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| | [No title] |
 | | To the striatum Substantia nigra Mesocortical /mesolimbic pathway Tubero-hypophyseal pathway Nigrostriatal pathway L \ ] n o CJ$ OJ QJ CJ$ CJ0 CJ, OJ QJ CJ j CJ UmH L \ ] n o J K L \ ] n o . |
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http://www.medicine.man.ac.uk/medsem3/sem3/antidepressants/figure4.doc
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| | Dopaminergic pathways - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Malfunctions of the mesocortical pathway are associated with | | | This pathway is associated with motor control, and degeneration of this pathway is related to Parkinson's disease. | | | The neurons of the dopaminergic pathways have axons which run the entire length of the pathway. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways
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| | THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM |
| | By blocking this pathway, antipsychotic drugs reduce the intense emotions caused by conditions such as schizophrenia. | | | The third, nigrostriatal pathway projects axons from the substantia nigra to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), which is involved in motor control. | | | Degeneration of the neurons in this pathway is associated with the trembling and muscular rigidity symptomatic of Parkinsons disease. |
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http://www.thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_03/a_03_cl/a_03_cl_que/a_03_cl_que.html
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| | Mesolimbic pathway |
| | The mesolimbic pathway is one of the neural pathway s in the brain which links the ventral tegmentum area in the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens in the limbic system. | | | The mesolimbic pathway is one of the major pathways targeted by antipsychotic medication. | | | It is one of the four major pathways where the neurotransmitter dopamine is found. |
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http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/m/mesolimbic-pathway.htm
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| | The mesocortical limbic pathway |
| | What DA pathway from VTA to N. accumbens mediates +RF?? |
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http://psychology.okstate.edu/faculty/psycdgt/Psych3073/tst3rev/sld010.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | However, studies, where the function of certain dopaminergic or noradrenergic pathways were blocked pharmacologically or with selective lesions, strongly supported the role of dopaminergic but not that of noradrenergic system as a substrate for the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse (Fibiger 1978; Wise and Rompr 1989). | | | These neuronal pathways are believed to mediate the reinforcing effects of different stimuli, which exert control over behaviour. | | | The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in the various cognitive processes such as regulation of working memory and focused attention and these functions are modulated by mesocortical dopamine pathway (Barkley 1998; Le Moal and Simon 1991). |
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http://www.cellscience.com/CCA.htm
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| | Neurobiology of schizophrenia |
| | mesocortical pathway, which projects from the brainstem (midbrain) areas to the cortex, particularly the prefrontal cortex which is involved in the temporal organization of behavior, in motivation, planning, attention and social behavior. | | | Thus, the behavioral effects of PCP may be due in part to its ability to enhance DA release in the mesolimbic pathway while blocking DA release in the mesocortical pathway. | | | In fact, the term neuroleptic was coined by the first clinicians who observed the psychomotor slowing and emotional quieting associated with antipsychotic drugs. |
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http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/psychology/psy760/schizo.htm
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| | CNS - Diseases of Motor Function |
| | The Nigrostriatal Pathway and Extrapyramidal Control of Skeletal Muscle | | | mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways are organized in parallel | | | NA is interface between mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways |
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http://www.mercer.edu/pharmacy/faculty/holbrook/dss2a2.html
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| | New Page 5 |
| | This pathway is an integral part of the limbic system and also plays a major role in reinforcing behavior. | | | In fact, it is primarily restricted to four pathways within the brain, known as the dopaminergic pathways. | | | These different systems are associated with different aspects of perception and behavior. |
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http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/Ahschizophrenia/Neurochemistry.htm
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| | Who/What is Tuberoinfundibular pathway? - KnowLex the free Encyclopedia |
| | Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Bio... | | | However, this effect suggests that the tuberoinfundibular pathway is involved in | | | antipsychotic drugs block dopamine in the tuberoinfundibular pathway which can cause an increase in blood |
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http://www.knowlex.org/lang/en/lexikon/Tuberoinfundibular_pathway.html
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| | Week 9 |
| | Because there is a reduction in the levels of dopamine in the mesocortical pathway, there can be a worsening of the negative symptoms. | | | At a conceptual level, if you were to increase the levels of dopamine along this pathway, then you should be able to reduce or eliminate the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. | | | The antipsychotic medications can produce tremors and difficulty with movement as a consequence of reducing the available dopamine along this pathway. |
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http://gargoyle.arcadia.edu/psychology/blustein/neuro/Lecture_Notes/Week_1/Week_2/Week_3/Week_4/week_9.htm
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| | Psychology Web Pages |
| | The Mesocortical pathway is thought to play a role in abilities linked to the prefrontal cortex, such as motivation and planning. | | | Damage to this pathway disrupts natural behaviours such as feeding and drinking and also seems to reduce the rewarding effects of drugs such as cocaine. | | | Several methods allow researchers to investigate the functions served by individual pathways or brain structures. |
