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| | Methemoglobinemia |
 | | This is due to the body's systems that reduce methemoglobin back to hemoglobin. | | | Talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist before following any medical regimen to see if it is safe and effective for you. | | | When methemoglobin levels are above 70% death may result if not treated immediately. |
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http://www.ehendrick.com/healthy/002108.htm
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| | Avox Publications |
| | Its measurements of methemoglobin will make it particularly useful if inhaled nitric oxide therapy becomes a standard clinical practice. | | | Critical Care Medicine 23: 193 - 201, 1995. | | | We conclude that whole-blood oximeters are accurate and useful instruments for use in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. |
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http://www.avoxsystems.com/pub.html
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| | Blue Babies and Nitrate-Contaminated Well Water |
| | Methemoglobin levels > 50% can quickly lead to coma and death if the condition is not recognized and treated. | | | Methemoglobin levels in these infants ranged from < 0.4% to > 8%, and were positively correlated with blood nitrate concentrations. | | | Two conclusions can be drawn from this research: a) exposure to as little as 12 mg nitrate-N per day can significantly increase an infant's methemoglobin level, and b) infants with diarrhea are at risk of developing methemoglobinemia, even in the absence of dietary nitrate exposure. |
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http://www.uwsp.edu/water/portage/undrstnd/blbaby.htm
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| | METHEMOGLOBINEMIA |
| | If the methemoglobin is past the early identification/life-threatening phase, a treatment modality will need to be instated. | | | I, to some degree, always enjoyed being "put on the spot" but this time I was not readily available with the answers as I would have liked. | | | These individuals tolerate a methemoglobin range between 10-50% with no health risk. |
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http://www.mc.uky.edu/ahec/skyahec/methem-CE.htm
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| | Aniline (CASRN 62-53-3), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency |
| | The reason for this increased sensitivity in humans is not known and does not appear to be related to the half-life of methemoglobin in the serum, which is three times longer in rats than in humans. | | | This response would indicate that methemoglobin has a longer half-life in rats than in humans (3 hours vs. <1 hour). | | | UF -- Uncertainty factors of 10 are used for the protection of sensitive human subpopulations, 10 to allow for animal to human variability, 10 for use of a subchronic study, and 3 for lack of appropriate reproductive studies. |
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http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0350.htm
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| | EHP 109-1, 2001: Correspondence |
| | The correct conclusion, therefore, would be that exposure to as little as 12 mg of nitrite-N (not nitrate) can significantly increase an infant's methemoglobin level. | | | Avery believes that our conclusion from the work of Hegesh and Shiloah ( 6)--that "as little as 12 mg of nitrate-N per day can significantly increase an infant's methemoglobin level"--is erroneous. | | | This raises an important question, in fact, the question at the heart of my original review: What are the factors that contribute to methemoglobinemia in infants? |
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http://ehis.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2001/109-1/correspondence.html
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| | Comparison of Ring Block, Dorsal Penile Nerve Block, and Topical Anesthesia for Neonatal Circumcision |
| | Methemoglobin level was assessed 6 hours after surgery. | | | Groups Groups 0 Baseline A Baseline A 15 Drug Application 105 Baseline B Baseline B 110 Preparation Preparation, then Drug Infiltration 118 Circumcision Circumcision (Gomco Clamp (Gomco Clamp Procedure) Procedure) 123 Postcircumision Postcircumcision 6 h Methemoglobin Methemoglobin [Note: This figure has been rearranged for electronic presentation.] Figure 1. | | | Surgical procedures defined the following 4 stages of the circumcision: cleansing, separation, clamp on, and clamp off. |
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http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/lander
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| | eMedicine - Methemoglobinemia : Article by David C Lee, MD |
| | This dark hue imparts clinical cyanosis when methemoglobin levels are at 1.5 g/dL (approximately 10-15% methemoglobin concentration); however, a level of 5 g/dL of deoxygenated blood is required for similar effects. | | | RBCs routinely are subjected to oxidant stress by various means (eg, auto-oxidation of circulating RBCs by dissociation of the superoxide anion from oxyhemoglobin, exposure to various xenobiotics); however, they employ 2 defense mechanisms that maintain methemoglobin fractions at approximately 1%. | | | Pulse oximetry is inaccurate and unreliable in patients with high methemoglobin fractions. |
