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| | human immunodeficiency virus - definition of human immunodeficiency virus in Encyclopedia |
 | | For years HIV reinfection (or superinfection as it is sometimes called) has been thought to be a consequence of unprotected sexual encounters between HIV infected people. | | | In reality, HIV stays in the body for years, infecting people through unsafe sex, blood transfusions and breastfeeding of infants by mothers oblivious to their infection. | | | This allows HIV to have an explosive response once a threshold amount of tat is produced, a useful tool in defeating the body's response. |
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http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/human_immunodeficiency_virus
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| | Frequently Asked Questions |
| | Results from laboratory studies should not be used to assess specific personal risk of infection because (1) the amount of virus studied is not found in human specimens or elsewhere in nature, and (2) no one has been identified as infected with HIV due to contact with an environmental surface. | | | There is no known risk of HIV transmission to co-workers, clients, or consumers from contact in industries such as food-service establishments (see information on survival of HIV in the environment). | | | Additionally, HIV is unable to reproduce outside its living host (unlike many bacteria or fungi, which may do so under suitable conditions), except under laboratory conditions, therefore, it does not spread or maintain infectiousness outside its host. |
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http://www.aegis.com/topics/FAQ.html
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| | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Treatment Information Guide |
| | Many people infected with HIV have no symptoms and there is no way of knowing with certainty whether a sexual partner is infected unless he or she has not engaged in risky behavior, or has been repeatedly tested for the virus. | | | Institute of Human Virology (IHV) at the University of Maryland was established to create and develop a world-class center of excellence focusing on chronic viral diseases and virally linked cancers. | | | Transmission from patient to health-care worker or vice-versa through accidental sticks with contaminated needles, or other medical instruments, is rare. |
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http://www.marylandhivtreatment.com
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| | Circumcision Status, HIV Infection and AIDS |
| | Pépin reported that HIV positive males often have pre-existing genital ulcers of an untreated STD other than HIV. | | | Male circumcision and HIV acquisition and transmission: cohort studies in Rakai, Uganda. | | | Rather than advocating circumcision, given the existing evidence, it would be appropriate to advocate better public health education, so that individuals can make appropriate decisions regarding their own sexual behavior. |
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http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV
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| | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection -- Medications |
| | Medications also are used to prevent other illnesses that can occur with HIV as the result of a weakened immune system. | | | Medications are the primary treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). | | | Your health professional will usually prescribe a combination of several medications—this is sometimes called an anti-HIV "cocktail"—that keeps HIV from multiplying and helps keep the immune system healthy. |
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http://my.webmd.com/hw/hiv_aids/hw151460.asp
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| | AIDS |
| | New strains and subtypes of HIV-1 and HIV-2 arise in the human population. | | | Because HIV transmission is so difficult, changing behavior could go a long way toward stopping the epidemic. | | | Genome analysis also permits the construction of phylogenetic trees which reveal different clades of HIV just as such analysis reveals evolutionary relationship between species. |
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http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AIDS.html
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| | HIV Tutorial |
| | Thus, the biologic properties of HIV can vary, even within an individual HIV infected person, where variants of HIV may arise that are "neurotropic" or "lymphocytotropic" for example. | | | HIV can then be carried elsewhere in the body. | | | The primary risk group for HIV transmission via blood is intravenous drug users sharing infected needles. |
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http://www-medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/AIDS/HIV.html
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| | [Clinical Preventive Services] Screening for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection |
| | Guidelines for the management of early HIV infection and prevention of opportunistic infections have been published by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research67 and the CDC.97,107,111 Arrangements for follow-up medical care are especially important for drug users, who may require assistance in gaining entrance to a drug treatment program (see Chapter 53). | | | Among drug users in treatment, drug use and needle sharing decline after HIV counseling and testing but also declined among unscreened patients.117,129 In a community survey, IDUs who had received testing and counseling were half as likely to share needles as untested subjects.130 Testing has inconsistent effects on high-risk sexual behavior among drug users. | | | Impact of HIV testing and counseling on subsequent sexual behavior. |
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http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/texts/gcps/gcps0038.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| | The primary modes of HIV transmission are (1) sexual relations with an infected person (see Sexually Transmitted Infections); (2) sharing hypodermic needles or accidental pricking by a needle contaminated with infected blood; and (3) transfer of the virus from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or through breast-feeding. | | | The outer envelope of HIV then fuses with the lymphocyte, enabling the HIV capsid to enter the lymphocyte itself. | | | Known as antiretroviral therapy, these drugs target different stages in the life cycle of HIV. |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761579757
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| | eMedicine - Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection : Article by Richard E Frye, MD, PhD |
