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Topic: Iatrogenic



  
 Iatrogenic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Iatrogenic conditions can include medical errors, such as mistakes made in surgery, or the prescription or dispensing of the wrong drug.
Iatrogenic conditions can also be caused by various types of genital modification and mutilation.
For instance, because most drug prescriptions are handwritten by the doctor, poor handwriting can lead a pharmacist to dispense the wrong drug, worsening a patient's condition.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrogenic

  
 CHEST: Evaluation of conventional chest tube therapy for iatrogenic pneumothorax
The median age of the 47 patients with iatrogenic pneumothorax treated according to the standard therapy was 58 years (range, 25 to 83 years).
For this group of patients, less invasive therapies have been used with considerable success.[6-10] Markos and colleagues[8] have reported a 67 percent success rate in 12 patients with iatrogenic pneumothorax for the repeated aspiration of the intrapleural air by small-lumen catheters.
Chest tube therapy with continuous underwater drainage healed iatrogenic pneumothorax in 96 percent of our patients if the treatment was pursued for up to 10 days.
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0984/is_n6_v104/ai_14707316

  
 What does the word "iatrogenic" mean?
For those who advance the language to the frontier, iatrogenic disease can be caused by practitioners whose association with medicine is negligible or antithetical, such as homeopaths, chiropractors, and psychologists (especially now that they are lobbying for the authority to write drug prescriptions).
The practitioner need not be a physician, he might be a nurse or a radiology technician, or any one of the scores of differentiated healthcare workers encountered in hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, or offices, or for that matter in the ambulance on the way to one of those places.
The growing complexity of modern life (and medicine) has promoted the elasticity of language.
http://www.iatrogenic.org/define.html

  
 IATROGENIC BILE DUCT INJURIES
During the study period, a total of 3120 cholecystectomies were performed; i.e., the rate of iatrogenic injury to the bile duct was 0.128%.
The role of stenting along with the hepaticojejunostomy is debatable, and there is no study that compares the results between stenting and not stenting the anastomosis although 2 (10%) patients in our study had stents implanted.
Iatrogenic and non iatrogenic extrahepatic biliary tract injuries: a multi-institutional review.
http://www.ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/PAST/14-4/Rasool.htm

  
 IATROGENIC BURNS IN CHILDHOOD
Iatrogenic burns in children are quite rare and are associated with accidents in the process of paediatric treatment and care.
During the period 1990-1999 we treated 2216 burned children, of whom 22 presented iatrogenic burns.
Of those treated in our department, seven were transferred to other hospitals.
http://www.medbc.com/annals/review/vol_14/num_2/text/vol14n2p69.asp

  
 SUFFERERS of IATROGENIC NEGLECT
For the iatrogenic patient in particular what little influence existed quickly evaporates and an adversarial relationship ensues which is catastrophic for the on-going health care of such patients.
This effectively means that iatrogenic patients are being denied access to appropriate specialist care which amounts to a breach of their basic human rights.
However, the unanimous experience of the iatrogenic patient is that any attempt to have a frank discussion is sufficient for the disintegration of any existing partnership.
http://www.sin-medicalmistakes.org/Publications3.html

  
 A SURVEY OF URINARY BLADDER INJURIES IN ABBOTTABAD
Maximum number of these iatrogenic injuries comes from gynaecological procedures as elsewhere in the world.
16 % non iatrogenic injuries were associated with pelvic bone trauma.
This suggests that the pattern differs in different parts of the world depending upon socioeconomic conditions.
http://www.ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/PAST/16-1/RazaNawaz.htm

  
 Treatment of Iatrogenic Disease and Vaccinosis
Someone who reacted badly to immunization against polio may show in later life diseases which effect the anterior or lateral columns of the spinal cord and paralytic conditions, wasting, weakness and heaviness, increased reflexes, tremulous gate, knees bend together when walking, etc..
All of these remedies should be given in the medicinal solution by the methods suggested in The Organon of the Healing Arts.
Where there is a lack of vital energy within the constitution cure is very difficult.
http://www.simillimum.com/Thelittlelibrary/Casemanage/iatrogen1.html