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http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic313.htm
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| | Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia |
| | The patient became cyanotic after the procedure with a methemoglobin level of 67 percent. | | | The methemoglobin level was reportedly near 60 percent. | | | Most of the reported information suggests that the patient experiences cyanosis at methemoglobin levels of 15 to 35 percent and that the symptoms worsen as the level increases. |
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http://www.endonurse.com/articles/341feat5.html
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| | eMedicine - Methemoglobinemia : Article by Mudra Kumar, MD, MBBS, MRCP |
| | Hereditary methemoglobinemia: Methemoglobin levels and medication adverse effects should be monitored on an ongoing basis. | | | Another simple test is to place 1-2 drops of patient blood on white filter paper, then evaluate for color change upon exposure to oxygen (this test can be accelerated by gently blowing supplemental oxygen onto the filter paper). | | | Methemoglobin levels of 10-20% are tolerated with no clinical symptoms, whereas levels of 30-40% may be associated with headaches and dyspnea, especially on exertion. |
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http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1432.htm
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| | Critical Care Nurse: Methemoglobinemia: a case study - Pulmonary Care |
| | (1) Pulse oximetry is of little value because methemoglobin absorbs both wavelengths of light that are used in pulse oximetry. | | | Lack of response to methylene blue suggests the congenital form of methemoglobinemia in which a deficiency of the intrinsic mechanisms of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or NADPH (the reduced form of nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide phosphate) methemoglobin reductase exists. | | | Signs and symptoms of acquired methemoglobinemia usually occur within 20 to 30 minutes of drug administration. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NUC/is_4_22/ai_90988362
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| | SUBFORMAS DE LA HEMOGLOBINA POR ESPECTROFOTOMETRÃA DE DERIVADAS |
| | Study of the zero-order and derivative spectra of oxyhemoglobin, desoxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin, in order to establish the suitable analytical conditions for the cuantification of carboxy and methemoglobin. | | | The objective of this thesis has been the elaboration of quick and reliable analytical methods for the determination, isolated or as a whole, of carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in clinical and forensic specimens, by recording derivative spectrophotometry. | | | Elaboration of analytical methods to determine the hemoglobin concentration in the analised samples, which has allowed us to calculate not only the proportion (percentage), but also the absolute amount of hemoglobin available for oxygen transport, which we shall call "functional hemoglobin". |
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http://www.usc.es/spubl/bal_i.htm
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| | DAPSONE (diaminodiphenylsulphone, DDS) |
| | In contrast, sulfhemoglobin cannot to be converted back to hemoglobin by physiological or pharmacological means and therefore, remains for the life of the erythrocyte. | | | Methylene blue is indicated for individuals who are cyanotic and symptomatic or when the methemoglobin concentration in the blood is above 30% in the asymptomatic individual. | | | Concentrations above 55% may be associated with impaired consciousness, acidosis, cardiac arrhythmias, possible violent behavior, seizures, and coma. |
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http://www.maripoisoncenter.com/ctr/9906dapsone.html
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| | Methemoglobinemia Caused by Benzocaine Topical Spray |
| | Cooximetry, which directly measures oxygen saturation and does not rely on assumptions regarding its relationship to PO2, will provide accurate readings.1 In addition, methemoglobin levels can be measured with this technique, with serial determinations allowing the efficacy of treatment to be assessed. | | | Under normal conditions, methemoglobin is rapidly converted back to hemoglobin by reduced cytochrome b5. | | | Methemoglobin greater than 10% of total hemoglobin will result in cyanosis.1 Symptoms are not usually noted unless the level of methemoglobin is greater than 35%, at which point the affected individual will have dyspnea and lethargy.1 |
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http://www.sma.org/smj1997/septsmj97/18text.htm
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| | Drinking Water: Nitrate and Methemoglobinemia ("Blue Baby" Syndrome), G98-1369 |
| | When methemoglobin levels are elevated, the condition known as methemoglobinemia, often referred to as "blue baby syndrome", can result as the blood lacks the ability to carry sufficient oxygen to individual body cells. | | | Although methemoglobin is continually produced in humans, an enzyme in the human body reduces methemoglobin to hemoglobin. | | | Methemoglobin lacks oxygen-carrying capacity and the condition known as methemoglobinemia occurs. |
