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| | UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1988 Issue 1 - 002 |
 | | Intravenous drug abusers, both in and out of treatment, must be informed of the dangers of transmitting HIV to their sexual partners and offspring, and also of becoming infected with HIV by sexual contact with other intravenous drug abusers. | | | Many intravenous drug abusers are sexually active, and a substantial portion of female addicts and some male addicts resort to prostitution to support their drug habits. | | | Since a significant number of intravenous drug abusers who enter treatment continue to use drugs occasionally or subsequently relapse into intravenous drug abuse, intravenous drug abusers in treatment must also be informed about the transmission of HIV and effective methods of cleaning needles. |
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http://www.unodc.org/unodc/pt/bulletin/bulletin_1988-01-01_1_page003.html
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| | ARU/Buffalo: A psychobiological model of addiction |
| | Drug use is viewed as a continuum, progressing from casual use to addiction (see Jaffe 1975); the drug assumes increasing control of the individual’s behavior as the pattern of drug use approaches addiction. | | | With the perspective advocated by this chapter, drug addiction is viewed as an extension of normal behavioral processes, and the addiction potential of a drug is derived from its ability to activate brain mechanisms involved in the control of normal behavior. | | | The fact that one drug class produces signs of general behavioral stimulation and another drug class produces general behavioral sedation might be attributed to "side effects" of these drugs and not deemed important in understanding their addictive properties. |
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http://wings.buffalo.edu/aru/ARUreport04.html
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| | OSU College of Pharmacy |
| | The exact frequency of adverse drug events associated with intravenous drug delivery is known, but given the percentage of drug therapy that is given by this route in the acute care setting is likely to be high. | | | With this system, a syringe is prepared containing a drug which is placed in a device with a spring that exerts constant positive pressure on the plunger of the syringes. | | | Drug accuracy in pediatric care is even more critical because of the more narrow therapeutic range of safety. |
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http://www.pharmacy.ohio-state.edu/latiolais/whtppr.html
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| | Features : Intravenous Drug Use Accelerates HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Asia |
| | For many street children, teenagers and youth in general the reasons for initiating drug use are varied but the common elements found are often a mixture of economic uncertainty, poverty, loss of traditional values, feelings of marginalisation and alienation, poor education, unemployment and often peer pressure. | | | Consequently it is not uncommon to mix heroin with the blood of a friend and with one syringe proceed to share the needle among a group of friends. | | | The vast majority are registered involuntarily because according to Chinse law, drug users must be rehabilitated and consequently the country has adopted compulsory measures as their fundamental approach. |
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http://www.youandaids.org/Features/IDU20May2003.asp
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| | Risk Behaviors for HIV Transmission among Intravenous-Drug Users Not in Drug Treatment -- United States, 1987-1989 |
| | Intravenous drug abusers and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): demographics, drug use, and needle sharing patterns. | | | Objectives of the NIDA project included 1) collection of information on drug use and sexual behaviors of IVDUs not in treatment, 2) assessment of knowledge about HIV transmission and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among IVDUs and their sex partners, and 3) communication of information regarding HIV transmission and AIDS to IVDUs and their sex partners. | | | A major limitation to preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among intravenous-drug users (IVDUs) has been that most information about IVDUs' drug use and sexual behavior has been derived from studies of the most accessible subgroup (i.e., persons in drug-treatment programs) and therefore may not be representative of all IVDUs (1,2). |
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http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001609.htm
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| | MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Drug abuse and dependence |
| | Physical dependence on a substance (needing a drug to function) is not necessary or sufficient to define addiction. | | | Drug intoxication and drug overdose may be accidental or intentional. | | | Children who grow up in an environment of illicit drug use may first see their parents using drugs. |
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001522.htm
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| | Austria (population 7.6 million) |
| | Drug therapies are only available in psychiatric hospitals, in Vienna 30 places are available. | | | HIV infection among drug users varies in different regions between 12-30% in Vienna, and 50% in the western parts of Austria.' 28% of all AIDS cases occur among drug users. | | | The number of persons with HIV is thought to be between 12,000 and 14,000, official surveys say only 4,500.44,5% of those are drug users.' The estimated number of IDUs (intravenous drug users) with AIDS differs between 224 (OAIDZ) and 300 (AHW). |
