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| | Respiratory system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | In humans and other mammals, the respiratory system consists of the airways, the lungs, and the respiratory muscles that mediate the movement of air into and out of the body. | | | During forced exhalation, as when blowing out a candle, expiratory muscles including the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles, generate abdominal and thoracic pressure, which forces air out of the lungs. | | | Ventilation of the lungs is carried out by the muscles of respiration. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system
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| | Respiratory System |
| | Gas exchange occurs at capillaries located throughout the body as well as those in the respiratory surface. | | | Humans exchange only 1% of their carbon dioxide through their skin. | | | Amphibians use their skin as a respiratory surface. |
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http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookRespsys.html
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| | AIR-SEA GAS EXCHANGE STUDIES |
| | Most flux calculations rely on empirical relationships of gas transfer with wind speed which have a significant uncertainty associated with them (Figure 1) Techniques are now in hand to improve our estimates of air-sea fluxes. | | | The latter verification is essential to validate the relaxed eddy accumulation method for measurement of CO fluxes over the ocean. | | | By measuring the flux using direct flux measurements such as the relaxed eddy accumulation, eddy correlation and gradient methods we can establish robust relationships between environmental forcing and gas exchange on short time scales. |
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http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/project/ocdrhw5.html
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| | Blood Gas Text |
| | Another “volume” is the respiratory dead space, the amount of air within the chest that is not in contact with alveolar membranes and cannot exchange gases with the blood. | | | The residual volume increases in diseases that trap air in the chest, such as emphysema. | | | The amount of the vital capacity that can be expired in one second (sometimes called “timed vital capacity” or FEV1 — Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second) gives information about diseases that increase airway resistance such as asthma. |
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http://www.madsci.com/manu/gas_gas.htm
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| | Decompression Sickness and Gas Exchange hyprebaric medicine |
| | The oxygen window is therefore a therapeutically useful concept (as will be demonstrated later). | | | With the accumulation of a sufficient number of sufficiently large bubbles, decompression sickness should present. | | | As one approaches the venous side of the circulation, biological activity increases the discrepancy between alveolar and vascular gas tensions, as tissues metabolize oxygen to form carbon dioxide. |
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http://www.eustatiantube.org/dcsbook/chp5.b.gasexchange.a.html
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| | Chapter 45: Gas Exchange in Animals |
| | The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the inside of the body is a diffusion process (review chapt.5). | | | Breathing: Facilitation of exchange of O2 and CO2 between the environment and the body | | | The breathing rhythm is sensitive to feedback from chemosensors in the brain stem (CO2) and the carotid and aortic bodies on the large vessels leaving the heart (O2) (Fig.45.20). |
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http://www.fiu.edu/~pitzert/gas.htm
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| | Gas exchange: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic |
| | Gas exchange or respiration takes place at a respiratory surface - a boundary between the external environment and the interior of the body. | | | The respiratory system is the biological system of any organism that engages in gas exchange.... | | | A respirometer is a device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.... |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/G/Ga/Gas_exchange.htm
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| | Science plan for Gas Ex-2001 |
| | Once these relationships have been established and verified for the full spectrum of environments and conditions, the remote sensing will be expanded to far field (i.e. | | | Once we have improved our mechanistic understanding of the processes, our ability to scale to global fluxes will be greatly improved. | | | The first study, Gas Ex-98 in the N.Atlantic, was a feasibility study to test if airside direct flux measurements could be reconciled with geochemical mass balance approaches on the waterside. |
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http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/gasex2
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| | exchange |
| | Gas exchange takes place at a respiratory surface - a boundary between the external environment and the interior of the body. | | | In humans the gas exchange organ system is the respiratory or breathing system. | | | All organisms need to exchange substances such as food, waste, gases and heat with their surroundings. |
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http://www.mrothery.co.uk/exchange/exchange.htm
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| | THE INFLUENCE OF BUBBLES ON AIR-SEA GAS EXCHANGE |
| | Gas transfer under rough and windy conditions, when whitecaps are present, contributes disproportionately to the global flux of environmentally important gases such as carbon dioxide (CO, carbonyl sulfide (COS), and dimethyl sulfide (DMS). | | | This study, in which the exchange rates of helium (He), sulfur hexafluoride (SF nitrous oxide (N | | | Figure 1) are compared with models developed by Woolf [1995] and Keeling [1993]. |
