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| | Hypospadias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Prenatal testosterone, converted in the genital skin to dihydrotestosterone, causes migration of skin fibroblasts to fully enclose the urethral groove in fetal males, normally resulting in an enclosed penile urethra by the second trimester of pregnancy. | | | The Hypospadias and Epispadias Association, for families affected by these congenital penile differences. | | | If uncorrected, a second or third degree hypospadias can make male urination messy, necessitate that it be performed sitting, impair delivery of semen into the vagina (possibly creating problems with fertility), or interfere with erections. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypospadias
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| | Hypospadias And Epispadias AHealthyMe.com |
| | Female hypospadias may be associated with abnormalities of the genital tract, since the urinary and genital tracts are formed in the same embryonic process. | | | Surgery is the treatment of choice for both hypospadias and epispadias. | | | Hypospadias occurs when the tube does not form or does not fuse completely. |
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http://www.ahealthyme.com/topic/topic100586988
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| | Urology at MUC-Hypospadias |
| | This is often seen in association with hypospadias and may be improved to varying degrees in the course of hypospadias repair. | | | Bending of the penis on erection may be associated with this and is known as chordee. | | | Moderate hypospadias with some chordee may require a more extensive operation such as a Mustarde procedure which utilizes a tubularized flap of penile shaft skin. |
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http://www.med.umich.edu/urology/PatientInfo/PatientInfoPages/Hypospadias.htm
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| | Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh - Hypospadias Repair |
| | Hypospadias is a condition in which the urethra does not develop completely. | | | The most common is partial breakdown of the urethral reconstruction—usually manifested by a “fistula,&; a small opening between the urethra and the skin. | | | This results in a urethra that is composed completely of tissue that was originally intended to be urethra, rather than using skin or other materials. |
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http://www.chp.edu/clinical/03_urosurg_hypospadias.php
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| | The psychological implications of hypospadias |
| | Being affected personally by hypospadias, Walker knew that this condition and the related surgery had profoundly affected his existence during both childhood and adulthood; this experience of hypospadias was a powerful motivation to explore and so better understand the experience of others in the same situation. | | | 372), surgical repair for hypospadias was accompanied by a series of stressful events (e.g., repeated hospitalization, parental anxieties, the experience of surgery on the genitals, consciousness of having genitals different from the norm). | | | While generally the results of this study indicated that patients operated upon for hypospadias did not have a poorer psychosocial development than the control subjects, some results showed that patients who were more dissatisfied with the appearance of their penis ran a greater risk of developing psychosocial problems later on. |
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http://www.hypospadias-emotions.com/chapter3.html
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| | Glandular Hypospadias - Genital Defects - Affordable Plastic Surgery Overseas |
| | Hypospadias repair surgery straightens the penis especially during erection, re-positions the opening of urethra, urination is possible in a straight stream and of course your child's penis is normal in appearance. | | | Several different techniques are used for the surgical correction of Hypospadias and Epispadias. | | | Do not circumcise your child before the corrective surgery for Hypospadias has been performed as the foreskin on the penis will be utilized for surgical re-construction of Hypospadias. |
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http://www.medsolution.com/surgery_cosmetic-genitaldefct.asp
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| | eMedicine - Hypospadias : Article by John M Gatti, MD |
| | Before 1980, hypospadias repair was performed in children older than 3 years because of the larger size of the phallus and a technically easier procedure; however, genital surgery at this age can be associated with significant psychological morbidity, including aberrant behavior, guilt, and gender identity confusion. | | | Proximal hypospadias is commonly associated with a bifid scrotum and penoscrotal transposition, in which the rugated scrotal skin begins lateral to the penis, instead of its normal posterior origin. | | | During the first millennium, the primary treatment for hypospadias was amputation of the penis distal to the meatus. |
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http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1136.htm
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| | Hypospadias: Parent's Guide to Surgery Intersex Society of North America |
