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| | Female genital cutting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Female genital cutting is primarily a social practice, not a religious one. | | | Female genital cutting (FGC) or Female genital manipulation or Female circumcision, refers to a number of procedures performed for cultural, sometimes voluntarily medical or cosmetic, and sometimes medical reasons on the female genitalia. | | | Female genital cutting is today mainly practiced in African countries. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation
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| | AFROL Background - Fighting Female Genital Mutilation in Africa |
| | Female genital mutilation, the name given to a number of traditional practices that involves the partial or total excision of female genitals, are practiced in 28 African countries, as well as other regions of the world. | | | Female genital mutilation represents a blatant attempt to control women's sexuality and subordinate their status in society. | | | A negative reaction to the enactment of laws on female genital mutilation was in the Sahel region of Ghana, she says. |
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http://www.afrol.com/Categories/Women/backgr_fighting_fgm.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female Genital Mutilation-At the crossroads of women's health and human rights. | | | Female Genital Mutilation is the term used for removal of all or just part of the external parts of the female genitalia. | | | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a cultural practice that started in Africa approximately 2000 years ago. |
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http://www.members.tripod.com/~Wolvesdreams/FGM.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female genital mutilation (FGM), often referred to as 'female circumcision', comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons. | | | In cultures where it is an accepted norm, female genital mutilation is practiced by followers of all religious beliefs as well as animists and non believers. | | | Psychosexual and psychological health: Genital mutilation may leave a lasting mark on the life and mind of the woman who has undergone it. |
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http://www.childbirthsolutions.com/articles/issues/fgm/index.php
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | For example, the practice of female genital mutilation is justified as being a religious practice. | | | Further, it is noted that the practice of genital mutilation was used in the United States to treat female disorders. | | | Female genital mutilation is both a health issue and a women's rights issue. |
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http://academic.udayton.edu/health/01status/97tucker.htm
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| | Female genital mutilation in Britain |
| | Female genital mutilation tends to be considered mainly from the woman's point of view and has become identified as a feminist issue. | | | Female genital mutilation is supported and encouraged by men; indeed the operation can be regarded as an exercise in male supremacy and the oppression of women. | | | In Britain female genital mutilation is regarded as a form of child abuse, though this term should not be used when discussing the procedure with families as it would be greatly resented. |
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http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/archive/6994ed1.htm
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| | Female genital mutilation |
| | The most extreme form of genital mutilation is excision and infibulation, in which the clitoris and all of the surround tissue are cut away and the remaining skin is sewn together. | | | Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the cutting, or partial or total removal, of the external female genitalia for cultural, religious, or other non-medical reasons. | | | Female circumcision includes a wide range of procedures. |
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http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/female_genital_mutilation.jsp
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), also known as female circumcision, is a destructive and invasive procedure involving the removal or alteration of female genital. | | | I was genitally mutilated with a blunt penknife. | | | Although Female Genital mutilation is seen as barbaric, we must shed light on the fact that up until a few decades ago, the clitoris was still believed to be a very dangerous part of the body. |
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http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f03/web3/l1vita.html
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| | Femal Genital Mutilation |
| | Medicalizing FGM by performing it in hospitals with appropriate surgical technique will not eliminate all of the complications associated with this practice and therefore cannot legitimately be considered as a solution that reduces the health risks. | | | Yet, it is practically impossible when examining the genitals of a young girl (and especially an infant), to distinguish between the hood and the clitoris itself. | | | Also an exposed clitoris that is stimulated due to friction from clothing would result in discomfort and pain and would not necessarily enhance a woman's ability to achieve sexual fulfillment through orgasm. |
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http://www.mwlusa.org/publications/positionpapers/fgm.html
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| | Template |
| | The elimination of female sexual pleasure is the reason most frequently given for the genital mutilations, which is to keep "moral behavior of women in society" and "to assure the faithfulness of women to their husbands" - who usually have several wives. | | | Women who do not have their genitals mutilated are considered to be prostitutes. | | | There is no doubt that genital mutilation does permanent life-long physical and psychological damage to women. |
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http://www.nocirc.org/symposia/first/hosken.html
