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| | ScienceDaily: Researchers Determine Reason For Deadly Spread Of 1918 Influenza |
 | | The researchers concluded that the hemagglutinin structure they uncovered for the 1918 virus may well have been a key contributor to its deadly spread. | | | They then crystallized the protein and used the analytical technique of x-ray crystallography to determine its structure. | | | In their study, the researchers sought to understand the structure of the hemagglutinin protein, which covers the surface of the influenza virus and is known to initiate the first stages of viral infection. |
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/02/040206080420.htm
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| | Structural Analysis of Hemagglutinin from the 1918 Influenza PandemicStrain |
| | Structural Analysis of Hemagglutinin from the 1918 Influenza PandemicStrain | | | One of the patches is found only in avian forms of HA, "providing tantalizing evidence of a direct jump of this virus from birds to the human naïve population," said the researchers. | | | The Scripps researchers then cloned, expressed and crystallized the viral protein, called hemagglutinin (HA) and utilized SSRL's macromolecular crystallography beam lines to reveal the coils, stalks and heads that make up HA's structure. |
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http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/research/1918flu_summary.html
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| | NEJM -- Influenza Vaccine -- Outmaneuvering Antigenic Shift and Drift |
| | The consequences of the introduction of a new hemagglutinin | | | hemagglutinin and 9 subtypes of neuraminidase have been identified. | | | Mutations at positions 155 and 156 (red) seem to be of particular importance, since they are located on the top of the hemagglutinin molecule and are common to all viruses from the A/Fujian/411/2002 genetic group, though it is not clear whether these two mutations alone can account for all the antigenic differences that are seen. |
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http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/350/3/218
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| | Viral Membrane Fusion |
| | Most studies have been carried out with influenza hemagglutinin (HA), but similar studies with gp41/gp120 of HIV are also in progress. | | | Secondary structure, orientation, oligomerization, and lipid interactions of the transmembrane domain of influenza hemagglutinin. | | | Structural studies on membrane-embedded influenza hemagglutinin and its fragments. |
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http://faculty.virginia.edu/tamm/pages/project_vfusion.html
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| | C3d enhancement of antibodies to hemagglutinin accelerates protection against influenza virus challenge - Nature ... |
| | Plasmids were generated that encoded a transmembrane HA (tmHA), a secreted form of HA (sHA), or a sHA fused to three tandem copies of the murine homologue of the C3d (sHA-3C3d). | | | They also correlated to complete protection from live virus challenge by a single vaccination at a dose ten times lower than the protective dose for non-C3d forms of HA. | | | The ability of the C3d component of complement to enhance antibody responses and protective immunity to influenza virus challenges was evaluated using a DNA vaccine encoding a C3d fusion of the hemagglutinin (HA) from influenza virus. |
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http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/77802
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| | Hemagglutinin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Hemagglutinin, as depicted in a simplified molecular model. | | | Jmol tutorial of influenza hemagglutinin structure and activity. | | | This finding seems to explain how an H5N1 virus that normally does not infect humans can mutate and become able to efficiently infect human cells. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin
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| | Medmicro Chapter 58 |
| | The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens, on the other hand, are variable. | | | Fourteen distinct hemagglutinin and nine neuraminidase antigens are known. | | | The orientation of the nucleoproteinRNA complex in the virion has not been fully elucidated. |
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http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch058.htm
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| | TSRI - News and Publications |
| | Hemagglutinin is also the main antigenic determinant on the virus - it is what the human immune system primarily recognizes and responds to by making antibodies and mounting an immune defense. | | | How deadly an individual influenza infection is depends on how well one person's immune system recognizes the hemagglutinin. | | | There, the hemagglutinin on the surface of the virus binds to lung epithelial cell receptors containing sialic acid, which allows the virus to be internalized into the epithelial cell, through something known as the endosomal pathway, and this establishes an infection. |