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http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/project/ocdrhw6.html
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| | [No title] |
| | For an explanation as to why gasses are exchanged here, see partial pressure. | | | Internal respirtaion is basically the exchange of gasses between the blood in the capillaries and the body's cells. | | | The body tissues need the oxygen and have to get rid of the carbon dioxide, so the blood carried throughout the body exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the body's tissues. |
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http://www.cdli.ca/~dpower/resp/exchange.htm
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| | Impaired Gas Exchange |
| | (_) Demonstrate optimal gas exchange as permitted by clinical condition A.E.B.: | | | (_) Explore with patient potential etiological factors contributing to impaired gas exchange and provide appropriate health teaching. |
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http://www.rncentral.com/careplans/plans/ge.html
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| | Howstuffworks "Gas Exchange" |
| | During the respiratory process, gases are exchanged within the body. | | | Breathing moves air in and out of the respiratory system. | | | This animation illustrates how oxygen is carried to the blood as a result of inhalation and carbon dioxide is removed from the body during exhalation. |
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http://health.howstuffworks.com/adam-200022.htm
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| | Gas Exchange |
| | The system is ventilated by contraction of body muscles to produce tidal flow. | | | The gas exchange surface may be the general body surface or a specialized part of the body surface. | | | Animals are faced with the problem of acquiring relatively large amounts of oxygen (for what metabolic process?) and eliminating large amounts of CO (from what metabolic process?). |
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http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/112gas.html
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| | Gas Exchange Pulmonary Function Tests - National Jewish Medical and Research Center |
| | A technologist will instruct you on how to perform the test and coach and encourage you to do your best. | | | Gas Exchange Pulmonary Function Tests - National Jewish Medical and Research Center | | | National Jewish Home > Patient Information > Programs for Patients > PPS > Prepare for Your Diagnostic Testing > Gas Exchange |
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http://www.njc.org/patient-info/progs/pps/tests/gas.aspx
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| | Gas Exchange I |
| | This tubular pathway through the lungs continues to subdivide, losing cartilage and gaining smooth muscle in the walls. | | | We will emphasize mammalian respiratory anatomy and physiology in a brief introduction to gas exchange mechanisms. | | | It is between the capillaries and the alveoli that gas exchange occurs. |
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http://www.jcu.edu/biology/RESP1.HTM
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| | ARS Publication request: Gas Exchange Measurements, What Can They Tell Us About the Underlying Limitations to ... |
| | The A/Ci response also provides a simple practical method for quantifying the limitation that stomata impose on CO2 assimilation. | | | This scope of this paper is directed toward younger graduate students and post-doctoral researchers, as well as scientists new to these techniques; this will also be a useful reference for anyone doing these types of measurements. | | | Gas exchange techniques are used to measure the rates of carbon assimilated through photosynthesis and the rates of water lost during photosynthesis. |
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http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=156288
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| | Gas Exchange (plant physiol lecture) |
| | As we whirred through this series of lectures on gas exchange, we were unable to have the luxury of discussing experimental approaches and techniques, the true underpinning of our understanding and, indeed, contemporary culture. | | | Though hurried, we can not forego a brief explanation of (one) measurement technique for gas exchange itself, which is intended to supplement, not supplant, the more complete description in the required text. | | | O molecules-- faster molecules will "collide" with the pore more often, and thus enhance the effusion of the gas. |
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http://www.bio.fsu.edu/courses/bot-4503/gas_exchange-96.html
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| | GAS EXCHANGE (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide exchange with the environment) |
| | Relative importance of skin and lungs for respiration changes with temperature. | | | This works in both air and water, but requires a thin, moist, highly vascularized skin to be effective. | | | In these organisms, cutaneous respiration is accompanied by the appearance of a circulatory system that functions to transport gas from the skin to the tissues. |
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http://www.usd.edu/biol/faculty/swanson/ecophys/readings/gas.html
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| | Air-Sea gas exchange (Scott Doney) |
