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| | Glycolysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Many of the metabolites in the glycolytic pathway are also used by anabolic pathways, and, as a consequence, flux through the pathway is critical also to maintain a supply carbon skeletons for biosynthesis. | | | During anaerobic conditions, glycolysis is the cellular mechanism to obtain ATP, by fermentation. | | | The most common and well-known type of glycolysis is the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, initially elucidated by Gustav Embden and Otto Meyerhof. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis
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| | BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life |
| | The key steps in the regulation of glycolysis, or any pathway, are those that catalyze the rate-limiting, irreversible steps along the pathway. | | | Oxidative phosphorylation does not work in the absence of oxygen, however, and in the absence of oxygen glycolysis is forced to a halt due to a lack of NAD+, unless NAD+ is regenerated through fermentation. | | | The steps along the pathway each involve a change in the free energy of the products and reactants, and as long as the overall change in free energy is negative, the reaction continues forward, like water flowing down hill to its lowest energy point. |
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http://www.biocarta.com/pathfiles/h_glycolysisPathway.asp
(656 words)
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| | Glycolysis--The Details |
| | generated in the alcohol dehydrogenase reaction is consumed in the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the glycolysis pathway. | | | Therefore, the committed step in a pathway is the one which is the primary control point. | | | High citrate levels signal high levels of biosynthetic precursors and under these conditions there is no need for further breakdown of glucose. |
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http://www.db.uth.tmc.edu/faculty/faculty/amoretti/alevine/1521_2000/glydetail.htm
(1447 words)
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| | Media Portfolio |
| | It is the intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogen pathways, and the pentose phosphate pathway. | | | The regulation of G6P is not yet fully understood. | | | Cumulative free-energy changes for the reactions of glycolysis |
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http://cwx.prenhall.com/horton/medialib/media_portfolio/11.html
(867 words)
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| | Glycolysis & Fermentation |
| | Inhibition of Phosphofructokinase, the rate-limiting step of Glycolysis, when [ATP] is high, prevents breakdown of glucose, in a pathway whose main role is to make ATP. | | | The Glycolysis pathway is described below and summarized in Fig. | | | The complete pathway, including Glycolysis and the re-oxidation of NADH, is called |
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http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/glycolysis.htm
(1469 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | This is due to the fact that large amounts of G6P are derived from the breakdown of glycogen (the predominant mechanism of carbohydrate entry into glycolysis in skeletal muscle) and, therefore, the hexokinase reaction is not necessary. | | | The pathway of glycolysis can be seen as consisting of 2 separate phases. | | | Erythrocytes and skeletal muscle (under conditions of exertion) derive all of their ATP needs through anaerobic glycolysis. |
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http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/glycolysis.html
(4507 words)
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| | glycolysis on Encyclopedia.com |
| | The paradox between resistance to hypoxia and liability to hypoxic damage in hyperglycemic peripheral nerves: evidence for glycolysis involvement. | | | The products of glycolysis are further metabolized to complete the breakdown of glucose. | | | Let HighBeam Research help you refine your search |
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http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/g1/glycolys.asp
(723 words)
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| | Glycolysis and Fermentation |
| | Different microorganism tend to have a characteristic fermentation pathway (rather than an unlimited potential to drastically switch fermentation pathways depending upon utility). | | | Generally, substrate-level phosphorylation is the means by which fermentation processes lead to ATP generation. | | | See glycolysis for more details of this process. |
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http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol1095.htm
(2687 words)
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| | Self Instructional on Glycolysis and Respiration |
| | In this self instructional I want to give you an overview of the process, in the hope that you will understand what is taking place and not just memorize the process. | | | In other words, I would like you to be able to think through and understand the concepts, not the minute details of these processes. | | | I hope that you will understand the processes of glycolysis and respiration well enough to be able to describe this process in a similar way. |
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http://homepages.ius.edu/GKIRCHNE/Glycolysis.htm
(3616 words)
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| | glycolysis TCA ATP |
| | This is the last step in the glycolysis pathway. | | | Even though the pathway will generate energy, it initially consumes 2 ATP. | | | Hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, which catalyze the two initial phosphorylations are the most important ones, because they control the pathway with their activity. |
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http://www.prism.gatech.edu/~gh19/b1510/glytca.htm
(1833 words)
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| | GLYCOLYSIS |
