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Topic: Mental models

Ads by Google      Mental Models Mental models are constructed by experiences and modified as a result of every new experience. Mental models affect such factors as the effort we devote to tasks, our persistence, our expectation and prediction of results, and our levels of satisfaction after task execution (Jih and Reeves, 1992). When learners possess an adequate mental model of the structure and functions of hypertext or other complex integrated learning systems, they are less likely to become disoriented and they are more likely to learn. http://hagar.up.ac.za/jf/mentmod/mentmod.htm      Mental Models Mental models are psychological representations of reality which we carry in our minds. By interacting with our environment, with others, and with the artifacts of technology, we form internal, mental models of ourselves and of the systems with which we are interacting. These mental models provide predictive and explanatory power for understanding the interaction or the behaviour of systems and how they work. http://www.sgzz.ch/home/links/stp/mentmod.htm      Mental models: a gentle guide for outsiders Models can also represent abstract notions, such as negation and ownership, which are impossible to visualize. Like pictures in Wittgenstein’s (1922) "picture" theory of the meaning of language, mental models have a structure that corresponds to the structure of what they represent. The mental model theory assumes that logically-untrained reasoners are not equipped with formal rules of inference, but rather rely on their ability to understand premises. http://www.si.umich.edu/ICOS/gentleintro.html      HOT Topics! Article A mental model provides an immediate expectation about what you think is going to happen and the emotional system will evaluate that positively (positive affect or valence) or negatively (negative affect or valence). I could be concerned about their mental models but I'm also practically concerned about how to design a particular device with access to the web site. This "imagining" process is what we mean by mental models; how people take their understanding of something to simulate what would happen in a novel situation. http://www.carleton.ca/hotlab/hottopics/Articles/DonNormanInterview.html      Boxes and Arrows: What’s Your Idea of a Mental Model? Mental models contain assumptions that allow people to predict behavior. Additionally, we should be able to provide clear and credible specifics when we tell our colleagues that there is mismatch between user and system mental models. If it is important to the mental model, include any subtle variations in meaning for these alternates. http://www.boxesandarrows.com/archives/whats_your_idea_of_a_mental_model.php      Mental Models Mental models are valuable areas of study for cognitive science and human-computer interaction. In many cases, mental model information is inferred from the behavior of subjects performing tasks in complex systems. A mental model must be “runnable” and able to provide feedback on the results. http://www.lauradove.info/reports/mental%20models.htm      Mental Models Additionally, understanding effective and ineffective models will provide us advice for designing the kinds of scaffolding, modeling, and coaching that should be included in learning environments to support effective mental model deveelpment. In order to provide useful recommendations, it is necessary to formulate clear and operationalizable representations of mental models and then to assess changes in those models that may result from complex interactions with constructivist learning environments. The purpose of this paper is to begin to explore the utility of mental models as learning outcomes from using complex and situated learning environments. http://www.ittheory.com/jonassen2.htm      [No title] But, although mental models may differ markedly in their content, there is no evidence to suggest that they differ in representational format or in the processes that construct and manipulate them. The vast range of mental models must be constructed out of finite means--out of primitive symbols and the basic processes that operate on them. The modern formulation of the concept of a mental model is due to Kenneth Craik (1943). http://www.cs.umu.se/kurser/TDBC12/HT99/Laird.html      Gender Equity Project Mental models is a discipline through which practitioners refine their skills in reflection and inquiry. One of the tools that are used to help people practice the discipline of mental models is the ladder of inference. Their arguments for the importance of mental models and their processes through which practitioners master the discipline are equally valid in the current context. http://equity.tamu.edu/strategic/mental_models.html      [No title] These mental models that hinder the acceptance of new insights are deeply ingrained internal images that managers working in a given organization tend to internalize unconsciously and often fail to adjust even though they are no longer relevant in a rapidly changing business environment. Thus, there exists an imperative need to study the discipline of mental model management, which basically involves the conscious monitoring, testing and improvement of the internal images that can greatly influence the manner that an organization's managers perceive the business environment in which they operate. The way mental models shape our perceptions is no less important in management. http://deming.eng.clemson.edu/pub/tqmbbs/tools-techs/menmodel.txt      Mental Models - foreword Mental Models for Managers contains a selection of what we have found in ten years of this type of work to be the most useful mental models - the ones which have provided the most leverage in helping people to understand and to manage situations effectively. We believe that practical understanding is based on, and builds up through, the mental models we develop of ourselves and other people, of how to achieve results and of how things work. We believe that practical understanding is based on, and builds up through, the mental models we develop of ourselves and other people, of how to achieve results and of how things work." /> http://www.mentalmodels.co.uk/foreword.htm      Evolving an Integral Ecology of Mind It could be regarded as a detailed 'top-down' model of the attractor dynamics of our cognitive level 2, but shows less emphasis on interacting values, emotions and the embeddedness of mind (in both brain and environment) than we think necessary to model human minds. Let us make a start formulating a more integrated model by first approaching the subject from the opposite direction, by considering evolutionary theory and the animal kingdom as a way of positioning our psychological model and then using this biological perspective to illustrate recent findings from the complex systems sciences. Some possible benefits of our model are listed in section 11, followed by our conclusions regarding the state of the art in such perspectives. http://www.calresco.org/lucas/eiem.htm      P540 - Schema theory & mental models For each problem you identify, suggest strategies in