| | Our discussions with men who have had hypospadias surgery lead us to believe that the physical damage and emotional trauma of genital surgery are frequently far worse than the hypospadias itself. | | | Although surgeons usually counsel early surgery to repair the hypospadias, we have found that surgery is frequently very harmful, both physically and psychologically. | | | There are some conditions however, which may require surgery to save your child from pain or illness, such as chordee which bends the penis causing painful erections, exposed mucous membrane, or adhesions. |
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http://www.isna.org/library/hypospadias-guide.html
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| | UrologyHealth.org - Pediatric Conditions - Abnormalities - Hypospadias |
| | Luckily, pediatric urologists have various surgical techniques at their disposal to repair the ill-placed urethral opening, hooded foreskin and curvature associated with this condition. | | | Since his doctor will not be able to analyze the situation until the operation is underway, he or she must be familiar with a range of approaches. | | | About 70 percent of boys with this condition have distal hypospadias. |
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http://www.urologyhealth.org/pediatric/index.cfm?cat=01&topic=96
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| | What is hypospadias? |
| | Hypospadias is the medical word for a condition in which the urinary opening (meatus) does not form as usual while a baby is growing before birth. | | | Doctors sometimes refer to the hypospadias by where the urethral meatus is located on the genital area (see picture below). | | | There is some chance that future brothers of the affected child may also be born with hypospadias. |
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http://www.fha.state.md.us/genetics/html/hypo_qa.html
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| | MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Hypospadias |
| | During the surgery, the penis is straightened and the hypospadias is corrected using tissue grafts from the foreskin. | | | For hypospadias occurring at the base of the penis, radiologic studies may be necessary to look for other congenital anomalies. | | | The foreskin should be preserved for use in later surgical repair. |
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001286.htm
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| | Hypospadias in Children - Keep Kids Healthy |
| | The reason for not performing a circumcision and removing the foreskin in children with a hypospadias, is that the foreskin will probably be used as part of the repair during surgery to correct the hypospadias. | | | Second degree hypospadias is less common (25%) and third degree are the least common (15%). | | | Hypospadias: a description of hypospadias and its surgical correction from the University of Michigan Medical Center Section of Urology |
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http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/welcome/conditions/hypospadias.html
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| | Pediatric Urology - Hypospadias - UrologyChannel |
| | There is also a 20% chance that an infant born with hypospadias has a family member with the condition. | | | Without surgical correction, severe hypospadias may result in the inability to urinate standing and infertility. | | | Diagnosis of hypospadias in females requires thorough physical examination. |
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http://www.urologychannel.com/pediatric/hypospadias.shtml
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| | American Family Physician: Hypospadias |
| | However, an infant with both hypospadias and cryptorchidism (especially when the testes are impalpable) should undergo full urologic and endocrine evaluation to exclude such conditions as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, mixed gonadal dysgenesis or hermaphroditism. | | | Todya, however, significant improvements in operative techniques, the development of reliable pediatric anesthesia and marked reduction in complication rates have made surgical treatment acceptable for all degrees of hypospadias. | | | The new techniques not only are tolerated well by the infant but also are easily cared for by the parents. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n4_v39/ai_7609833
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| | eMedicine - Urogenital Reconstruction, Penile Hypospadias : Article by Fabio Santanelli, MD, PhD |
| | In some clinical situations (eg, perineal hypospadias, genital ambiguity, significant hypospadias with previous circumcision), more extensive operations are necessary, and the former multistage operations may be of occasional use. | | | Etiology: The enlargement of the genital tubercle and subsequent development of the phallus and urethra depend on the level of testosterone during embryogenesis. | | | Medicine is a constantly changing science and not all therapies are clearly established. |
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http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic495.htm
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| | Genitourinary and Kidney Disorders - Hypospadias |
| | Many of the innovative techniques that are now universal in hypospadias surgery were devised by the specialists at CHKD. | | | Our pediatric urologists have extensive experience with hypospadias and genital reconstruction and have published numerous scientific articles on this topic. | | | Also during fetal development the foreskin does not develop completely, which typically leaves extra foreskin on the topside of the penis and no foreskin on the underside of the penis. |
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http://www.chkd.org/Urology/hpospads.asp