  
 Diagnosis and management of the iatrogenic uret...
Material and methods: From November 1996 to March 2001 the charts of all patients with the diagnosis of iatrogenic ureteral injury after gynecological surgery were reviewed.
Purpose: We reviewed the causes, treatment, and morbidity associated with iatrogenic ureteral injuries after gynecological surgery.
Diagnosis and management of the iatrogenic ureteral injury in gynecological surgery: Experience in our department
http://www.imbiomed.com.mx/Laraza/Lrv2n1/english/Zlr011-02.html

  
 Statistics about Iatrogenic pneumothorax - WrongDiagnosis.com
Estimated 0.775 Iatrogenic pneumothorax occurred per 1,000 discharges (excluding patients with trauma, thoracic surgery, lung or pleural biopsy or cardiac surgery and neonates) from hospitals with 300 to 499 beds in the US 2000 (National Healthcare Quality Report, AHRQ, DHHS, 2003)
Estimated 0.664 Iatrogenic pneumothorax occurred per 1,000 discharges (excluding patients with trauma, thoracic surgery, lung or pleural biopsy or cardiac surgery and neonates) from hospitals with 100 to 299 beds in the US 2000 (National Healthcare Quality Report, AHRQ, DHHS, 2003)
Estimated 0.415 Iatrogenic pneumothorax occurred per 1,000 hospital discharges (excluding patients with trauma, thoracic surgery, lung or pleural biopsy or cardiac surgery and neonates) of people aged 18 to 44 in the US 2000 (National Healthcare Quality Report, AHRQ, DHHS, 2003)
http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/i/iatrogenic_pneumothorax/stats.htm

  
 eMedicine - Iatrogenic Vascular Lesions: Surgical Perspective : Article by Nayomi K Edirisinghe, MD
Follow-up studies to demonstrate protection of the limb by medical and surgical treatment of iatrogenic vascular injuries would be beneficial.
The introduction and proliferation of invasive neonatal resuscitation techniques has led to an increased incidence of vascular complications in the pediatric population.
One study demonstrated a higher incidence of thromboembolism secondary to transfemoral cardiac catheterization in children younger than 10 years than in older children.
http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2886.htm

  
 AAOS On-Line Service - 2004 Annual Meeting Podium Presentations Iatrogenic Nerve Injury During Primary Total Hip ...
Introduction The purpose of this study was to review a large consecutive series of iatrogenic nerve injuries sustained during primary total hip arthroplasty to learn more about the risk factors, outcomes, and prognosis.
There was a strong trend for increased risk of injury for body mass index of greater than thirty (p=0.054) or the use of a posterior approach (p=0.054).
The large consecutive number of patients studied allowed us to more accurately determine the incidence and specific risk factors for nerve injury.
http://www.aaos.org/wordhtml/anmt2004/sciprog/034.htm

  
 Iatrogenic diseases endanger hospital patients
The harm is independent of the natural progression of the patient's illness and treatment and represents part of the risk that the patient must assume as an inevitable component of management of one's body.
For example, Daniel Gerber, a graduate student of the UC Berkeley School of Public Health says "Obviously, it has a negative connotation, especially considering that many can be life-threatening.
Iatrogenic (Greek, iatros = doctor, genic= arising from or developing from) literally means disease or illness caused by doctors.
http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~issues/spring96/iatrogenic.html

  
 Errors in health care management: what do they cost? -- Rigby and Litt 9 (4): 216 -- Quality and Safety in Health Care
outcomes is less rigorous and iatrogenic injuries may pass unnoticed.
iatrogenic injuries as opposed to other areas of health care?"
likely to minimise the incidence of iatrogenic injuries.
http://qhc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/9/4/216

  
 M.D.s , ALLOPATHIC MEDICINE , IATROGENIC DISEASE , MALPRACTICE AND MORE
Arachnoiditis is a chronic, insidious condition that causes debilitating, intractable pain and a range of other neurological problems.
Successful surgical repair of iatrogenic lung perforation in a neonate.
Iatrogenic ureteric injuries: approaches to etiology and management
http://drjohnbaker.stormloader.com/allopathic_medicine.htm