accordance with schema/mental models theory that might have resulted in a more successful outcome. Why are schema theory and mental models important in teaching and learning? Schema theory, on the other hand, attempts to address specifically how we actively make meaning of information. http://education.indiana.edu/~p540/webcourse/schema.html      William F Brewer at the Beckman Institute The research has focused on forms of knowledge representation, such as images, schemas, naive theories, and mental models. Mishra, P. and Brewer, W.F. (2003), “Theories as a Form of Mental Representation and Their Role in the Recall of Text Information,” Contemporary Educational Psychology, 28, pp. This work involves studying how humans comprehend and recall information from different domains. http://www.beckman.uiuc.edu/profiles/faculty/w-brewer.html      Mental Models Barbara Tversky ** introduced the concept of Cognitive Map to refer to the mental model and the internal representation of reality in a structured way. If they aren’t complementary and clear they can lead to confusion instead of clarification, since it’s very difficult to get a mental image of a web site, due to the high non linearity of this medium, where you don’t have physical references helping you to incorporate its structure. Phenomena like “Motion Induced Blindness” reveal that the brain uses mental models to approach reality. http://www.infovis.net/E-zine/2002/num_92.htm      Structuring Information With Mental Models: A Tour of Boston Figure 6 shows the combined mental models, a rough TM path drawn over the MDS content-based plot. Figure 6: The mental models combined: a rough TM path superimposed over the MDS content plot. We mentioned above the fact that a variety of mental maps exist for each data set, both within and across individuals. http://www-bcs.mit.edu/people/stephen/papers/chi96/      Mental Models Website This site has won a Psychological Science on the net award for an outstanding contribution to psychology on the internet. The mental model theory of thinking and reasoning is the focus of this Web site. Mental models are representations in the mind of real or imaginary situations. http://www.tcd.ie/Psychology/Ruth_Byrne/mental_models      CONTENTS 3.3 Mental models of natural phenomena and devices APPENDIX 2: SUMMARY PRINCIPLES FROM PSYCHOLOGY OF THINKING AND MENTAL MODELS FOR USER INTERFACES DESIGN (MANKTELOW and JONES, 1987) Table 4: Procedures for mapping propositional representations into mental models (Johnson-Laird, 1983) http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/a.sasse/thesis/Contents.html      Brudirect.com  - Local News They added that sharing experience at international level enables them to avoid becoming static as well as benefiting from success stories and good practices. "Developed at world level, it allows preparation towards international cooperation on common issues that enables us to help each other identify the `mental models' we are using as well as making the necessary 'mind-shifts ' which are required to find and implement innovative solutions," they said. When asked to comment on scouting, they said now there is a world strategy, based on a shared vision to strengthen the feeling of belonging to a united, world-wide movement for both national organisations and individual scouts. http://www.brudirect.com/DailyInfo/News/Archive/Dec04/041204/nite13.htm      CV -- Barbara Tversky Tversky, B. Navigating by mind and by body. Spatial mental models derived from survey and route descriptions. Heiser, J. and Tversky, B. Mental models of complex systems: Structure and function. http://www-psych.stanford.edu/~bt/cv.html      J.UCS Volume 8 (2002) Dittrich G. XML and MPEG-7 for Interactive Annotation and Retrieval using Semantic Meta-data Westbomke J., Dittrich G. Mental Models to Represent Dynamics - Using the Example "factorial" Milchrahm E., Hasler A. The Role of Interaction Histories in Mental Model Building and Knowledge Sharing in the Legal Domain http://www.jucs.org/jucs_volume_8      Modelling Bounded Rationality in Agent-based Simulations using the Evolution of Mental Models Two example models using this technique are presented. In this technique an agent has a population of mental models which evolve. Modelling Bounded Rationality in Agent-based Simulations using the Evolution of Mental Models http://www.cpm.mmu.ac.uk/cpmrep33.html      Mental Models ® -- User Interaction Design: Home Turn Your MRD Into Reality At Mental Models Mental Models ® -- User Interaction Design: Home http://www.mentalmodels.com/      Creating mental models. Successful systems should include the capability of exploiting old models - creating pictures of unknown domains that exploit our existing mental models and perceptions - and creating new models - enabling the development of new classes of mental worlds. The real power of computer graphics lies in its ability to accurately represent objects for which physical models are difficult or impossible to build, combined with its ability to allow the user to interact with simulated worlds. How can we expect computer graphics and interactive graphics methods to help attain these goals? http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/research/ieee94/node4.html      Sparks of Innovation in Human-Computer Interaction Excerpt by Ben Shneiderman: Increasingly, researchers and designers are conducting experiments on the profound effects that design improvements can have on users: reduced learning times, faster performance on tasks, lower rate of errors, higher subjective satisfaction, and better human retention over time. Empirical research has produced breakthroughs in the design of menu selection, form fill-in, pointing devices, and direct manipulation interactions. The Electronic Teaching Theater: interactive hypermedia and mental models of the classroom, Kent L. Norman TR: 90-13 http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/pubs/books/sparks-of-innovation.shtml      @PennGSE: A Review of Research This autobiographical method highlights the experiences and concerns of both faculty and students regarding issues such as cultural biases built into curricula, the lack of faculty mentors for African-American students, and the influence of stereotypes in academic settings. The authors also provide models for creating comfortable learning spaces for students, particularly through methods of collaboration that transgress power boundaries in order to establish inclusive discussion. This article appears in Teachers College Record, 106 (4). http://www.gse.upenn.edu/review/research_notes.html      The Reusability, Collaboration, and Learning Troupe The EduCommons Project is a truly interdisciplinary approach to using technology to help people learn, bringing together the power of five revolutionary ideas from several academic areas: In Charles M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional Design Theories and Models: A New Paradigm of Instructional Technology. a learning objects-based instructional design model (with IEEE 1484.12 conforming educational resource metadata), http://rclt.usu.edu/research.html

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