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| | Genital modification and mutilation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Genital modification and genital mutilation both can refer to permanent or temporary changes to the human genitals. | | | When genital alterations are used for punishment, typically for rape, adultery or other socially forbidden sexual practices, such mutilations have included castration (actual or chemical) or penectomy. | | | In some cases, people elect to have their genitals pierced, tattooed or otherwise altered for aesthetic or other reasons. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_mutilation
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female Genital Mutilation-At the crossroads of women's health and human rights. | | | Female Genital Mutilation is the term used for removal of all or just part of the external parts of the female genitalia. | | | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a cultural practice that started in Africa approximately 2000 years ago. |
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http://www.members.tripod.com/~Wolvesdreams/FGM.html
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| | The Geography of Genital Mutilations |
| | Genital mutilations are often classified as a "cultural practice," but there is growing evidence that this benign-sounding label merely serves to dismiss or evade the painful and contractive effects the mutilations have upon the psyche and soma of the child. | | | The underlying psychology of genital mutilations is anxiety regarding sexual pleasure, mainly heterosexual genital intercourse, as indicated by the associated virginity taboos and ritual absolutions against vaginal blood. | | | The genital mutilations of young males and females are major examples of cultural "traits" or "practices" which, on deeper analysis, reveal roots in severe pleasure-anxiety, with sadistic overtones. |
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http://www.noharmm.org/geography.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack |
| | I was genitally mutilated with a blunt penknife. | | | Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the term used to refer to the removal of part, or all, of the female genitalia. | | | The person performing the mutilation may be an older woman, a traditional midwife or healer, a barber, or a qualified midwife or doctor. |
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http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm
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| | AFROL Background - Fighting Female Genital Mutilation in Africa |
| | Female genital mutilation, the name given to a number of traditional practices that involves the partial or total excision of female genitals, are practiced in 28 African countries, as well as other regions of the world. | | | A negative reaction to the enactment of laws on female genital mutilation was in the Sahel region of Ghana, she says. | | | The United Kingdom used an integrated legal approach to deal with the practice of female genital mutilation, which was considered a form of child abuse and could be used as the basis for State intervention to safeguard a child's welfare. |
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http://www.afrol.com/Categories/Women/backgr_fighting_fgm.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | For example, the practice of female genital mutilation is justified as being a religious practice. | | | Further, it is noted that the practice of genital mutilation was used in the United States to treat female disorders. | | | As of 1996, the practice of female genital mutilation was not illegal. |
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http://academic.udayton.edu/health/01status/97tucker.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female genital mutilation (FGM), often referred to as 'female circumcision', comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons. | | | Psychosexual and psychological health: Genital mutilation may leave a lasting mark on the life and mind of the woman who has undergone it. | | | In cultures where it is an accepted norm, female genital mutilation is practiced by followers of all religious beliefs as well as animists and non believers. |
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http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/issues/fgm/index.php
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| | Female genital mutilation in Britain |
| | In Britain female genital mutilation is regarded as a form of child abuse, though this term should not be used when discussing the procedure with families as it would be greatly resented. | | | Female genital mutilation tends to be considered mainly from the woman's point of view and has become identified as a feminist issue. | | | Female genital mutilation is supported and encouraged by men; indeed the operation can be regarded as an exercise in male supremacy and the oppression of women. |
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http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/archive/6994ed1.htm
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| | Agencies call for end to female genital mutilation |
| | Sometimes referred to as female circumcision or excision, the term female genital mutilation is used to describe all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs, for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons. | | | In cultures where it is the accepted norm, female genital mutilation is normally performed by traditional practitioners with crude instruments, such as knives, razor blades and broken glass, usually without anaesthetics. | | | Today, the number of girls and women who have been subjected to female genital mutilation is estimated at over 130 million individuals worldwide, with a further 2 million girls annually at risk. |
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http://www.unicef.org/newsline/fgm2.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Lightfoot-Klein, H. The sexual adjustment of genitally circumcised and infibulated females in the Sudan. | | | Guidance for doctors approached by victims of female genital mutilation. | | | Brady M. Female genital mutilation: complications and risk of HIV transmission. |
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http://www.cirp.org/pages/female
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Genital mutilation is usually performed as either a religious ritual or to gain acceptance within the society. | | | With the facts stated here, it is my belief that genital mutilation, both male and female, is very much and issue which again needs to be addressed on a global scale, as it was in 1989 with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. | | | Outline the extent to which you believe an issue such as genital mutilation is a matter for global consideration. |
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http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Easel/9509/genital.html
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| | UNICEF - Child protection - Female genital mutalitation |