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http://www.scripps.edu/news/press/020504.html
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| | Antigenic Variants of Influenza Viruses CDC EID |
| | The unusual patterns between antigenic distances and amino acid differences may be due to interaction between amino acid changes in the hemagglutinin or laboratory variability, which needs further experiments to clarify. | | | The positions 156, 186, and 193 are located at the antigenic site B and the position 138 is located at the antigenic site A. Moreover, the positions 156 and 193 are also located at the mouse monoclonal antibody-binding sites (Appendix). | | | Antigenic drift in influenza virus H3 hemagglutinin from 1968 to 1980: multiple evolutionary pathways and sequential amino acid changes at key antigenic sites. |
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http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol10no8/04-0107.htm
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| | TSRI - News and Publications |
| | We are studying tolerance to a model self-antigen, the influenza hemagglutinin, that is expressed as a transgene product in the pancreatic islets in mice. | | | Also, we wished to determine if, in some instances, autoimmunity may be partly attributable to the lack of elimination of high-avidity T cells specific for self-antigens. | | | Previous studies on tolerance induction identified a variety of mechanisms that can reduce the avidity of a T cell for self-antigen, such as altered expression of molecules involved in antigen recognition or signal transduction. |
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http://www.scripps.edu/news/sr/sr2000/imm20.html
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| | Influenza |
| | change the epitopes on the hemagglutinin molecule (and, to a lesser degree, the neuraminidase) so that they are no longer recognized by the antibodies circulating in the bodies of previous victims. | | | But the availability of antibiotics to treat the secondary infections, that are the usual cause of death, resulted in a much lower death rate.) | | | The drop in pH in the endosome (endocytic vesicle) produces a change in the structure of the viral hemagglutinin enabling it to |
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http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Influenza.html
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| | TSRI - News and Publications |
| | Using these mice, we investigated the consequences when different amounts of hemagglutinin are expressed in the islets. | | | Mice in which hemagglutinin has been introduced as a transgene protein under the control of the rat insulin promoter (InsHA mice) have peripheral tolerance to hemagglutinin expressed in pancreatic islet beta cells. | | | In this model, thymic tolerance to hemagglutinin does not occur, and T cells first encounter antigen in the periphery. |
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http://www.scripps.edu/news/sr/sr99/immgen35.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Hemagglutinin (HA) acquired its name by early experiments with Influenza A, because when added to RBC (red blood cells) they agglutinated or clumped together. | | | Hemagglutinin is a surface glycoprotein on human Influenza A responsible for binding to N-AcetylNeuraminic Acid (NeuNAc) or commonly Sialic acid on host cell surface receptors. | | | Diagram from Branden and Tooze's Introduction to Protein Structure (reference) |
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http://www.chem.uwec.edu/Chem406_F97/Webpages97/heidi/INTRO.HTM
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| | ISD: PDB information page |
| | The Protein Data Bank (PDB) includes structural information about the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix proteins of influenza. | | | HEMAGGLUTININ (/L226(A)Q$) (BROMELAIN DIGESTED) (MUTANT WITH LEU 226 | | | Select a protein, then use the buttons below to retrieve structural information about your selection in text files. |
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http://www.flu.lanl.gov/tools/pdb_info.html
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| | Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase |
| | The structure of the globular head of HN in Newcastle virus has been determined using hexagonal crystal and orthorhombic crystal forms (4). | | | This is done to prevent self-aggregation of the virons, as well as to prevent rebinding of new virus particles to cells already infected (3,4,7). | | | Halide concentration and pH of the surrounding environment determine the conformation of this enzyme, acting as a switch between hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) activities. |
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http://www.arches.uga.edu/~tye/bcmb8010
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| | Avian Flu - What we need to know: Research |