| | Comment on ``Experimental demonstration of coupling of heat and matter fluxes at a gas-water interface'' by Leon F. Phillips. | | | Leon Phillips suggests that the air-sea exchange of trace gases such as CO can be modified by irreversible thermodynamic coupling phenomena and that the commonly used gas exchange relationships can incorrectly predict the magnitude and, under certain circumstances, the sign of air-sea trace gas fluxes. | | | I have worked out the physical basis for irreversible thermodynamic effects during air-sea exchange for both a generic liquid-gas interface and for the molecular boundary layers or sublayers adjacent to an air-water interface. |
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http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/oce/doney/gas/gas.html
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| | Gas Exchange in Animals |
| | up as it flows through respiratory exchange structures. | | | Gas exchange between body fluids and environment by diffusion. | | | Even though volume of air exchanged with each breath can vary considerably, |
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http://carroll1.cc.edu/~jclausz/bio150/LO/GasExchange.htm
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| | Medical Breakthroughs - Learn More About Heart Disease |
| | TUESDAY, Feb. 1 (HealthDayNews) -- Viagra, commonly used to treat erectile dysfunction, may also protect men against altitude-induced pulmonary problems, according to a French study in the February issue of the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. | | | It concluded the drug protected against development of high altitude-induced pulmonary hypertension, improved pulmonary gas exchange and limited altitude-induced hypoxemia (deficient oxygenation of the blood). | | | The study included 12 men, average age 29, who were exposed for six days to the physiologic effects of an altitude of 14,355 feet (4,350 meters). |
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http://scc.healthcentral.com/bcp/main.asp?page=newsdetail&id=523641&ap=1&bra...
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| | Biol. 118 - Gas Exchange & Regulation of Respiration |
| | Outcome - Negative Feedback returns body to normal | | | Pgas = pressure of each gas acts independently in air | | | effect of dead air on alveolar gas P - http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/courses/resp2/sld005.htm |
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http://faculty.washington.edu/kepeter/118/notes/respiration.htm
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| | Respiration |
| | This was the argument that led to the general acceptance of the diffusion theory in tracheal transport of oxygen. | | | This allows time for more thorough gas exchange between flight muscles and tracheal tubes. | | | 	The respiratory systems of insects are adaptive in ways that go beyond the physiology of gas exchange. |
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http://entomology.unl.edu/ent801/respiration.html
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| | Gas exchange definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms |
| | Gas exchange: The primary function of the lungs involving the transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the exhaled air. | | | Gas exchange definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms | | | Smoker's Lung: Pathology Photo Essay - The term "smoker's lung" refers to the structural and functional abnormalities (diseases) in the lung caused by cigarette smoking. |
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http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10673
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| | Laws of Gas Transport |
| | For example, in the gas exchange processes in respiration, the solubility of carbon dioxide is about 22 times that of oxygen when they are in contact with the plasma of the human body. | | | The process of respiration involves the lowering of the diaphragm to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, which by the ideal gas law is seen to lower its pressure. | | | The total membrane surface area in the lungs (alveoli) may be on the order of 100 square meters and have a thickness of less than a millionth of a meter, so it is a very effective gas exchange interface. |
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/henry.html
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| | What We Know About Gas Exchange |
| | For these exchanges to occur, blood must circulate between lungs and tissue, a function which is carried out by the heart and blood vessels. | | | Blood circulates through the body, exchanging gases with tissues, and circulates in the lungs, exchanging gases with the air. | | | Gas exchange occurs through the medium of blood. |
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http://peer.tamu.edu/curriculum_modules/OrganSystems/Module_4/whatweknow.htm
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| | BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Biology Humans Gas exchange |
| | Gas exchange is the means by which we get oxygen from the air into our blood and carbon dioxide out of our blood into the air. | | | As a result of gas exchange, the proportion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the inhaled/exhaled air changes - with the air we breathe in containing a higher percentage of oxygen and a lower percentage of carbon dioxide than the air we breathe out. | | | tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas is exchanged during breathing |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/biology/humansasorganisms/2breathingrev3.shtml
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| | Respiratory Physiologu: Gas Exchange |
| | The dense network formed by the pulmonary capillary bed is extremely effective for achieving gas exchange. | | | Whereas systemic arterioles constrict when carbon dioxide levels decreases and oxygen levels increases, pulmonary arterioles (and bronchioles) dilate. | | | The blood-gas interface facilitates diffusion quite effectively, with a large surface area for exchange (50-100 meters squared) and an extremely thin barrier for the gases to traverse (as thin as 0.3 micrometers in some areas). |
