells in a multicellular organism.
http://www.phschool.com/atschool/biology/Dragonfly/Student_Area/PHB_S_CHAP7.html   (367 words)

  
 Growth:The Interaction
Hypertrophy does occur, but mainly only in muscle tissue.
Another factor is that the blood in the organism must be able to circulate.
One of the factors is that the organism must be able to support itÕs weight.
http://members.aol.com/fmkamad2/Biology/BioGrow.html   (355 words)

  
 Topology of a Multicellular Organism
By means of this transfer between cells in a multicellular organism, the behaviour of any cell is affected by the behaviour of its neighbours.
The topology of an organism is important in terms of its intercellular communications, as any given cell can only exchange regulators and energy tokens with immediately adjacent cells within the organism.
occupy one of the eight neighbouring grid positions) at least one other cell owned by the organism, and that two cells within the same organism cannot share the same grid position.
http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/timt/papers/thesis/html/node68.html   (201 words)

  
 Biofilm mushroom structure: a multicellular organism?
Some researchers draw parallels between the development of these structures and the development of higher multicellular organisms.
The project “Biofilm mushroom structure: a multicellular organism?” aims at identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in P.
Fig.1 The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms mushroom shaped biofilm structures under certain growth conditions.
http://www.dtu.dk/Centre/CBM/English/Education/Projects/Tim1.aspx   (88 words)

  
 Ask A Scientist - Cell Replication
Without such control, a multicellular organism wouldn't be able to differentiate (that is, change from a rapidly dividing embryo with identical cells to a fully-grown organism with specialized cell types, organs, etc.).
These are issues that single-celled organisms like bacteria and yeast don't need to give as much attention to, although even these simple organisms exert tight control over their cell cycles and much of what we now know about the control of cell division comes from studies of these organisms.
This phenomenon is known as apoptosis and is another example of how individual cells cede much of the control over their own division to the organism as a whole.
http://www.hhmi.org/cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers/general/ans_008.html   (958 words)

  
 Life's Big Instruction Book: Styles of Copying the Book
Longer-lived organisms, like humans, take years to mature.
As multicellular organisms grow and mature, some of their cells
In parthenogenesis, a female organism produces gametes that combine with others of her own gametes, and thus she acts as both parents to her offspring.
http://mywebpages.comcast.net/lifebook/intro-reprod.html   (837 words)

  
 Chapter 11A. Microbial Development
In the evolutionary context, however, multicellular development forms a continuum with developmental processes in microbes--many of which have major significance for the environment and for human health.
In complex multicellular organisms, development is understood as the process by which a single fertilized egg transforms itself into a multicellular organism with differentiated tissues and organs.
Understanding these forms of microbial development can enable a deeper understanding of the more complex systems such as vertebrate animals and vascular plants.
http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap11/Chapter_11A.html   (574 words)

  
 Re: How does a cell evolve from a single-cell to a multicellular organism??
In some multicellular organisms all cells are identical and therefore perform similar functions.
Developmental biology studies how genes are regulated, turned on and turned off, as an organism develops from a single cell.
In other multicellular organisms cells may differentiate into specialized forms for specialized functions.
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/may2001/989524449.Ev.r.html   (1073 words)

  
 [No title]
Each cell in a multicellular organism contains the same number of chromosomes and the same number of genes as all of the other cells in the organism and this number is characteristic of the entire species to which that organism belongs.
The zygote then divides by mitosis to produce a multicellular organism.
Meiosis, Mendel's Laws and Gametic Variation By producing variable gametes, the process of meiosis is responsible for the tremendous amount of genetically controlled individual variation due to sexual reproduction.
http://www.holycross.edu/departments/biology/whealy/notes_text/zf.text   (1370 words)

  
 How does a cell evolve from a single-cell to a multicellular organism??
Chlamydomonas is a single-celled organism, and from time to time it divides to form two individual cells.
Subject: How does a cell evolve from a single-cell to a multicellular organism??
Re: How does a cell evolve from a single-cell to a multicellular organism??
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/may2001/989524449.Ev.q.html   (126 words)

  
 Bio1A Section 16 Home Page
The answer is that just because cells are attached to each other, it doesn't mean that the organism is multicellular.
In a multicellular organism, there is usually differentiation of cells, and a single cell, would not be able to survive on its own.
Obviously, one cell such as paramecium, happily swimming around is a single-celled (unicellular) organism.
http://rana.lbl.gov/~lenny/bio1a/weekly_questions/week2.html   (527 words)

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