| | Glycolysis - The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. | | | Anaerobic glycolysis can be better than nothing (e.g., the leg muscle of a cheetah in a high speed run can not supply oxygen quickly enough to those muscle cells to fully utilize the glucose, but the few ATP made still allows for the rapid activity), | | | Low efficiency may be of no consequence if there is an excess of food source (e.g., yeast in anaerobic apple juice grows very well because there is so much sugar available). |
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http://www.mrs.umn.edu/~goochv/CellBio/lectures/resp/resp.html
(1000 words)
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| | Jon Maber's Biochemistry Pages |
| | A concise and brief summary of the purpose and function of glycolysis including a list of key points that a student ought to learn. | | | Will give you a deeper insight into the reasons that the pathway has evolved the way it has and why it cannot easily be improved on. | | | A exercise in which you 'design' glycolysis by considering the evolution of the pathway and selecting reaction types in sequence. |
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http://www.beechtreecommon.org/biochemistry
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| | Glycolysis: The Universal Energy Pathway |
| | Glycolysis can be carried out anerobically (in the absence of oxygen) and is thus an especially important pathway for organisms that can ferment sugars. | | | For example, glycolysis is the pathway utilized by yeast to produce the alcohol found in beer. | | | Glycolysis also serves as a source of raw materials for the synthesis of other compounds. |
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http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/glycolysis/glycohome.html
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| | Glycolysis |
| | Glycolysis is the primary pathway for anaerobic degradation of D-glucopyranoses and other D-hexopyranoses. | | | This representation of glycolysis is faithful to the topology of the pathway as currently represented in Atropos. | | | It is probably universal among organisms: certainly the enzymes which catalyze the pathway's reactions are among the most conserved (and therefore presumably most ancient) among proteins. |
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http://www.biocheminfo.org/moirai/atropos/glycolysis_mockup/glycolysis.html
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| | Glycolysis |
| | This is in contrast to the view expressed in many exercise biochemistry/physiology information sources where they erroneously assume lactic acid is a byproduct of glycolysis and contributes to acidosis. | | | Glycolysis is a fast process and therefore has a high power (ATP per second). | | | Lactate production is positive in terms of reducing acidosis and measuring it will underestimate the amount of acid being produced by ATP hydrolysis and glycolysis (because lactate only buffers some of the protons). |
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http://www.topracket.com/Badmintology/CoreText/Energy/Energy30.php
(254 words)
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| | glycolysis |
| | Glycolysis has two phases -- (it is a cytoplasmic pathway) | | | Glycolysis can take place under aerobic or anaerobic conditions | | | NADH must be reoxidized for glycolysis to continue--under aerobic conditions NADH ---> ETS 3 ATP's/NADH |
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http://www2.msstate.edu/~dsluthe/GB2-2000/glycolysis.html
(1529 words)
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| | glycolysis |
| | Remember that these steps are happening for each of the two molecules of PGAL that complete the pathway, so at this point the 'investment' of energy during the first half of glycolysis has been recovered; any additional ATP produced can be considered to be part of the 'profit' gained through this pathway.] | | | Although some profit is recovered from the 10 steps of glycolysis, it is not a highly profitable pathway. | | | This is coupled with the dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP. |
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http://campus.northpark.edu/biology/cell/glycolysis.html
(670 words)
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| | The miracle of fermentation |
| | Glycolysis (via the traditional Embden-Meyerhoff pathway) is the enzymatic breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. | | | You should be able to recognize the major steps in Embden-Meyerhoff glycolysis. | | | Macromedia's Shockwave is required to fully appreciate this page |
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http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biomi290/MOVIES/GLYCOLYSIS.HTML
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| | CELLULAR METABOLISM AND FERMENTATION |
| | Glycolysis Main Page You will need the Chime plugin to view interactive rotating images of the molecules in the Glycolysis pathway. | | | EcoCyc Glycolysis Pathway EcoCyc, an electronic encyclopedia of E. | | | coli genes and metabolism, provides an interactive diagram of the glycolysis pathway. |
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http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookGlyc.html
(1147 words)
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| | Gluconeogenesis |
| | To prevent this waste, Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis pathways are | | | Three reactions of Glycolysis have such a large negative | | | (Glycolysis) is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP. |
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http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/gluconeo.htm
(1187 words)
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| | Cellular Respiration |
| | Without enough of these B vitamins, our ability to get the energy out of our food would come to a grinding halt! | | | Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway found in all living organisms. | | | Glycolysis does not need oxygen as part of any of its chemical reactions. |
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http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/cellresp.htm
(2312 words)
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| | Glycolysis Reactions |
| | This change makes the compound somewhat unstable, but energy for the final step of glycolysis. | | | This reaction is an isomerization between the keone group and an aldehyde group. | | | The starting points for other monosaccharides, galactose and fructose, are also shown. |