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| | International Trends in Rates of Hypospadias and Cryptorchidism |
| | Severe hypospadias is much less likely to be affected by changes in definition because it has clearer anatomical boundaries. | | | Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a monthly journal of peer-reviewed research and news on the impact of the environment on human health. | | | Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both testicles do not descend into the scrotum. |
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http://www.ehponline.org/members/1999/107p297-302paulozzi/paulozzi-full.html
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| | Evaluation of an Association Between Loratadine and Hypospadias --- United States, 1997--2001 |
| | In affected infants, the urethral opening is located along the underside of the penis, scrotum, or perineum; the condition usually is corrected by surgery. | | | During 1998--1999, loratadine was the drug most advertised directly to consumers (5) and was used by 3% of women of childbearing age (6). | | | The results of this analysis might be useful for women and health-care providers to address concerns about loratadine use and hypospadias. |
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http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5310a5.htm
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| | Hypospadias |
| | Most often circumcision will not be performed when hypospadias is present, since the foreskin may be needed for the surgery to elongate the urinary channel. | | | A surgical procedure is required to correct hypospadias. | | | The unusual appearance of the penis may lead to embarrassment or even psycological or sexual problems. |
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http://www.med.wayne.edu/urology/DISEASES/hypospadias.html
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| | Hypospadias & Epispadias Association Support and Medical Information |
| | As some of us try to heal our own emotional and physical scars, let's support one another and encourage surgeons, medical doctors and other health care providers to be aware of the incredible emotional and psychological impact that living with these conditions and undergoing genital surgery can have. | | | Join us as we try to lessen the stigma associated with hypospadias and epispadias and give parents the information and education needed to make informed decisions about their sons' medical care. | | | ©2003-2006, Hypospadias and Epispadias Association or HEA · 240 W. 44th St. · Suite 2 · New York, NY 10036 |
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http://www.heainfo.org
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| | hypospadias |
| | This frequently does not necessitate treatment except for cosmetic purposes, but the psychological impact of being "different" from the other boys in the restroom at school should be of great concern. | | | Routine newborn circumcision should be avoided, as the foreskin is often essential for repair later in life. | | | The less common but more severe forms of hypospadias, in which the urethral opening is located on the penile shaft or in the perineum, may interfere with normal urination in the usual male standing position and may interfere with fertility. |
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http://www.drhull.com/EncyMaster/H/hypospadias.html
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| | Hypospadias Repair |
| | People with this condition most commonly have a urethra which terminates just short of the glans, in the area of the cleft on the under side, however the urethral opening can also occur at any point on the under side of the penis from the glans all the way to the perenium. | | | This is a condition where the urethral opening occurs other than in it's normal position at the tip of the glans. | | | Mild defects may be repaired in a single procedure, while severe defects may require two or more procedures. |
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http://www.circlist.com/anatterms/hypospadias.html
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| | Center for the Study & Treatment of Hypospadias |
| | Baskin, L.S.: Hypospadias: a critical analysis of cosmetic outcomes using photography. | | | Baskin, LS, JW Duckett, et al, "Changing concepts of hypospadias curvature lead to more onlay island flap procedures." J Urology 151(1): 191-6, 1994. | | | The morbidity of surgery is also important in that patients with severe hypospadias will require a urethral stent or catheter in the postoperative period. |
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http://urology.ucsf.edu/clinicalRes/CRhypo.html
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| | PedsUroLogic - Hypospadias |
| | I encourage you to personally discuss with me your questions and concerns about this condition and the procedures used to correct it. | | | There may also be a bend in the penis visible during erection. | | | When they reach maturity, almost all patients will be able to have normal sexual relations and father children. |
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http://www.pedsurologic.com/Parker/Pamphlets/Hypospadias/Hypospadias.html
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| | Hypospadias Survey Results |
| | Although the vast majority either do not have or are not aware of relatives with hypospadias, a surprising 18% of respondents have a close relative with hypospadias. | | | Keeping in mind that some of the respondents may be unaware of relatives with hypospadias, the correlation could be higher. | | | This difference is not expected to have an effect on all the comparisons between the two groups, but may affect some |