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http://ibs.derby.ac.uk/~keith/b&b/intro3.html
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| | Understanding Atypical Antipsychotics |
| | Unfortunately, antagonism of D2 receptors in another pathway, the nigrostriatal pathway, which projects to an area of the brain responsible for body movements, leads to increased movement-related side effects. | | | Antagonism of this pathway leads to an increase in prolactin levels, a common side effect of antipsyhotic medication. | | | The fourth dopamine pathway, the tuberoinfundibular pathway projects to the anterior pituitary gland and plays a role in controlling prolactin secretion. |
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http://www.jcaremanagement.com/html/understanding_atypical_antipsy.html
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| | [No title] |
| | These pathways are known as the nigro-striatal pathway, meso-limbic and meso-cortical pathways respectively. | | | The dorsal noradrenaline pathway originates in small nuclei (about 3000 cells in the rat) in the dorsal pons called the locus coeruleus. | | | The dopamine pathways are even more restricted in distribution. |
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http://www.psych.mcgill.ca/courses/522/UNIT4.htm
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| | Electrical Brain Stimulation |
| | Since dopamine pathways do not project to other dopamine pathways, non-dopaminergic components undoubtedly occur in the reinforcement system(s) of the brain. | | | One might, in fact, argue that we would expect a general inhibition of most, if not all behavior, when reinforcement-related pathways are blocked (if, as is generally accepted, reinforcement is an integral part of all learned behavior and nearly all behavior is learned). | | | There is also evidence for a separate cortical reinforcement system that originates in the prefrontal cortex (where it interfaces with dopaminergic pathways) and projects to limbic cortex in the cingulate gyrus and in the entorhinal region of the temporal lobe. |
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http://www.wireheading.com/brainstim
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| | unit 3, lecture 1 |
| | Some possible mechanisms for dopaminergic underactivity in mesocortical pathway? | | | Traditionally the most widely prescribed antipsychotic drugs have been the "typical" antipsychotics: | | | Some possible mechanisms for dopaminergic overactivity in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways: |
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http://psych-www.colorado.edu/users/spencer/psyc2022/Handout22.html
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| | Neural pathway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Therefore, most neural pathways are made up of axons. | | | axons have myelin sheaths, then the pathway appears bright white because myelin is primarily lipid. | | | The first named pathways were evident even in a poorly-preserved gross brain, and were named by the great anatomists of the Renaissance using cadaver material. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_pathway
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| | Mesocortical pathway |
| | mesocortical pathway innervates part of the frontal cortex and may be involved in certain aspects of learning and memory | | | The mesolimbic dopaminergic system is implicated in the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse |
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http://www.bhc.edu/EastCampus/leeb/abpsy/abpsych10c/tsld019.htm
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| | Re: stimulant tolerance - what to take for |
| | This pathway connects dopamine neurons in parts of the limbic system with dopamine neurons in parts of the cortex. | | | Going further with this idea, the VTA acts somewhat like a gatekeeper to the the dopaminergic system's mesocortical pathway. | | | I haven't found a clear explanation of what causes it but it does involve hyperglutaminergic activity, let's say in the VTA. |
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http://www.dr-bob.org/babble/20010714/msgs/70284.html
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| | Team projects on www for Psychopharmacology |
| | By this, it is notnecessarily the excitatory or inhibitory changes directly affecting the action of the thalamus, but theeffect clozapine has on other areas may initially change the behavioral aspects of schizophrenia. | | | In conclusion, it should be noted that clozapine seems to work well in conjunction to these threesystems and is helping lead the way to understanding the complicated pathways that incorporate thedysfunction of dopaminergic systems. | | | With this understanding,an attempt will be made to explain the inhibitory and excitatory changes within the neuronal systemsinvolving schizophrenia and come to identify clozapine's influence on the brain. |
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http://sorrel.humboldt.edu/~morgan/clozapi2.htm
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| | Antipsychotic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | All antipsychotic drugs tend to block the D | | | neuroreceptors in the dopamine pathways in the brain, so the normal effect of dopamine release in the relevant | | | This combination of effects on both dopamine and serotonin receptors might be why atypical antipsychotic drugs tend to have less side effects than typicals and have a seemingly additional effect on the 'negative symptoms' of schizophrenia. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic
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| | Ventral tegmentum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | the mesocortical pathway, which connects the VTA to cortical areas in the frontal lobes | | | the mesolimbic pathway, which connects the VTA to the nucleus accumbens | | | It is considered to be part of the pleasure or reward system, one of the major sources of incentive and behavioural motivation. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral%20tegmental%20area
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| | Body Recomposition Forums - My queer neurochemistry |
| | Often i find myself having "suicidal fantasys" and the like, in other words, the depression can be quite severe. | | | Prolactin levels are controlled by the tuberoinfundibular DA pathway, which projects to the hypothalamus... | | | In fact, a lot of my symptoms align perfectly with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia - depression, emotional blunting, ADD, some mild OCD tendencies, etc. Now, the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are all related to dopamine deficiency in the prefrontal cortex (and along the mesocortical DA pathway). |
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http://bodyrecomposition.com/forums/showthread.php?t=1841
