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| | Patricia L. Martin, Moving Toward An International Standard In Informed Consent: The Impact Of Intersexuality And The ... |
 | | As new complications in the surgery for intersexuals are discovered, or as long-term studies indicate negative results, doctors who were part of a team treating intersexuals may have a duty to locate and inform their patients of potential complications. | | | Some of these intersex issues include the creation of "new genders," definitions of sexuality, the legal issues of rights of the intersexed, medical informed consent and standard of care issues, all of which are being questioned and challenged in part as a result of Reimer's experience and Dr. John Money's experiment. | | | The standard of care for intersexed individuals is changing not only because of the David Reimer story and the influence of the ISNA and other support groups for intersexuals, but also because of the new research and surgical techniques in the medical field which are coming to light. |
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http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/djglp/articles/gen9p135.htm
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| | Intersex states |
| | Intersex states are conditions where a newborn's sex organs (genitals) look unusual, making it impossible to identify the sex of the baby from its outward appearance. | | | Babies born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be treated with cortisone-type drugs and sometimes surgery. | | | They suggest that surgery be delayed until the patient can make informed choices about surgery and intervention. |
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http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/intersex_states.jsp
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| | GLMA Passes Resolution on Intersex Surgery |
| | Intersex activists, who have been subjected to such surgical intervention, call it Intersex Genital Mutilation (IGM). | | | It calls for medical centers involved in the surgery to develop and conduct comprehensive research on the long-term physical and psychological effects of surgical intervention on children born with ambiguous genitals. | | | The GLMA policy calls for involvement of the intersex community with health professionals in formulating future procedures for the care of intersex children. |
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http://www.ifge.org/news/1998/march/nws3218b.htm
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| | Information about Intersexuality -- NotJustSkin.org |
| | Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) is devoted to systemic change to end shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female. | | | Occasionally a botched circumcision surgery results in an intersex condition. | | | These cases aside, naturally arising intersex conditions are not a medical problem. |
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http://www.notjustskin.org/en/intersex.html
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| | Untitled Document |
| | Intersex is an umbrella term for a constellation of conditions leading to genital and/or reproductive anatomy that is not considered standard for males or females. | | | These surgeries proceed in the absence of any clinical trial suggesting that surgery is the best option, and in the absence of any long-term follow-up study. | | | Treatment for intersex is shrouded in controversy in part because of the efforts of the intersex patients' rights movement, but also in part because John Money's ideas, and much of sex research generally, have come under fire. |
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http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/ISNA-Letter.html
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| | Who Will Make Room for the Intersexed? |
| | Intersexed adults have been told that because the doctors followed standard medical practice when they performed the surgery, the doctors are not liable for medical malpractice. | | | Physicians perform the surgeries so that intersexed children will not be psychologically harmed when they realize that they are different from their peers. | | | Despite the widespread use of genital reconstruction surgery, there is no research showing that intersexuals benefit psychologically from the surgery performed on them as infants and toddlers. |
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http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/USA/haas1
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| | Intersex Individuals Dispute Wisdom of Surgery on Infants |
| | Intersex individual Howard Devore, PhD, is a practicing San Francisco psychologist who works with intersex patients. | | | Intersex individuals are grateful for the immense research done on the causes of intersex conditions. | | | Current medical treatment for intersex individuals is in a state of flux. |
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http://www.luckymojo.com/tkintersex.html
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| | Queer Disability Conference - Registration Form |
| | Around intersex the medical answer has been your genitals belong to your parents, and the purpose of your genitals is for us to say what sex you are. | | | They didn’t prohibit the surgeries, but they said that parents are in a poor position to make these judgments because they don’t know what it is like to live with intersex, doctors haven’t given them the information that they have. | | | And there’s not the growing unified movement to say, “We don’t know because doctors don’t study what is normal, what is ordinary, what are the variations.” When somebody comes in and has pain and also is intersex, the doctors can go, “There’s a problem here, I think I’ll cut the genitals.” As a transsexual woman. |
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http://www.disabilityhistory.org/dwa/queer/panel_intersex.html
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| | Intersexed Transgendered Transsexuals |
| | Paper by Morgan Holmes subtitled "Intersexuality and Homophobia in Medical Practice" which examines the surgical and medical management of intersexed children in terms of a relationship of violence in which the intersexed are disenfranchised, suggesting that homophobia is a motivating factor in the management of intersexed bodies. | | | A letter from Cheryl Chase, Executive Director, Intersex Society of North America to a judge in Colombia, South America expressing the opinion that choices involving sexual identity and cosmetic genital surgery should be left to the patient. | | | Discusses the problems inherent in the medical system's treatment of various intersexed conditions, and how "clinicians treating intersex individuals may be far more concerned with strict definitions of genital normality than intersexuals, their parents, and their acquaintances." |
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http://www.medlina.com/intersexed_transgendered_transsexuals.htm
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| | Intersex Initiative: Civil Liability Approaches to Intersex Surgery |
| | It also means that intersex individuals are not able to sue their doctors for performing unwanted surgeries, as it is part of the accepted medical standards. | | | A possible legislation would restrict parents' authority to consent to cosmetic genital surgeries on their children; such surgery can only be performed if a judge determines it to be in the best interest of the child. | | | The emergence of the intersex patients' movement and the studies showing harms of intersex surgeries have began to shift the accepted medical standard, although the vast majority of physicians continue to neglect its legal implication. |