| | Female genital mutilation (or female genital cutting) comprises all surgical procedures involving partial or total removal of the external genitalia or other injuries to the female genital organs for cultural or non-therapeutic reasons. | | | Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), or female genital cutting, refers to a number of practices which involve cutting away part or all of a girl’s external genitalia. | | | Given current birth rates this means that some 2 million girls are at risk of some form of female genital mutilation every year. |
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http://www.unicef.org/protection/index_genitalmutilation.html
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| | TYPES OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION |
| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is in many ways one of the most dramatic expressions of male control over the fundamental rights of women of which we are aware. | | | There is no law in Togo that explicitly forbids female genital cutting, referred to here as excision, but the constitution does insure each individual's physical integrity, a possible basis for the government to protect a woman from the practice. | | | PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES: Obviously, the mere notion of surgical interference in the highly sensitive genital organs constitutes a serious threat to the young girl, and that the painful operation is a source of major physical as well as psychological trauma. |
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http://sociweb.tamu.edu/Faculty/POSTON/Postonweb/soci207_fall02/Lecture11.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation defended |
| | The term "female genital mutilation" is mischievous and hypocritical. | | | It is not true that every type of genital ritual has the same implication or is practiced consistently across Nigeria or Africa. | | | Many of the so called advocates against circumcision who cry out against the loss of a small piece of tissue - and call it mutilation - have no qualms with the "right" to have abortions involving the barbaric crushing and scooping of body parts of an unborn fetus. |
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http://www.circumstitions.com/FGM-defended.html
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| | BFD - Governmental Action Plan against Female Genital Mutilation |
| | However, the law is relatively unknown and Norwegian personnel have not been trained to take a proactive approach to the problem or give professional help to victims of genital mutilation. | | | Norway has been shaken by the recent reports of female genital mutilation. | | | This action plan is intended as a contribution to our joint effort to combat female genital mutilation. |
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http://odin.dep.no/.../publ/handbooks/004021-120008/index-dok000-b-n-a.html
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| | Template |
| | Women who do not have their genitals mutilated are considered to be prostitutes. | | | The elimination of female sexual pleasure is the reason most frequently given for the genital mutilations, which is to keep "moral behavior of women in society" and "to assure the faithfulness of women to their husbands" - who usually have several wives. | | | There is no doubt that genital mutilation does permanent life-long physical and psychological damage to women. |
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http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/first/hosken.html
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| | Template |
| | Human rights principles and corrective actions incriminate genital mutilators and their accomplices whose evils deny millions of children their reproductive rights to genital integrity and restitution, and sexual liberation. | | | The global proliferation of genital mutilation by circumcisers torturing child-victims incorporates atypical human rights violations: body-dysmorphic disorders, genital destruction, psycho-social impairment, and spiritual death. | | | The world community is increasingly educated on crimes against humanity, in particular, about individuals practicing genital mutilation, commonly termed circumcision" Genital mutilation affects more than 2 million girl-child victims and more than 13.5 million boy-child victims annually throughout the world. |
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http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/fourth/zavales4.html
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| | Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Female genital mutilation |
| | The most extreme form of genital mutilation is excision and infibulation, in which the clitoris and all of the surround tissue are cut away and the remaining skin is sewn together. | | | Female genital mutilation is the cutting, or partial or total removal, of the external female genitalia for cultural, religious, or other non-medical reasons. | | | Ortiz, E.T. "Female Genital Mutilation and Public Health: Lessons From the British Experience." Health Care Women International (Mar-Apr 1998) 19 (2): 119-129. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0005/ai_2601000535
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | UN plan "to bring about a major decline in female genital mutilation in 10 years and completely eliminate this practice within three generations." There are some signs, however, that education programs are having an impact. | | | As the Director-General of WHO has stated, "we have to realize that female genital mutilation is a deeply-rooted traditional practice. | | | Female Genital Mutilaiton (FGM) is the practice of cutting away parts of the external female genitalia. |
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http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/jc.htm
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| | FGC Education and Networking Project |
| | Female Genital Cutting can only be abolished by a grassroots approach which would take into consideration all aspects of a particular culture and try to work within that system of beliefs to eradicate this practice. | | | While this seems to be a more humane way to deal with FGC and try to reduce its health risks, more tissue is apt to be taken away due to the lack of struggle by the child if anesthesia is used. | | | The Research, Actiona and Information Network for Bodily Integrity of Women (RAINBO) has been conducting research and grass-roots programs internationally as well as in the United States on women's reproductive sexual health as well as on female genital mutilation. |
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http://www.fgmnetwork.org/intro/fgmintro.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation FGM Female Circumcision Female Genital Cutting Questia.com Online Library |
| | The term female genital mutilation is used to refer to the removal of part...circumcision is discussed here... | | | Female genital mutilation (FGM) is one such issue...National Education Program... | | | ...Chapter 8 Female Circumcision...they consider genital mutilation are integral...operating on the genitals of all baby...history of female circumcision...Jewish babies... |
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http://www.questia.com/Index.jsp?CRID=female_genital_mutilation&OFFID=se1&KE...