| | How deadly an individual influenza infection is depends on how well a person's immune system recognizes the hemagglutinin. | | | In 2003, H5N1 avian influenza virus infections were diagnosed in 2 Hong Kong residents who had visited the Fujian province in mainland China, affording us the opportunity to characterize one of the viral isolates, A/Hong Kong/213/03 (HK213; H5N1). | | | In contrast to H5N1 viruses isolated from humans during the 1997 outbreak in Hong Kong, HK213 retained several features of aquatic bird viruses, including the lack of a deletion in the neuraminidase stalk and the absence of additional oligosaccharide chains at the globular head of the hemagglutinin molecule. |
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http://avianflu.typepad.com/avianflu/research/index.html
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| | hemagglutinin - definition of hemagglutinin by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. |
| | This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. | | | A substance, such as an antibody, that causes agglutination of red blood cells. | | | hemagglutinin - definition of hemagglutinin by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. |
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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hemagglutinin
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| | InterPro: IPR008980 Viral capsid/hemagglutinin protein |
| | The beta sandwich domain described here is structurally very similar in vp6 and vp7, and may be involved in the attachment of the virus to the cell. | | | In influenza C, a single multifunctional glycoprotein, the hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein, possesses a hemagglutinin domain, which recognizes the cell surface receptor 9-O-acetylsialic acid, and bears strong structural resemblance to the hemagglutinin protein of influenza A and B, as well as to the vp6 and vp7 capsid proteins. | | | In each case, the domain consists of a beta sandwich, in which the strands making up the sheets exhibit a jellyroll fold. |
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http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/IEntry?ac=IPR008980
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| | Pfam 19.0 : Hemagglutinin |
| | HA2provides two alpha-helices, which form part of the fibrous structure(three helices, one from each monomer, pack together as the triple-strandedcoiled-coil that stablises the trimer), its C-terminus providing theremaining strands of the 5-stranded globular foot. | | | Fusion occurs after the host cell internalises the virus by endocytosis. | | | Hemagglutinin from influenza virus causes membrane fusion of the viral membrane with the host membrane. |
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http://pfam.wustl.edu/cgi-bin/getdesc?name=Hemagglutinin
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| | Origin and Evolution of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Genes -- Suzuki and Nei 19 (4): 501 -- Molecular Biology and ... |
| | Nakajima K., U. Desselberger, P. Palese, 1978 Recent human influenza A (H1N1) viruses are closely related genetically to strains isolated in 1950 Nature 274:334-339 | | | Rohm C., N. Zhou, J. Suss, J. Mackenzie, R. Webster, 1996 Characterization of a novel influenza hemagglutinin, H15: criteria for determination of influenza A subtypes Virology 217:508-516 | | | Air G. Gibbs, W. Laver, R. Webster, 1990 Evolutionary changes in influenza B are not primarily governed by antibody selection Proc. |
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http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/4/501
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| | The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing |
| | MSHA does not seem to alter the efficiency of intestinal colonization | | | For multiple references use commas and no spaces between citation numbers. | | | Attridge SR, Manning PA, Holmgren J, Jonson G. Relative significance of mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin and toxin-coregulated pili in colonization of infant mice by Vibrio cholerae El Tor. |
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http://www.nutsandboltsguide.com/science.html
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| | Recombination in H9N2 Bird Flu Hemagglutinin From China |
| | The extensive amount of recombination in HA and NA as well as recombination between human and avian sequences, is cause for concern that H5N1, which has genes that have reassorted with H9N2 genes in both H9N2 and H5N1 isolates, will soon | | | Recombination in H9N2 Bird Flu Hemagglutinin From China | | | Sequences of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of H9N2 isolates, |
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http://www.recombinomics.com/News/01040501/H9N2_HA_Recombinants.html
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| | NodeWorks - Encyclopedia: Hemagglutinin |
| | Hemagglutinin (HA) is an antigenic glycoprotein found on the surface of the Influenza virus and is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected. | | | The name derives from the protein's ability to adhere to red blood cells and causes them to agglutinate, or stick together. | | | Hemagglutinin binds to a sialic acid residue on the cell to be infected. |
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http://pedia.nodeworks.com/H/HE/HEM/Hemagglutinin
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