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http://www.ipdx.org/law/civil-liability.html
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| | MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN WITH INTERSEX CONDITIONS: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES |
| | But the assumptions behind surgery and the concerns of patients make it clear that other outcomes need to be considered, particularly those related to the quality of sexual experience, including sensitivity and satisfaction, and general quality of life (Table 3). | | | It is likely that the effects of both genital surgery and genital appearance are not the same for all individuals. | | | The existence of gender dysphoria in individuals with and without intersex conditions indicates that normal-appearing genitalia are not sufficient for gender identity consistent with rearing sex, but there is no systematic study of the role (if any) that genital appearance plays in the development of gender identity. |
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http://www.gghjournal.com/volume19/19_1/articles/beren.htm
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| | Genital Plastic Surgery |
| | Sarah Creighton MD, MRCOG: Surgery for Intersex (or here). | | | In fact, the medical literature describing paediatric gender reinforcement surgery usually makes very little mention of the creation of the vagina; all the emphasis is placed on the reducing the size of the penis/clitoris. | | | As mentioned in the introduction, apart from the question of using surgery to reinforce a gender assignment in cases of ambiguous genitalia, there is also the debate about surgery to reduce the size of a larger-than-average clitoris in an infant/child that is clearly female. |
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http://www.medhelp.org/www/ais/33_SURGERY.HTM
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| | If Biology Is Destiny, When Shouldn't It Be? U.S. Intersex Transgender Crossroads |
| | An intersex condition is not pneumonia, a medical problem amenable to antibiotics and outcome studies. | | | A hard-and-fast rule against early surgery, he says, "is itself experimental, and more of an experiment" than the operations. | | | While Dr. Glassberg acknowledges that some celebrated cases of corrective surgery have gone poorly, he adds that most patients - akin to a silent majority - are content with their outcomes. |
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http://www.tgcrossroads.org/news?aid=729
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| | NOCIRC - The Rights of the Intersex Child |
| | The physician responsibilities are to the child patient and patient care should be based on the child's needs and not the needs of someone else. | | | Kipnis and Diamond considered the ethical problems inherent in genital altering surgery on intersex legally incompetent non-consenting minors; they call for a moratorium on non-therapeutic surgery to alter the genitals of non-consenting intersex children. | | | The British Medical Association has joined others in calling for the reform of the intersex care and the deferral of non-essential genital alteration surgery. |
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http://www.nocirc.org/intersexed
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| | INTERSEX BABIES |
| | Prompted by angry former patients, some doctors are urging a moratorium on surgery they regard as cosmetic. | | | Today, she is trying to help others who, like her, were born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, an enzyme deficiency that causes a baby girl’s genitals to be “virilized” — to look something like a boy’s. | | | At least one in 2,000 infants is born this way each year, with genitals that don’t match their chromosomes or don’t conform to male or female norms. |
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http://www.griefrecovery.net/intersex.htm
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| | Parents of 'intersex' babies should wait on surgery |
| | Hence his advice to parents to think hard before agreeing to surgery for an intersex baby: Dealing with the trauma of switching gender later is enough without the issue of surgery that can't be reversed. | | | Doctors also once thought that how people were raised and their genitalia were enough to determine gender, said Reiner, who as a urologist performed sex-assignment surgeries on babies. | | | Prompt surgery to assign one was once the norm. |
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http://www.suntimes.com/output/health/cst-nws-gender20.html
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| | GLMA Resolution 105-98-105 Call for Research and Disclosure Regarding Intersex Surgery |
| | To that end, GLMA is encouraging medical centers involved in surgical intervention for intersex individuals to conduct comprehensive retrospective and prospective research on the long-term physical and psychological effects, successes, and failures of intersex surgery. | | | GLMA believes comprehensive research on the long-term effects of intersex surgery needs to be done. | | | Genital surgery has been practiced and encouraged for children born with ambiguous genitalia since the 1950s. |
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http://www.glma.org:16080/policy/resolutions/p10598105.shtml
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| | Intersex Society of North America A world free of shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgery |
| | The Intersex Society of North America (ISNA) is devoted to systemic change to end shame, secrecy, and unwanted genital surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female. | | | Parents’ distress must not be treated by surgery on the child. | | | Judging by her QandA’ s on intersex, Dr. Brothers has taken a close look at what what we have to say and agrees with the logic of our recommendations. |
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http://www.isna.org
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| | Transcending Gender » Intersex, Urology, and Surgery |
| | Our results indicate that individuals who have had clitoral surgery are more likely than those who have not to report a complete failure to achieve orgasm and higher rates of non-sensualityâ”in particular, a lack of enjoyment in being caressed and in caressing their partnerâs body. | | | [She] presented a radical approach to intersex, suggesting that pediatric surgeons should take into account what is known about adult sexuality when they operate on childrenâs genitals. | | | Infants and young children are powerless to oppose any procedures, so genital surgery for them is not just a medical issue but also a moral one. |
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http://www.jenburke.com/wp-trackback.php?p=66
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| | [No title] |
| | As more adult survivors of such surgery are stepping forward to denounce it as unnecessary, traumatic, and ineffective, medical professionals are increasingly opting to postpone surgery until the child is older and can contribute to the decision, providing families with psychological support instead. | | | Said GenderPAC Executive Director Riki Wilchins, “Cosmetic genital surgery for intersex infants is another effort to make sure that even our bodies conform perfectly to gender stereotypes. | | | A recent study by the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics has found that early surgeries often result in pain and lack of sensation, and that children raised as one gender may later in life identify as another. |
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http://www.gpac.org/issues/parentingnews.html?cmd=view&archive=news&msgnum=0569
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