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http://www.drugtext.org/count/austria1.html
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| | Intravenous drug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | As it is one of the most effective methods of administering drugs with rapid effect, it is used widely used in medical practice and by recreational drug users. | | | Reuse, known colloquially as needle sharing, is common among users of illegal drugs. | | | An intravenous drug (IV drug) is a drug administered intravenously, either by an intravenous drip or a syringe. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_drug
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| | Drug-resistant HIV often transmitted among intravenous drug users |
| | The univariate and multivariate association of these outcomes with sociodemographic, alcohol and drug use, sexual risk behavior, clinical, and health care access and utilization variables measured at the concomitant visit were examined. | | | NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - The transmission of drug-resistant HIV among intravenous drug users (IDUs) who participate in high-risk behaviors is high, according to a new study. | | | Evidence of increasing prevalence of drug resistance among recent HIV seroconverters indicates a growing public health concern and warrants an examination of the problem from a prevention perspective. |
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http://www.natap.org/2004/HIV/051704_05.htm
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| | ECCATH: Anti-HIV Therapy, Directly Observed Therapy, Can Be Successful With Intravenous Drug Users |
| | Directly observed therapy can be successful in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus in patients who are also intravenous drug users receiving methadone, even when recreational drug use continues. | | | The aim was to determine the efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), in terms of virological and immunological responses, in intravenous drug users. | | | This study indicates that DOT can be successful in HIV patients who are also intravenous drug users receiving methadone, even when recreational drug use continues. |
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http://www.docguide.com/dg.nsf/PrintPrint/40FF565CE32223C985256AF5006FA1FA
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| | Nat' Academies Press, Treating Drug Problems: Volume 2 (1992) |
| | These considerations have apparently prompted changes in the behavior of intravenous drug users in the New York area, where addicts have increased their use of sterile needles and reduced the number of persons with whom they will share drug injection equipment. | | | Over time, the fear of AIDS is likely to reduce both the admiration felt for experienced intravenous users and the willingness to borrow or experiment with their needles and syringes. | | | Death has always been common among intravenous drug users, but AIDS forces a radically different psychology of death in the group. |
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http://www.nap.edu/books/0309043964/html/34.html
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| | United Nations - OCHA IRIN Web Special World AIDS Day 2002 |
| | According to the expert, drug usage had a long history in Iran, but what had changed were the categorisation of users. | | | This in turn has also resulted in a change in the categorisation of drug users. | | | In October, Reza Sarami, who heads the anti-addiction programme of the national anti-narcotics trafficking body, reportedly said drug use was rising by eight percent annually. |
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http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/aids/iran.asp
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| | CellCept Intravenous Drug Information CellCept Intravenous |
| | Patients receiving immunosuppressive regimens involving combinations of drugs, including CellCept, as part of an immunosuppressive regimen are at increased risk of developing lymphomas and other malignancies, particularly of the skin (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). | | | The physician responsible for maintenance therapy should have complete information requisite for the follow-up of the patient. | | | Patients receiving CellCept should be instructed to report immediately any evidence of infection, unexpected bruising, bleeding or any other manifestation of bone marrow depression. |
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http://www.drugs.com/PDR/CellCept_Intravenous.html
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| | Infective Endocarditis in HIV Positive Intravenous Drug Abusers |
| | The most important advance in antibiotic therapy is that noncomplicated S. aureus right-sided endocarditis can be successfully treated with an intravenous 2-week course of nafcillin or cloxacillin plus an aminoglycoside, although probably the aminoglycoside administration could be stopped after the first 3 to 5 days. | | | Currently, between 40% and 90% of IVDA with IE are HIV-infected, and the HIV epidemic has caused a decrease in the incidence of this disease, probably due to changes in drug administration habits undertaken by addicts in order to avoid HIV transmission. | | | Infective Endocarditis in HIV Positive Intravenous Drug Abusers |
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http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/recent/idu/081303e.html