  
 Iatrogenic stenosis of the male urethra
The treatment of iatrogenic stenosis of the urethra involves all methods, with a marked preference for internal urethrotomy.
Finally, prevention is based essentially upon more caution in the use of indwelling urethral catheters.
Viville C, Weltzer J. The iatrogenic aetiology of urethral stenosis now plays a considerable role : 40.6% of stenoses seen between 1966 and 1980.
http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/viville1

  
 IATROGENIC SPINAL CORD INFECTION IN LAMBS DUE
Iatrogenic spinal cord infections seem to be a very rare event.
In the present communication we describe injury of the cervical or thoracic spinal cord possibly associated with enterotoxemia vaccination in lambs.
Iatrogenic damage to the cervical muscles and cervical or thoracic spinal cord due to enterotoxemia vaccination occurred in two sheep flocks in 1997 and 2000.
http://www.isrvma.org/article/58_2_7.htm

  
 IATROGENIC HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY : IMC Maritimes
T cells (lymphocytes are the most sensitive to whole body radiation and their count is the first to fall in radiation sickness).
There is a complete absence of record in several distinct columns, primarily relating to the patient's vital signs at the time of the intubation procedure, suggestive of edited lab notes by the physician after the fact to conceal iatrogenic (doctor caused) injury.
· Iatrogenic hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is defined by the occurrence of brain dysfunction is a direct consequence of a medical intervention (shunt procedures, drugs) in a previously asymptomatic patient with liver disease.
http://maritimes.indymedia.org/print.php?id=2634

  
 IATROGENIC INJURY PAGE
A Comparison of Iatrogenic Injury Studies in Australia and the USA.
It goes on to say that "it is not clear why initial, supposedly elective, interventions should be associated with an apparently greater risk of iatrogenic injury than those classified as emergency procedures."
Perioperative Deaths: A Further Comparative Review of Coroner's Autopsies with Particular Reference to the Occurrence of Fatal Iatrogenic Injury
http://www.chiro.org/LINKS/Iatrogenic_Page.shtml

  
 Hazards of Modern Medicine - Iatrogenic Diseases
Lucien Leape of the Harvard School of Public Health calculated that “180,000 people die in the U.S. each year partly as a result of iatrogenic injury.” His research was reported in the widely read Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) (Leape, 1994).
Another article in JAMA pointed out that the death rate from medical treatment in the U.S. “dwarfs the annual automobile accident mortality of 45,000 and accounts for more deaths than all other accidents combined” (Bates, Cullen, et al., 1995).
Iatrogenic illness on a general medical service at a university hospital.
http://hazardsofmedicine.org/side-effects.shtml

  
 Iatrogenic Injury to Iliac Artery During L5-S1 Lumbar Spine Surgery - Medical Illustration
Depicts an iatrogenic (physician-related) injury to the left iliac artery during lumbar spine surgery at L5-S1.
Iatrogenic Injury to Iliac Artery During L5-S1 Lumbar Spine Surgery - Medical Illustration
This image may only be used in support of a single legal proceeding and for no other purpose.
http://medifocus.doereport.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=798&A=41884

  
 Unusual presentation of an iatrogenic esophageal perforation in a newborn Singh Santosh Kumar, Taneja Sunil, Singh Rupa ...
Iatrogenic transmural perforation of the esophagus in the preterm infant.
Iatrogenic perforation of the esophagus in the premature infants.
The authors report one such case where patient presented with unusual clinical features.
http://www.ijppediatricsindia.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5456;year=2005;volume=72;issue=1;spage=87;epage=87;aulast=Singh

  
 none
Table 2.10b: Non-neonatal medical and surgical discharges with any principal or secondary diagnosis of iatrogenic pneumothorax (ICD-9-CM diagnosis code 512.1,) excluding patients with trauma, thoracic surgery, lung or pleural biopsy, or cardiac surgery.
Foreign body accidentally left in body during procedure (discharge-based) and foreign body accidentally left in body during procedure (area-based)
Table 2.10a: Non-neonatal medical and surgical discharges with any secondary diagnosis of iatrogenic pneumothorax (ICD-9-CM diagnosis code 512.1,) excluding patients with trauma, thoracic surgery, lung or pleural biopsy, or cardiac surgery.
http://www.qualitytools.ahrq.gov/qualityreport/browse/browse.aspx?id=5274