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http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/water/g1369.htm
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| | Nitrate Poisoning of Livestock |
| | Blood in which at least 10 percent of the hemoglobin has been converted to methemoglobin is chocolate-brown in color. | | | Conversion of one-third of the hemoglobin to methemoglobin produces only slight symptoms; life is still possible when 60 percent of the hemoglobin has been converted; but death is a certainty when hemoglobin has fallen to one-third normal levels. | | | Respiratory distress is not as obvious as when associated with choking or pneumonia. |
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http://www.cahe.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/b-807.html
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| | Methemoglobin: Its Causes and Effects on Pulmonary Function and SpO Readings |
| | Dose-response of Nitrate and Other Methemoglobin Inducers on Methemoglobin Levels of Infants. | | | Methemoglobin levels can be anywhere up to 50% in these patients. | | | There are some side effects of the drug, which require careful monitoring of the patient including, dyspnea, dysuria, and mild hemolysis. |
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http://www.rtso.org/netservices/student/papers/Methemoglobi1.htm
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| | CJEM JCMU 2001; 3(1) :: Case Report |
| | Because multiple-wavelength co-oximetry is not universally available, emergency physicians should be aware of other clinical findings and laboratory tests suggestive of methemoglobinemia. | | | Under physiologic circumstances methemoglobin is continuously produced as a result of the oxidizing effect of oxygen; however, it is rapidly converted back to hemoglobin, predominantly by cytochrome-b5 reductase (a.k.a. | | | Methemoglobin concentrations ranged from 19% to 75%, and one death, from irreversible shock 24 hours after the onset of symptoms, was reported. |
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http://www.caep.ca/004.cjem-jcmu/004-00.cjem/vol-3.2001/v31-051.htm
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| | Nitrates in Livestock Feeding, G74-170-A |
| | Nitrite in the bloodstream changes hemoglobin to methemoglobin. | | | Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to other tissues but methemoglobin is incapable of carrying oxygen. | | | Besides the chocolate-colored blood, other physical signs of nitrate poisoning include difficult and rapid breathing, muscle tremors, low tolerance to exercise, incoordination, diarrhea, frequent urination, collapse and death. |
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http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/beef/g170.htm
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| | Postmortem Methemoglobin Concentrations and Their Significance |
| | There is little information available concerning the validity of postmortem methemoglobin concentration as an indicator of antemortem methemoglobinemia. | | | Increased concentrations of methemoglobin can be formed by the action of certain chemicals or drugs, or in individuals with specific genetic defects. | | | Small concentrations of methemoglobin are present in the blood of normal individuals. |
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http://www.astm.org/JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/470.htm
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| | Nitrate (CASRN 14797-55-8), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency |
| | Concentrations above 10% may cause a bluish color to skin and lips (cyanosis), while values above 25% lead to weakness, rapid pulse and tachypnea (Jones et al., 1973). | | | Death may occur if methemoglobin values exceed 50-60%. | | | Conversion of nitrate to nitrite is mostly mediated by bacteria in the gastrointestinal system. |
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http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0076.htm
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| | ATSDR - MMG: Aniline |
| | ABG measurements, chest radiography, and ECG should be performed if cyanosis or dyspnea are present. | | | Methemoglobin formation from aniline exposure may develop insidiously, and onset of symptoms may be delayed for hours. | | | Methylene blue (tetramethylthionine chloride) should be considered for patients who have signs and symptoms of hypoxia (other than cyanosis) or for patients who have methemoglobin levels >30%. |
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http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg171.html
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| | RRR_1(1):1999 |
| | You can read about activities from this past summerÂ’s research program and view the titles and presenters of the monthly seminars offered by the Foundation. | | | Above this level the individual begins to experience shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, loss of orientation and headache. | | | Unfortunately, as stated above, once collected from the patient, blood methemoglobin levels change with time. |
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http://www.frfoundation.org/report.htm