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| | 70 percent of intravenous drug users HIV positive in parts of China [Free Republic] |
| | Drug users, who became infected by sharing needles, were often infected with sub-type B' and C, it said, while all strains, especially the E strain, were transmitted by sexual contact. | | | 70 percent of intravenous drug users HIV positive in parts of China [Free Republic] | | | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) first began appearing in China in the late 1980s and early 1990s amongst drug users in the southwest, according to international health workers. |
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http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a37ad36105418.htm
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| | (S-203) TASK ANALYSIS OF INTRAVENOUS DRUG AND FLUID ADMINISTRATION IN THE OPERATING ROOM |
| | The purpose of this study was to document the time spent during anesthesia on IV drug and fluid administration tasks, and to identify opportunities for improved design of this critical aspect of anesthesia care. | | | INTRODUCTION: Intravenous drug and fluid administration plays a critical role in anesthesia care. | | | Additionally, needle stick injuries are a significant occupational risk to anesthesia providers. |
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http://www.iars.org/abstracts/abstracts/S190/S203.htm
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| | Skin infections in intravenous drug users. DermNet NZ |
| | Skin ulcers are common in intravenous drug users. | | | This is because the skin, venous and lymphatic systems are damaged by the frequent penetration of the skin and consequent low-grade infection. | | | Management involves immediate surgical exploration of the tissue to drain the pus and remove all the dead skin. |
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http://dermnetnz.org/reactions/iv-drug-abuse.html
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| | “US Funding Will Help Sustain Vancouver Intravenous Drug Users Study” |
| | Between 1998 and 2001, VIDUS received $1.5 million in NIH funding to research the effect of a needle exchange on the local HIV epidemic. | | | VIDUS follows more than 1,500 drug users in the Downtown Eastside. | | | “There are serious health complications associated with crystal meth use and this study will help us gain a better understanding of the problem and the ways we can address it.” Vancouver provides a “unique setting” for studying IV drug users, said Kerr. |
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http://www.hivdent.org/researcht/resnUFWH112004.htm
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| | Study: Hepatitis C Has Reached Epidemic Proportions Among Intravenous Drug Users |
| | HCV, like HIV, is transmitted from person to person by the contact of bodily fluids, accounting for its prevalence among injection drug users who share needles and other equipment. | | | Tranchina, a leading advocate for HCV prevention, stressed a need for greater awareness about the virus among both the infected and the uninfected. | | | "There needs to be a lot more outreach to [intravenous drug users]," he told The Week Online. |
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http://www.stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/098/hepc.shtml
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| | NEEDLE-SHARING IS GREATER DISEASE RISK FACTOR THAN SEX |
| | The intravenous drug users in the study were part of an ongoing study of HIV infection called the AIDS Link to Intravenous Experience, or ALIVE. | | | Hepatitis B, a potentially fatal viral liver infection that spreads readily among the general population through unsafe sex, is more easily spread among intravenous drug users by sharing used needles, according to results of a study at The Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health. | | | Evidence of infection was linked with increasing age, increasing time of drug use, injecting drugs at least once daily, and sharing needles during the previous 11 years. |
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http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/1995/AUGUST/19955.HTM
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| | ONE-TREATMENT INTRAVENOUS DRUG FOR HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA |
| | The drug was granted a treatment IND in early l992, allowing its expanded use prior to approval. | | | The drug, cladribine, with the trade name of Leustatin, is given to patients in one continuous treatment over a seven-day period rather than in several separate treatments over a period of months, as required for other cancer drugs. | | | P93-7 Food and Drug Administration FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Susan Cruzan--301-443-3285 March 2, 1993 (Home) -- 301-926-7081 ONE-TREATMENT INTRAVENOUS DRUG FOR HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA The Food and Drug Administration today announced approval of a one-treatment intravenous drug for hairy cell leukemia, a rare, often fatal cancer of the blood and bone marrow. |
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http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ANSWERS/ANS00471.html
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| | Errors occur in half of intravenous drug doses |
| | SOURCE: “Ethnographic study of incidence and severity of intravenous drug errors, BMJ, Volume 326, pp 684-6, March 2003. | | | A total of 1,042 doses were prescribed for 106 patients during the study. | | | Errors occur in half of intravenous drug doses |
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http://www.wcanews.com/archives/2003/apr0203c.htm
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