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http://www.hypospadias.net/Survey/page1.html
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| | Hypospadias -- eCureMe.com |
| | For this reason, it is very important that babies with hypospadias are not circumcised. | | | Hypospadias is a congenital problem with the opening of the penis, or "meatus." Children with this disorder have the meatus placed in an abnormal position, along the underside of the penis, rather than at the tip. | | | Because hypospadias is often associated with other urinary tract abnormalities, many children with this condition require other specialized studies to look for problems with the bladder or kidneys. |
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http://www.ecureme.com/emyhealth/Pediatrics/Hypospadias.asp
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| | Hypospadias |
| | There is no medicine that will result in correction and the child will not "outgrow" the problem. | | | Additionally, sexual function may be hampered by the location of the urethral opening or by the bend in the penis. | | | The foreskin may be needed for the repair of the hypospadias. |
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http://www.pedsurology.com/hypospad.htm
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| | Hypospadias - Patient UK |
| | The reason why the penis does not develop properly is not clear. | | | A small number of people with severe hypospadias (when the urethral opening is at the base of the scrotum) may have other abnormalities of the genitals. | | | The effects of testosterone on the growing penis may be blocked in some way. |
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http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc.asp?doc=23069152
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| | Medindia.net - Paediatrics urology - Hypospadias |
| | When the problem is corrected by 1-3 years of age with a good outcome, there should be no problem in future for fertility. | | | Not having an appearance like other boys at school, can lead to emotional problems in these children. | | | When hypospadias is left uncorrected, the following consequences can develop |
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http://www.medindia.net/patients/paediatrics/Hypospadias.asp
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| | Hypospadias |
| | the surgery done because we were concerned that the hypospadias would | | | or if his preputial nerves had been severed to "correct" a hypospadias. | | | This would not be possible if he had been circumcised |
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http://www.naturalchildbirth.org/natural/resources/newborn/newborn08.htm
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| | Hypospadias |
| | Hypospadias is a relatively common anomaly of the male external genitalia, occurring in approximately 1 in 300 male infants. | | | Penile hypospadias is also relatively common and occurs when the external urethral orifice is on the ventral surface of the penis itself. | | | Glandular hypospadias is one of the more common types and occurs when the external urethral orifice is on the ventral surface of the glans. |
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http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/embryology/ug/Reproductives/Anomalies/Hypospadias.html
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| | BBC - Health - Ask the doctor - Hypospadias |
| | However, hypospadias may cause emotional turmoil and upset when a boy realises he's different from his friends. | | | It can also cause practical problems with passing urine (those with the condition usually have to sit down to pee) and sexual intercourse, which may be embarrassing or difficult to cope with, and general worries about sexuality and fertility. | | | However, as with any abnormalities of the urinary system, there may be an increased risk of urinary infection in more severe cases. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/ask_the_doctor/hypospadias.shtml
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| | Hypospadias - MayoClinic.com |
| | Hypospadias is a condition in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. | | | With successful treatment of hypospadias, most males can have normal sexual function as adults. | | | The urethra is the tube through which urine drains from the bladder and exits the body. |
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http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypospadias/AN00484
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| | Digital Urology Journal: Hypospadias |
| | The condition results from abnormal development of the urethra in the embryo and not from anything the parents did or did not do during pregnancy. | | | The degree of hypospadias depends on the location of the penis opening. | | | Chordee - a downward curve of the penis, especially when erect - is usually, but not always, associated with hypospadias. |
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http://www.duj.com/hypospadias.html
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| | Hypospadias -- Topic Overview |
| | This is the most common type of hypospadias. | | | Hypospadias is a male birth defect in which the opening of the tube that carries urine from the body (urethra) develops abnormally, usually on the underside of the penis. | | | This is the least common type of hypospadias, and is quite rare. |
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http://www.webmd.com/hw/raising_a_family/tv7721.asp
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