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| | Determination of Methemoglobin and Total Hemoglobin in Toxicological Studies by Derivative Spectrophotometry |
| | This facilitates interpretation of the results and provides a better understanding of the significance of methemoglobin saturation in specific cases. | | | Based on an analysis of interferences, the presence of other hemoglobin subforms or of endogenous components of plasma does not detract in any way from the performance of the method. | | | Determination of Methemoglobin and Total Hemoglobin in Toxicological Studies by Derivative Spectrophotometry |
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http://www.jatox.com/abstracts/2002/march/67-cruz.htm
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| | New Page 1 |
| | Normally, methemoglobin accounts for 1-2% of the hemoglobin in the body. | | | The condition is called methemoglobinemia or "blue baby" syndrome. | | | At particular risk are infants less than one year old, pregnant women, and persons of all ages with reduced gastric acidity (which allows for bacterial proliferation thus increasing nitrate reduction) or a hereditary lack of methemoglobin reductase (the enzyme responsible for reducing methemoglobin to hemoglobin). |
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http://ag.arizona.edu/~claudiah/healtheffects.htm
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| | Nitrate: Health Effects in Drinking Water |
| | Few clearcut symptoms are associated with methemoglobin levels between 1 and 10 percent. | | | Babies with this condition have bluish mucous membranes and may also have digestive and respiratory problems. | | | Some individuals, however, may have increased susceptibility to methemoglobinemia due to exposure to antioxidant medications and chemicals, or other conditions that may inhibit the body's ability to reconvert methemoglobin to hemoglobin (such as pregnancy or certain rare diseases). |
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http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/facts-slides-self/facts/nit-heef-grw85.html
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| | Methemoglobinemia: Primary Industrial Chemicals and Non-Occupational Exposures |
| | There are no signs or symptoms when 0 to 15% methemoglobin levels are present. | | | Symptoms of hypoxia such as dyspnea, fatigue and headache appear when the concentration reaches 20 to 45%. | | | "Methemoglobin is the oxidized form of hemoglobin in which the iron in the heme component has been oxidized from the ferrous (+2) to the ferric (+3) state. |
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http://www.haz-map.com/methem.html
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| | Measurement of methemoglobin in cadaveric blood |
| | Poisoning with methemoglobin toxins are not rare in forensic medical practice, but there is still no reliable method for measuring methemoglobin in cadaveric biological fluids and tissues. | | | The author investigated factors affecting evaluation of natural amounts of methemoglobin in the blood, compared several methods for methemoglobin measurements, and developed qualitative characteristics indicating the presence of methemoglobin in cadaveric blood. | | | A rational method for measuring methemoglobin in the blood, blood clots, and tissues is offered for forensic chemical and biochemical evaluations. |
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http://www.medlit.ru/medeng/sud01e0432.htm
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| | AllRefer Health - Hemoglobin Derivatives (Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Carboxyhemoglobin, Methemoglobin, Sulfhemoglobin) ... |
| | Methemoglobin occurs when the iron that is part of hemoglobin is altered such that it does not carry oxygen well. | | | This is a blood test to detect and measure the percentage of abnormal hemoglobin derivatives that result from drugs such as nitroglycerin or poisoning by carbon monoxide. | | | AllRefer Health - Hemoglobin Derivatives (Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Carboxyhemoglobin, Methemoglobin, Sulfhemoglobin) - Test/Medical Exams/Tests |
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http://health.allrefer.com/health/hemoglobin-derivatives-info.html
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| | Data Sheet |
| | Tolerance to amyl nitrite may develop with repeated use of the drug for prolonged periods of time. | | | This effect on vascular smooth muscle results in coronary vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance and left ventricular preload and afterload. | | | Amyl nitrite should be taken by the patient when seated or lying down. |
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http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/Profs/datasheet/a/Amylnitriteinhferal.htm
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| | Nitrate in Drinking Water, Bulletin 744-87 |
| | Methemoglobin - formed by nitrate combined with hemoglobin in the blood; does not carry oxygen to body cells. | | | Leaching - the movement of materials (such as nitrate) down through the soil with water. | | | Methemoglobinemia - the presence of methemoglobin in the blood; can be caused by nitrate poisoning; commonly called blue-baby disease. |
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http://ohioline.osu.edu/b744
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