| | A human development specialist, nutritionist, psychologist, and case manager should be involved in the treatment of every child with HIV infection. | | | Delayed elimination of the tracer and increased residual activity consistent with tubular dysfunction is observed in HIV nephropathy and is correlated with creatinine clearance. | | | Renal cysts are observed with an increased incidence. |
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http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic1027.htm
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| | MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: HIV infection |
| | However, there is a tiny subset of patients who develop AIDS very slowly, or never at all. | | | Most individuals infected with HIV will progress to AIDS if not treated. | | | There is a risk of acquiring the infection even if "safe sex" is practiced with the use of condoms. |
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000602.htm
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| | Screening: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection |
| | Rationale: The USPSTF found fair evidence that screening adolescents and adults not known to be at increased risk for HIV can detect additional individuals with HIV, and good evidence that appropriately timed interventions, especially HAART, lead to improved health outcomes for some of these individuals. | | | There is no evidence of an increase in fetal anomalies or other fetal harm associated with currently recommended antiretroviral regimens (with the exception of efavirenz). | | | The USPSTF also found good evidence that appropriately timed interventions, particularly highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), lead to improved health outcomes for many of those screened, including reduced risk for clinical progression and reduced mortality. |
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http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspshivi.htm
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| | Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 |
| | Since the first descriptions of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981 and the subsequent discovery of the retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in 1983-84, both patients and the public have become very much aware of the potential for acquiring this disease through blood transfusion or therapy with blood-derived products. | | | Isolation of a new human retrovirus from West African patients with AIDS. | | | Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are human retroviruses that contain RNA as genetic material. |
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http://www.mdanderson.org/~citm/H-93-10.html
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| | National Cancer Institute - Dictionary of Cancer Terms |
| | HTLV-1 is spread by sharing syringes or needles used to inject drugs, through blood transfusions, through sexual contact, and from mother to child at birth or through breast-feeding. | | | Treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that uses a combination of several antiretroviral drugs. | | | Infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). |
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http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary/db_alpha.aspx?expand=h
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| | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection -- Topic Overview |
| | However, having HIV does not mean you have AIDS. | | | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that attacks the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight infection and disease. | | | AIDS is the last and most severe stage of the HIV infection. |
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http://my.webmd.com/hw/hiv_aids/hw151411.asp
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| | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| | AIDS is a disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV--pictured at left, courtesy of Health and Development Initiative-India). | | | Contact your physician to discuss the treatment options that may be available to you. | | | Just the like virus that causes the common cold, HIV cannot be "cured" with medications. |
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http://www.aidsprojectoftheozarks.org/hiv.htm
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| | HIV and AIDS Tutorial |
| | This section includes information about HIV's interaction with the immune system, current treatments, and a problem set to test your knowledge. | | | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the pathogen which causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). | | | To learn about diagnosing HIV infection, complete the ELISA Assay and Western Blotting Analysis activities in the Biology Project's Immunology section. |
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http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/tutorials/AIDS/main.html
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| | The Big Picture Book of Viruses - Retroviruses |
| | This computer generated art quality graphics of HIV was done by Russell Kightley of Canberra, Australia. | | | Comments: In view of current knowledge of retroviruses, the "previous" classification into subfamilies (oncovirinae, lentivirinae, spumavirinae) is no longer appropriate, since the genera that made up, for example, oncovirinae are no more closely related (or similar) to one another than they are to members of other previously designed subfamilies. | | | The structural components, including the key antigenic components, of human immunodeficiency virus are diagrammed here. |
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http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVretro.html
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| | ICTVdB Virus Description - 00.061.1.06.009. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 |
| | Information about this virus have been posted on the web by an internet source (Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection has been presented by "Cell alive" at http://www.cellsalive.com/hiv0.htm). | | | Additional genes in HIV-1 are vif [328663], vpr [328664], vpu [328665], \tat [328659], rev [328660], nef [328667] whose products are involved in regulation of synthesis and processing virus RNA and other replicative functions. | | | This is a description of a vertebrate virus at the species level. |
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http://phene.cpmc.columbia.edu/RothamstedMirror/ICTVdB/61065hiv.htm
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| | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| | HIV is present in other fluids, but not transmitted | | | HIV new infection rates growing in specific groups | | | Cumulative deaths due to HIV and AIDS: 16.3 Million |
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http://www.fpnotebook.com/HIV11.htm
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