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| | Where did "genital mutilation" for females come from? Is it allowed in Islam and Christianity? |
| | which was in reality genital mutilation to weaken the sexual desires by damaging the genital nervous system. | | | section above, genital mutilation or circumcision (as it was practiced by the Jews, which is different than what is done today in hospitals to babies) was done to weaken the sexual desires of both the males and the females. | | | A damage to the male's genital system to weaken his sexual desires (mutilation) is prohibited in Islam. |
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http://www.answering-christianity.com/genital_mutilation.htm
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| | The Abolition of Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Spread and distribution of female genital mutilation in Liberia. | | | Psycho-sexual effect of female genital mutilation on Sudanese men. | | | The abolition of female genital mutilation has become a worldwide human rights cause. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001524.html
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| | Genital Self-mutilation: Attempted Foreskin Reconstruction |
| | The patient's original neonatal circumcision was a genital mutilation; | | | reports of individuals who mutilate their genitals for erotic purposes (e.g. | | | several reports of non-psychotic genital self-mutilation have been documented in the literature. |
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http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/walter
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| | Open Directory - Health: Women's Health: Genital Mutilation |
| | Female Genital Mutilation - An introduction including what it is, countries that practise it, and a discussion on the religious influence, plus links. | | | Female Genital Mutilation and Human Rights - An essay, by Lisa Donaldson, discussing this practice in the 21st century. | | | UNICEF and the Medicalization of FGM - Documentation of the medicalization of female genital mutilation in Kenya. |
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http://dmoz.org/Health/Women's_Health/Genital_Mutilation
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | genital mutilation (or circumciscion) the latter of which was published by | | | For one perspective on female genital mutilation as an aspect of child abuse, | | | fyi on female genital mutilation: i teach in a medical school, and i |
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http://research.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/fgm1.html
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| | Femal Genital Mutilation |
| | Yet, it is practically impossible when examining the genitals of a young girl (and especially an infant), to distinguish between the hood and the clitoris itself. | | | Medicalizing FGM by performing it in hospitals with appropriate surgical technique will not eliminate all of the complications associated with this practice and therefore cannot legitimately be considered as a solution that reduces the health risks. | | | Also an exposed clitoris that is stimulated due to friction from clothing would result in discomfort and pain and would not necessarily enhance a woman's ability to achieve sexual fulfillment through orgasm. |
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http://www.mwlusa.org/publications/positionpapers/fgm.html
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| | Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the collective name given to several different traditional practices that involve the cutting of female genitals. | | | Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide | | | Female Genital Mutilation: A Matter of Human Rights: An Advocate's Guide to Action |
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http://www.crlp.org/ww_iss_fgm.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | The most successful solution for elimination of female genital mutilation is the model used by the Tostan project. | | | The World Health Organization defines female genital mutilation as "the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons." There are three main varieties, including: | | | Founded in 1991, Tostan uses a three-pronged approach utilizing basically the same method used to bring an end to footbinding in China in less than a generation. |
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http://www.munfw.org/archive/50th/who2.htm
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| | U.S. also practices genital mutilation |
| | We should also be outraged about male genital mutilation victims here in the United States and put a stop to the practice immediately. | | | Medical circumcision in the Western world was instituted in the 1800s mainly to deter masturbation, a behavior that was blamed for causing alcoholism, insanity, tuberculosis, epilepsy, asthma, polio and other maladies. | | | A question the Kasinga case might not immediately bring to mind, though, is one that deals with a tradition that takes place right here at home. |
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http://collegian.ksu.edu/issues/v100/sp/n145/opn-circumcision-samiller.html
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| | The New York Times > International > Africa > Genital Cutting Shows Signs of Losing Favor in Africa |
| | Shuriye, an elderly mother of eight who is known far and wide in northeastern Kenya for her expertise as a genital cutter, is one of them. | | | Imams who still endorse genital cutting smear her name in some mosques. | | | Each time, as the blood started to flow, she quickly dropped the knife and picked up a needle and thread. |
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http://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/08/international/africa/08cutt.html?ei=5007&en=fbe3b906545643a1&ex=1402027200&partner=USERLAND&pagewanted=all
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| | AllRefer.com - female genital mutilation (Medicine) - Encyclopedia |
| | AllRefer.com - female genital mutilation (Medicine) - Encyclopedia | | | More articles from AllRefer Reference on female genital mutilation | | | You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Medicine > female genital mutilation |
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http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/X/X-E-female.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 |
| | A person is guilty of an offence if he aids, abets, counsels or procures a girl to excise, infibulate or otherwise mutilate the whole or any part of her own labia majora, labia minora or clitoris. | | | (1) A person is guilty of an offence if he excises, infibulates or otherwise mutilates the whole or any part of a girl's labia majora, labia minora or clitoris. | | | (3) But no offence is committed if the relevant act of female genital mutilation- |