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http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/601glycolysisrx.html
(802 words)
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| | The chemical logic behind... Glycolysis |
| | This is the commited step of this metabolic pathway: from the moment glucose is transformed into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate it must proceed through glycolysis. | | | This is called fermentation : an internally balanced degradation, i.e., a process that uses one of its products as the final acceptor of the electrons it releases. | | | Glucose-6-phosphate will be used in glycogen synthesis (a storage form of glucose), production of other carbon compounds by the pentose-phosphate pathway, or degraded in order to produce energy- glycolysis. |
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http://www2.ufp.pt/~pedros/bq/glycolysis.htm
(509 words)
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| | Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle |
| | We did not explicitly develop glycolysis and energy metabolism pages, but there is a wealth of good information on these topics that other people have developed, and this directory allows to to get to those sources. | | | A clear chart of the intermediates of glycolysis, also done at the University of Virginia. | | | A nice, quick summary of glycolytic metabolism (obtaining energy from glucose), done at the University of Virginia. |
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http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/glycolysis/dir.html
(236 words)
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| | Glycolysis Problems |
| | This is what happens to your body when you put it through extreme enduring exercising stress. | | | The same process happens in muscle tissue, except that when the NADH builds up, lactic acid fermentation starts up. | | | However, the muscle tissue cannot do this forever. |
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http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/glycolysis/solutions.html
(530 words)
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| | GLYCOLYSIS |
| | This exercise has each student taking responsibility for a single molecule in the series, learning the following about it: | | | Videos on glycolysis from Films for the Humanities and Sciences series which review the process are: | | | "Glycolysis" strikes fear into many undergrad biology students because it presents them with an abstract series of reactions and molecules which are difficult to visualize and therefore incorporate into a coherant biochemical framework. |
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http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Cell_Biology/glycolysis/Glycolysis.htm
(952 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | Glycolysis does not require oxygen and can occur under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. | | | The glycolysis pathway involves 9 distinct steps, each catalyzed by a unique enzyme. | | | They are included to help illustrate how the molecules in the pathway are manipulated by the enzymes in order to to acheive the required products. |
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http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/metabolism/cellresp/glycol.html
(591 words)
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| | National Cancer Institute - Dictionary of Cancer Terms |
| | When glycolysis is linked with other enzyme reactions that use oxygen, more complete breakdown of glucose is possible and more energy is produced. | | | Glycolysis is one method that cells use to produce energy. | | | A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen. |
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http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary/db_alpha.aspx?cdrid=44131
(79 words)
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| | Introductory Biology Courseware (110)- Cellular Respiration |
| | Pyruvate, a product of glycolysis may either be converted to lactate or ethanol (fermentation) or be converted to an acetyl group for further processing during the Krebs cycle. | | | Fermentation is a process whereby a cell can achieve redox balance (reoxidizing NADH + H | | | If oxygen is available to support aerobic respiration, reactions occur subsequent to glycolysis within the mitochondrion (especially associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane). |
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http://tidepool.st.usm.edu/crswr/110respiration.html
(710 words)
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| | Cellular Respiration |
| | glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid | | | The energy released is trapped in the form of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell. | | | at two steps in glycolysis yielding 2 ATPs for each glucose molecule. |
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http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CellularRespiration.html
(1190 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | The Glycolysis occurs in the cell's cytoplasme (not like the next phases that occur in the mitochondria). | | | The P from the phosphoanolpiruvate is taken, and the release of energy is used to make an ADP molecule to ATP. | | | It does not involve oxygen,and that's the reason it is universal. |
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http://www.leyada.jlm.k12.il/proj/biology/glyco.htm
(525 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | Glycolysis from Biochemical Pathways - George Washington University by K. Miller. | | | Coupled oxidation and phosphorylation of G-3-P to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate | | | Creates two molecules of same compound, so SAME ezymes can be used to process C3 compounds generated during glycolysis. |
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http://www.park.edu/bhoffman/courses/bi225/recaps/glycolysis.htm
(753 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | The aim of this exercise is to help students understand the processes which occur in glycolysis. | | | This chapter is aimed at university students beginning their studies in biological sciences, and is designed to serve as an introduction to more advanced courses. | | | An introduction to glycolysis by Dr. Michael W. King of the Indiana University School of Medicine. |