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| | [No title] |
| | From the nucleus accumbens, a GABA pathway projects to the ventral pallidum and a second GABA pathways | | | Glutame release from the prefrontal cortical - ventral tegmental pathway in intact conscious | | | This approach allows (for the first time!) a description of schizophrenia in cognitive |
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http://www.ucd.ie/ofrss/html/medicin/humanan/2298.html
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| | Lecture5 |
| | used DA-neurotoxin 6-OHDA -> unilateral damage to nigrostriatal pathway |
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http://pavlov.psyc.queensu.ca/~psyc371/lecture10.htm
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| | Introduction to Dopamine |
| | A series of neurons that are connected by synapses forms a pathway called a dopaminergic pathway. | | | The mesolimbic and mesocortical systems appear to be important in the initiation and maintenance of goal directed and reward mediated behaviors. | | | The mesocortical system has cell bodies located in the ventral tegmental area as well, but this pathway terminates on the prefrontal cortex. |
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http://www.macalester.edu/~psych/whathap/UBNRP/Dopamine/intro.html
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| | Dopamine |
| | The positive symptoms of psychosis are a result of excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway. | | | This creates a lack of dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway. | | | Evidence for this hypothesis is that blockade of D2 receptors decreases auditory hallucinations and delusions. |
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http://www.uchsc.edu/sm/psych/ppfr/dopamine.htm
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| | Atypical Antipsychotics: Administrative Issues and Cost Differentiation |
| | Positive symptoms of schizophrenia appear to be closely associated with hyperactivity in the mesolimbic pathway; negative symptoms apparently are more closely associated with hypofunction in the mesocortical pathway. | | | Thought to mediate positive and negative symptoms of psychosis and cognitive side effects of neuroleptic medications. | | | Also thought to be involved in the formation of delusions and hallucinations of psychosis, (+) symptoms. |
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http://www.mesinc.com/education/monographs2/cme002/content/02.html
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| | Dopamine, but Not Norepinephrine or Serotonin, Reuptake Inhibition Reverses Motor Deficits in ... |
| | receptors tonically suppress the activity of mesocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic, but not serotonergic, pathways: a combined dialysis and electrophysiological analysis in the rat. | | | -2 adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists on circling behavior in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway. | | | such drugs act preferentially to alter mesolimbic or mesocortical |
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http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/303/3/952
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| | drug of abuse.html |
| | 3) the VTA also gives rise to the smaller mesocortical pathway, which innervates part of the frontal cortex and may be involved in certain aspects of learning and memory. | | | 1) the nigrostriatal pathway that originates from dopamine-synthesizing neurons of the midbrain substantia nigra complex and innervates the dorsal striatum (caudate-putamen). | | | Neuron degeneration along the nigrostriatal pathway leads to Parkinson's disease; |
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http://www.unifr.ch/biochem/DREYER/drabuse.html
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| | dopamine.html |
| | Our aim is currently to complement in greater details such analyses, focusing on the expression of guidance cues in the dopaminergic pathway during late embryogenesis and early postnatal development and during action of drugs of abuse, mainly cocaine. | | | Also recent data display several collapsins (mainly SemB and F) in the striatum at stages correlating with the development of the midbrain dopaminergic system. | | | One important pathway of D1 signaling includes DA- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP)-32 phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) which inhibits dephosphorylation of NMDA receptors via inhibition of an endogenous protein phosphatase-1, thus enhancing NMDA responses (Blank et al., 1997). |
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http://www.unifr.ch/biochem/DREYER/%20dopamine.html
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| | [No title] |
| | These fibers run in the medial forebrain bundle along with many NA and 5-HT-containing fibers. | | | The second important system is the mesolimbic/ mesocortical pathway, whose cell bodies occurring in groups in the midbrain with fibers projecting, also via the medial forebrain bundle, to parts of the limbic system, especially the nucleus accumbens and amygdaloid nucleus and to the cortex. | | | About 75% of the DA in brain, occurs in the nigrostriatal pathway, with cell bodies in the substantia |
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http://www.uib.no/epid/Supercourse/lecture/lec2221/009.htm
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| | Untitled Document |
| | The other proposes that the nigrostriatal pathway and the basal ganglia form the substrate. | | | One model proposes that dopamine mesocortical pathway is the substrate. | | | They differ on the hypothesized neural substrate for the gating mechanism. |
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http://www.cacs.louisiana.edu/%7Emaida/ICScolloqCurrent/fall03/moustafaFall03.html
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| | Atypical Antipsychotics |
| | Aripiprazole exhibits typical antagonism at dopamine (D2) receptors in the mesolimbic pathway, as well as having unique partial agonist activity at D2 receptors in the mesocortical pathway. | | | Aripiprazole (Abilitat trade mark, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is the most recent addition to the new class of atypical antipsychotic medications, following the release of clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine and ziprasidone. |
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http://www.rxbyfax.com/atypicala.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | more DA blockade in mesolimbic pathway including more D-3 and D-4 ? |
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http://www.nymc.edu/psychiatry/bsp/antipsychotic%20meds-3-19.pps
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