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http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/20030031.htm
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| | Genital Mutilation |
| | The following is a site which lends information about genital mutilation and the facts, technical issues, leadership issues and ethical issues associated with it. | | | Female genital mutilation affects over 114 million women each year (Little, 2003). | | | There is also a list of references included under the "Ethical Issues" link. |
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http://www.geocities.com/bone_jenna/Genital_Mutilation.html
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| | CCP: Female Genital Mutilation Resources |
| | "Female Genital Mutilation," in "Reproductive Health Communication in Kenya: Results of a National Information, Education, and Communication Situation Survey," 1997. | | | Search for documents about Female Genital Mutilation in POPLINE | | | "Female Genital Mutilation: A Reproductive Health Concern," in "Meeting the Needs Of Young Adults," Population Reports, Series J, Number 41, 1995. |
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http://www.jhuccp.org/topics/fgm.shtml
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| | Genital Mutilation American Style - Circumcision |
| | Support for parents who want to protect their family from involuntary genital alteration. | | | As a society, we simply do not cut the genitals of baby girls in this country... | | | Passing a law against female genital mutilation (FGM) was a slam dunk for the politicians. |
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http://www.fathermag.com/health/circ/gmas
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| | MGMbill.org |
| | A Bill to End Male Genital Mutilation in the U.S. | | | To see the text of our Male Genital Mutilation Bill proposal, please click on the | | | To learn more about the physical and psychological effects of male circumcision, please visit the |
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http://www.mgmbill.org
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| | FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION - FEMALE CIRCUMCISION |
| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is an invasive and painful surgical procedure that is usually performed without anesthetic on girls before puberty. | | | An analogous practice, Intersexual Genital Mutilation, (IGM) is sometimes performed on intersexual infants born with ambiguous genitalia. | | | There are about 100 to 140 million women who have been circumcised. |
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http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_circ.htm
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| | WHO Female genital mutilation |
| | FGM, often referred to as 'female circumcision', comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons. | | | Also shown are links to related web sites and topics. |
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http://www.who.int/topics/female_genital_mutilation/en
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| | BBC NEWS Africa Genital mutilation 'still common' |
| | Female genital mutilation is still commonplace in Sudan, despite it being illegal, a new study has found. | | | The procedure entails the removal of varying amounts of tissue from the genitalia, including all or part of the clitoris. | | | A survey of university students, published in the medical journal Sexually Transmitted Infections, also revealed that three-quarters of men would prefer their wife not to be circumcised. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2977426.stm
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| | FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION FEMALE (CIRCUMCISION) IN AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND FAR EAST |
| | Behind circumcision lies the belief that, by removing parts of girls' external genitals organs, sexual desire is minimized. | | | As noted above, FGM is a social custom, not a religious practice. | | | The United Nations has supported the right of member states to grant refugee status to women who fear being mutilated if they are returned to their country of origin. |
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http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm
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| | World Incidence of Genital Mutilation - Maps |
| | Incidence and Distribution of Female Genital Mutilation Worldwide | | | People who object that there is no comparison between FGM and MGM should see the list of comparisons. | | | One striking conclusion from these two maps is that wherever Female Genital Mutilatin is prevalent, male circumcision is also (though the reverse is of course not the case). |
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http://www.circumstitions.com/Maps.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) |
| | Report on Female Genital Mutilation as required by | | | Prevalence of the Practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM); Laws Prohibiting FGM and Their Enforcement; Recommendations on How to Best Work to Eliminate FGM | | | If you wish to view or print a PDF version, please click here. |
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http://www.state.gov/g/wi/rls/rep/c6466.htm
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| | Violence against women: Female genital mutilation |
| | Country-specific data on the current state of national legislation dealing directly or indirectly with the issue of female genital mutilation | | | Direct quotes from international texts on which national policy and legislation pertaining to female genital mutilation may draw | | | Parliamentary Panels organized by IPU in Burkina Faso in September 2001 and and Marrakech in March 2002, and recommendations for action by national parliaments to eradicate female genital mutilation |
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http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/fgm.htm
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| | Jewish Circumcision Resource Center |
| | Two Israeli organizations publicly oppose circumcision (Israeli Association Against Genital Mutilation and Kahal Group). | | | Jewish circumcision is a growing topic of debate in the Jewish community and has been questioned in dozens of articles appearing in such publications as Moment, Tikkun, Jewish News, Forward, Jewish Advocate, Jewish Monthly, Jerusalem Post, Jewish Journal, and Jewish Times. | | | Jewish circumcision has been challenged in earlier times. |
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http://www.jewishcircumcision.org/info.htm
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