  
 Prevention and Treatment of Iatrogenic Infections
Medications available in multiple-dose vials (MDVs) may present an additional pathway for iatrogenic infection.
One of the most infamous hospital-acquired infections, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), has been a health care issue since the 1960s.
Hand washing and patient contact precautions are effective ways to minimize the transmission of disease and to improve patient outcomes.
http://www.pharmacytimes.com/article.cfm?ID=1944

  
 Iatrogenic definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
Iatrogenic: Due to the action of a physician or a therapy the doctor prescibed.
An iatrogenic disease may be inadvertently caused by a physician or surgeon or by a medical or surgical treatment or a diagnostic procedure.
Iatrogenic definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3886

  
 Iatrogenic magnesium overdose: what happens?
These 2 cases had a good clinical outcome with prompt recognition and supportive care.
But what happens if magnesium is given intravenously and is overdosed?
This excellent article describes both diagnosis and therapy of iatrogenic hypermagnesemia in two patients.
http://www.vetcontact.com/en/art.php?a=393&t=

  
 eMedicine - Pneumothorax, Iatrogenic, Spontaneous and Pneumomediastinum : Article by Andrew K Chang, MD
Aspiration is the technique of choice for iatrogenic pneumothoraces because recurrence usually is not a factor.
Pneumomediastinum: Patients may or may not have symptoms.
Iatrogenic pneumothorax: Symptoms are similar to those of a spontaneous pneumothorax and, depend on the age of the patient, presence of underlying lung disease, and extent of the pneumothorax.
http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic469.htm

  
 * Iatrogenic - (Disease): Definition
Trauma, Nervous System - Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.
'Iatrogenic' pneumothorax is that which follows a diagnostic or therapeutic medical procedure (e...
Prescription medications often have a much higher potential for producing an iatrogenic disorder.
http://en.mimi.hu/disease/iatrogenic.html

  
 American Iatrogenic Association
an opportunity for iatrogenic victims to share their experiences with our readers
Were the adverse emotional and treatment consequences of misdiagnosing ulcers as a psychiatric illness iatrogenic?
There is much disagreement as to what constitutes iatrogenic illness.
http://www.iatrogenic.org

  
 Iatrogenic Suicide
Perhaps they would do better to reflect on what role their methods and unhealthy influence over patients played in the patient's decision to choose death over continued therapy and drug dependence.
When so many former MPD/DID and BPD patients testify about their former therapy-induced self-destructive behaviors including scapegoating mom and dad, self-mutilation, suicidial ideation, it can be seen that assigning such a diagnosis, if iatrogenic, is tanamount to abuse and torture.
http://www.geocities.com/Vienna/Choir/1183/suicide.html

  
 [No title]
The most significant patient risk factors associated with iatrogenic disease--old age and a multiplicity of drugs prescribed before admission-- "...are the same as in earlier studies," the French authors conclude.
According to the authors, 41 of the 68 iatrogenic admissions involved adverse drug effects, 15 were linked to surgical complications, and 12 were due to complications stemming from a medical procedure.
They then "...compared the rate of [iatrogenic disease]-related admissions with the results reported by Trunet et al 15 years ago." That study found that 12.6% of ICU admissions were linked to iatrogenic illness.
http://www.intelihealth.com/ipn/pcn/HN/s_r/00206878.htm

  
 Iatrogenic
An enormously important report concerning iatrogenics is Death by Medicine.
Iatrogenic is defined as disease caused by medical examination or treatment.
Furthermore, outpatient iatrogenic statistics only include drug-related events and not surgical cases, diagnostic errors, or therapeutic mishaps.
http://www.halexandria.org/dward048.htm