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http://bioresearch.ac.uk/browse/mesh/D006019.html
(385 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | During the first reaction of glycolysis, an ATP molecule gives its phosphate to a glucose molecule. | | | This process is called fermentation, and, although it does reoxidize a cell's typically limited supply of NAD so that the glycolysis chain of reactions can keep going, fermentation leaves much of the glucose molecule's original energy untapped. | | | Thus, the energy of two ATP molecules must be spent in readying a single molecule of glucose to begin releasing the much greater amount of energy locked in its molecular structure. |
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http://www.scientia.org/cadonline/biology/molebio/glycolysis.asp
(752 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | With respect to glycolysis and cellular respiration, describe the functional roles of: | | | About how many steps are there in glycolysis? | | | Describe how ATP is produced using the energy of a reduced coenzyme like NADH + H |
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http://www.ccsn.nevada.edu/science/Biology/Leary/Rs.html
(208 words)
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| | Lecture Notes-4 |
| | Glycolysis does not require oxygen, but the end products depend upon the amount of oxygen | | | Mitochondria are organelles which oxidize glucose much more completely than in glycolysis | | | Lactic acid is produced by muscles in heavy exercise- a major cause of fatigue |
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http://members.aol.com/Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot04.html
(1455 words)
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| | Cellular Respiration and Glycolysis |
| | B. can follow several pathways, fermentation and the reactions in muscle tissue being the most common | | | C. follows the same steps as aerobic glycolysis, but then switches to a different track at the stage where PYRUVATE would then change to Acetyl Coenzyme A and enter the Krebs cycle | | | is a basically ENDERGENIC reaction, yielding only a net gain of 2 ATP per molecule of Glucose (36-38 ATP from the full cycle of aerobic glycolysis + respiration) |
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http://www.bolthole.com/millikan/cellresp.htm
(598 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm in the absence of O | | | The end product pyruvate may then either undergo areobic respiration in the mitochondria or anaerobic respiration (fermentation). | | | The phosphorylated molecule is then broken down in a series of reactions into two three carbon molecules (lysis). |
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http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/glylysis/glylysis.html
(76 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | Glycolysis produces 4 ATP's and 2 NADH, but uses 2 ATP's in the process for a net of 2 ATP and 2 NADH | | | The only goal of fermentation reactions is to convert NADH to NAD | | | The ATP generated from the mitochondria is only used when the plant cannot generate ATP directly from the light-dependent reactions |
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http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2005/lect09.htm
(903 words)
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| | Lecture 9 |
| | The figure shows the central pathways supplying energy in plant, animal and many other types of cells | | | This is called substrate level phosphorylation because the electron transport system of the mitochondrion is not involved | | | Hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, which catalyze the 1st and last steps of glycolysis, are also regulated enzymes |
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http://members.aol.com/BearFlag45/Biology1A/LectureNotes/lec09.html
(1025 words)
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| | GLOSSARY G |
| | glycolysis The universal cellular metabolic process in the cell's cytoplasm where 6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, and some ATP and NADH are produced. | | | to view the On-Line Biology Book chapter on glycolysis. |
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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossG.html
(962 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | Describe the effect of a genetic pyruvate kinase deficiency on anaerobic glycolysis. | | | Name the enzyme that makes anaerobic glycolysis possible by using up the NADH that accumulates. | | | 4.2 Why would anaerobic glycolysis be needed by red blood cells? |
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http://www.ttuhsc.edu/SOM/courses/biochem/glycolobj.htm
(397 words)
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| | Outline of Glycolysis |
| | As indicated, step 6 begins the energy generation phase of glycolysis, which causes the net synthesis of ATP and NADH molecules (see also a detailed diagram of the 10 steps of glycolysis. | | | Note that step 4 cleaves a six-carbon sugar into two three-carbon sugars, so that the number of molecules at every stage after this doubles. |
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http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/out_Glycol.html
(101 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | First step of glycolysis is glucose transport (facilitated diffusion) across the sarcolemma that is accomplished by a specific protein on the plasma membrane–requires insulin during resting states. |
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http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~ens632/Glycolysis.htm
(495 words)
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| | Glycolysis |
| | Here are some links to glycolysis sites that you might find interesting: | | | excessive production of NADH, decreases flux through glycolysis | | | If you have found others that are helpful, let me know and I will add them to the list |
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http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/archive/Spring1999/CH369/LEC14/Lec14.htm
(702 words)
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