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http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/Internet/Anesthesiology-Elective/airway/gasexchange.cfm
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| | Alveolar Gas Exchange |
| | The whole point of breathing is to get gas exchange to occur between the blood and the air, so that oxygen can get into our tissues. | | | All of this gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. | | | Another function of breathing is to release our gas waste product: carbon dioxide. |
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http://distance.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP2pages/Units21to23/respiration/alveolar.htm
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| | Natural Gas Import/Export Order #261-E |
| | As noted by Marathon, the contracts DOE requires are those that set forth the terms and conditions of the import or export arrangement. | | | Unocal maintains that had DOE been aware of the Exchange Agreement's curtailment provision its consideration of Marathon's export arrangement would have been different. | | | Having determined Marathon is not in violation of its authorization for not submitting the Exchange Agreement, we will examine whether there has been a fundamental change in circumstances since the original authorization to justify DOE exercising its NGA Section 3 authority. |
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http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/gasregulation/authorizations/orders/ord261e.html
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| | The Gas Exchange |
| | The purpose of breathing is to provide a way for the body to receive fresh oxygen in exchange for the carbon dioxide and other waste gases that the cells of the body have produced. | | | During this exchange of gases, between six and 10 liters of fresh air per minute is brought into the lungs. | | | Inhaled air fills the alveoli, which are only one-cell thick and are surrounded by capillaries that are also one-cell thick. |
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http://www.csmc.edu/6933.html
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| | The Energy Exchange: Oil and Gas Investments |
| | The 1031 Tax Free Exchange is one of the most valuable techniques for preserving profits by deferring taxes, thereby increasing the value of your investments. | | | The Energy Exchange is an association of engineers, geoscientists, and financial professionals dedicated to providing a bridge between the petroleum technical community and the financial community. | | | Oil and Natural gas from domestic reserves helps to make our country more energy self-sufficient by reducing our dependence on foreign imports. |
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http://www.enex.com
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| | Research |
| | Yang, W.Q., Murthy, R., King, P.S. and Topa, M.A. Diurnal changes in gas exchange and carbon partitioning in needles of fast- and slow-growing families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). |
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http://www.holdenarb.org/rsearch.htm
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| | Natural Gas |
| | While natural gas futures originated at the New York Mercantile Exchange, the contract offered there was oriented to the eastern U.S. market, leaving western natural gas marketers--who faced supply and demand situations different from those in the east--without a risk management tool. | | | Traditionally natural gas contracts were long-term contracts between integrated natural gas companies and users, with fixed prices, reduced supply and price risks and little flexibility. | | | Apart from the use of risk management instruments, natural gas is traded in contracts for physical delivery. |
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http://r0.unctad.org/infocomm/anglais/gas/prices.htm
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| | Publications - Digital Image Processing |
| | Investigation of the mechanisms of air-sea gas exchange using laboratory measurements, abstract to be submitted to the OS07 Special Session Laboratory Experiments in Physical Oceanography, at the AGU Ocean Science Meeting, San Diego, USA, February 9-13, 1998. | | | The role of active vision in exploring growth, transport, and exchange processes, Proc. | | | Garbe, C. Measuring Heat Exchange Processes at the Air-Water Interface from Thermographic Image Sequence Analysis (2001). |
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http://klimt.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/DigiPublications/list.php3?show=all&ref=
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| | Gas Exchange in Plants |
| | Only during photosynthesis are large volumes of gases exchanged and each leaf is well adapted to take care of its own needs. | | | Each part of the plant takes care of its own gas exchange needs. | | | The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the leaf (as well as the loss of water vapor in transpiration) occurs through pores called stomata (singular = stoma). |
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http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/G/GasExchange.html
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| | ARS : Donald C Reicosky |
| | Denmead, O.T., Reicosky, D.C. Tillage-Induced Gas Fluxes: Comparison of Meteorological and Large Chamber Techniques. | | | Tillage-Induced Gas Fluxes: Comparison of Meteorological and Large chamber Techniques - (Proceedings/Symposium) | | | Tillage-Induced Gas Fluxes: Comparison of Meteorological and Large Chamber Techniques - (Abstract) |
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http://www.ars.usda.gov/pandp/people/people.htm?personid=4645
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