  
 Iatrogenic rhinitis
The terminology "iatrogenic rhinitis" allows a professional to bear in mind that medicine is an art and a science during the period he remains with the patient, and only with culture and education that the term iatrogenic is possible to stay out of the general classification of rhinitis.
There does not exist in the literature a classification of it, and for this I propose two important concepts as its causes.
Speaking about iatrogenic rhinitis is to value the reasons that provoke nasal mucous inflammation, where the physician is responsable.
http://www.imbiomed.com.mx/Alergia/Alv6n1/english/Zal71-2.html

  
 Thyroidectomy with Iatrogenic Laryngeal Nerve Resection - Medical Illustration
Thyroidectomy with Iatrogenic Laryngeal Nerve Resection - Medical Illustration
This medical illustration series compares normal thyroid anatomy with one that was damaged during thyroid lobe removal.
http://catalog.nucleusinc.com/generateexhibit.php?ID=534

  
 Iatrogenic contamination of multidose vials in simulated use. A reassessment of current patient injection technique.
Laboratory study of this injection technique found that viral plaque-forming units could be transmitted to a multidose vial in this manner.
Contamination of a multidose vial was hypothesized to occur after a single syringe is used to inject an infected patient with medication, and the same syringe subsequently is used to withdraw additional medication from the multidose vial.
If the contaminated multidose vial is used for another patient, an iatrogenic infection may be spread.
http://www.aegis.com/aidsline/1991/feb/M9120080.html

  
 THE NEW SOCIAL WORKER® ONLINE Discussion Forum: IATROGENIC CHILD ABUSE
I have been unable to discover any evidence that where Iatrogenic Child Abuse has occurred, that Child Protection Procedures have been initiated with the physician as the perpetrator and/or that criminal investigations have been carried out.
Iatrogenic Child Abuse can be described as the serious harm or death of a child by inappropriate or improper medical or para-medical procedures and is probably far more common than is presently recognised.
Congenital Disorders - where a child is malformed or has a serious disorder due, for example, to the administration of prescribed drugs to the mother during pregnancy and which have an adverse effect on the developing foetus;
http://www.socialworker.com/discus/messages/15/607.html?966634232

  
 Update on iatrogenic Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
The bringing of successful legal actions by families of iatrogenic CJD patients, and even by healthy recipients of pituitary hormone replacement therapy, bear witness to this unpleasant fact.
The current world-wide tally of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is shown in
; except for the unexpected burst of Japanese cases due to contaminated Lyodura grafts in recent years, iatrogenic disease continues to be rare and random in occurrence.
http://www.jifsan.umd.edu/presentations/tse/brown.htm

  
 Iatrogenic hypospadiasA preventable injury?
Iatrogenic hypospadias; cleavage; spinal cord injury; catheter; spina bifida; reconstruction
Iatrogenic hypospadias is a preventable injury to the ventral male urethra produced by the downward pressure of an indwelling urethral catheter.
In spite of avoiding long-term urethral catheterisation, we have acquired 16 patients with this injury in the last 9 years either in our unit or discovered in patients referred to our unit.
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/sc/journal/v36/n3/abs/3100508a.html

  
 Iatrogenic vCJD from surgical instruments -- Frosh et al. 322 (7302): 1558 -- BMJ
Iatrogenic vCJD from surgical instruments -- Frosh et al.
no cases of iatrogenic vCJD in humans have so far been identified.
Because of fears about iatrogenic transmission of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), the Department of Health recently
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/322/7302/1558

  
 CHIROWEB DC Archives - (Iatrogenic Effects of Inappropriate Adjusting)
I have seen many cases of iatrogenic back pain, neck pain, and associated consequences created, yet not reported, never reaching the statisticians' calculations.
Often, mistakes do not result in long-standing patient complaints, but intermittently, significant adverse effects result from adjusting.
I see these same cases induced by conditions of daily living, such as sleeping incorrectly; whiplash; football; wrestling; etc. I get cases like this where neurologists have done brain MRIs, usually not finding the tumors they suspect, yet being corrected with an appropriate adjustment.
http://www.chiroweb.com/archives/19/16/14.html

  
 Amazon.com: Books: Iatrogenic Disease
The authors maintain an unacknowledged but consistent position: iatrogenic conditions are like most other diseases -- much is known, and much is yet to be discovered.
As the editor, Biller conducts readers on a tour of common and uncommon iatrogenic disorders of the peripheral and central nervous systems, as well as selected disorders of skeletal muscle.
Customers interested in Iatrogenic Disease may also be interested in
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0750698403?v=glance

  
 IATROGENIC
You see an example of burking in Iatrogenic Physics, when "probability" becomes a DYNAMIC.
To diagnosis one IATROGENIC FACTOR, I introduce an epinome, a referent named after a person who taught us about it.
I believe that many problems in SCIMATH are caused by its EXPOSITION, TEACHING, and other correctible procedures.
http://members.fortunecity.com/jonhays/medicine.htm

  
 Medical Dictionary: Iatrogenic - CureResearch.com
Iatrogenic: Referring to a medical condition resulting from medical treatment.
For example, the term "iatrogenic" can be used to refer to surgical errors, complications of surgery, complications of medical tests, but is not usually used to refer to drug adverse reactions or drug side effects.
Introduction: An iatrogenic condition is one that occurs as a result of medical intervention of some type.
http://www.cureresearch.com/medical/iatrogenic.htm

  
 Iatrogenic illness: a call for decision support tools to reduce unnecessary variation -- Morris 13 (1): 80 -- Quality ...
one of the causes of a subset of the iatrogenic illness they
illness, and 2% sustained an iatrogenic illness that contributed
or claiming that the iatrogenic illnesses were preventable;
http://qhc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/13/1/80

  
 Iatrogenic Diseases : Thunderbay IMC
It is common today to refer to such diseases as "diseases due to medical progress." They are diseases that the patient would not develop were he not medically treated.
Many iatrogenic diseases are far worse than the original trouble for which the physician treats the patient.
This simply means that the physician is a foe of his patient and is engaged in producing disease in him.
http://thunderbay.indymedia.org/mail.php?id=11014

  
 [Specific iatrogenic risks to patients with HIV infection]
Human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients are exposed to more or less specific iatrogenic diseases.
[Specific iatrogenic risks to patients with HIV infection]
Intravenous line infections are particularly frequent, but these devices are necessary for prolonged intravenous therapies such as anti-CMV treatment of parenteral nutrition.
http://www.aegis.com/aidsline/1995/feb/M9520293.html

  
 CHEST: Iatrogenic Blood Loss In Intensive Care Unit - Abstract
Iatrogenic anemia is not generally recognized as a factor contributing to anemia in ICU patients.
This study was done to estimate the amount of iatrogenic blood loss and to find the relationship between the amount of blood drawn, transfusion requirements and mortality in ICU patients.
Attempts should be made to minimize the amount of iatrogenic blood loss by: 1) Educating the medical professionals about the consequences of iatrogenic blood loss.
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0984/is_4_118/ai_71127554

  
 Iatrogenic Illness: 07 - Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Iatrogenic Illness: 07 - Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
The risk is increased by 2.7-folds in current users of postmenopausal estrogens, and by 60% in past users.
http://www.garynull.com/Documents/Iatrogenic/Women/07HRT.htm

  
 Darry Brownfield -- IATROGENIC:The leading cause of death in the US?
IATROGENIC is a big word meaning a disorder caused by medical personnel or procedures taken place in a medical facility.
These are just deaths in hospitalized patients and does not include disabilities and disorders received from IATROGENIC causes.
Iatros means physician and genein means to produce.
http://www.newswithviews.com/brownfield/brownfield5.htm

  
 Litigation And Iatrogenic Events - AnyLawyer.info
to physicians that ?[iatrogenic events] in hospitalized patients...
the existence of complications, adverse events, and iatrogenic illness, these concepts have not been...
may reduce the fear of litigation associated with iatrogenic foreign bodies, and may allow for more accurate assessment of the incidence and causes of these events.
http://www.anylawyer.info/litigation-and-iatrogenic-events.htm

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