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| | Types of Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female genital mutilation is usually performed by traditional practitioners, generally elderly women in the community specially designated for this task, or traditional birth attendants. | | | Ritual female genital surgery among Bedouin in Israel. | | | In some countries, health professionals trained midwives and physicians are increasingly performing female genital mutilation. |
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http://www.circumstitions.com/FGM-defined.html
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| | RAINBO: Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female Circumcision or Female Genital Mutilation (FC/FGM) is the collective name given to several different traditional practices that involve the cutting of female genitals. | | | An estimated 130 million girls and women in the world are genitally mutilated. | | | Globally, at least 2 million girls are at risk of genital mutilation every year - approximately 6,000 per day. |
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http://www.rainbo.org/whoweare/FGM.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Genital mutilation is usually performed as either a religious ritual or to gain acceptance within the society. | | | Outline the extent to which you believe an issue such as genital mutilation is a matter for global consideration. | | | With the facts stated here, it is my belief that genital mutilation, both male and female, is very much and issue which again needs to be addressed on a global scale, as it was in 1989 with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. |
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http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Easel/9509/genital.html
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| | FGC Education and Networking Project |
| | Female Genital Cutting can only be abolished by a grassroots approach which would take into consideration all aspects of a particular culture and try to work within that system of beliefs to eradicate this practice. | | | While this seems to be a more humane way to deal with FGC and try to reduce its health risks, more tissue is apt to be taken away due to the lack of struggle by the child if anesthesia is used. | | | The Research, Actiona and Information Network for Bodily Integrity of Women (RAINBO) has been conducting research and grass-roots programs internationally as well as in the United States on women's reproductive sexual health as well as on female genital mutilation. |
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http://www.fgmnetwork.org/intro/fgmintro.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Lightfoot-Klein, H. The sexual adjustment of genitally circumcised and infibulated females in the Sudan. | | | Guidance for doctors approached by victims of female genital mutilation. | | | Brady M. Female genital mutilation: complications and risk of HIV transmission. |
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http://www.cirp.org/pages/female
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| | Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the collective name given to several different traditional practices that involve the cutting of female genitals. | | | The Center's work has focused on analyzing worldwide laws and policies relating to FGM and on advocating a holistic approach to the problem. | | | The Center regards FGM as a critical women's reproductive rights issue and seeks to eradicate the practice. |
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http://www.crlp.org/ww_iss_fgm.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | However, the truth is that FGM isn't viewed by those taking part in it as violence against women or a barbaric practice, but rather as a part of their culture - a necessary act for the benefit of the girl. | | | Growing awareness of the dangers of FGM led UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNFPA to form a joint initiative in April 1997 whose goal is to affect a major decline in FGM within ten years and eliminate the practice within three generations. | | | From approximately 1900 - 1939, FGM was practiced in Australia kindergartens as a method of 'curing the precocious masturbator'. |
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http://www.munfw.org/archive/50th/who2.htm
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| | The Abolition of Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Spread and distribution of female genital mutilation in Liberia. | | | Psycho-sexual effect of female genital mutilation on Sudanese men. | | | The abolition of female genital mutilation has become a worldwide human rights cause. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001524.html
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| | FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION FEMALE (CIRCUMCISION) IN AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND FAR EAST |
| | Behind circumcision lies the belief that, by removing parts of girls' external genitals organs, sexual desire is minimized. | | | In 1980, UNICEF announced that its anti-FGM program is "based on the belief that the best way to handle the problem is to trigger awareness through education of the public, members of the medical profession and practitioners of traditional health care with the help of local collectives and their leaders. | | | The WHO responded that "the ritual practices in question, resulting from social and cultural conceptions, are not within the WHO's jurisdiction. |
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http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Performed on an area endowed with a rich network of nerves and blood vessels, the extremely painful procedure often results in massive losses of blood; shock is common, and many girls have bled to death as a result. | | | With such a multitude of horrifying medical problems resulting from female circumcision (as Toubia points out in her paper, its psychological and sexual effects have not really been studied yet), why does the practice continue? | | | They have successfully lobbied for use of the term "female genital mutilation" (FGM) instead. |
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http://www.webcom.com/hrin/magazine/july96/fgm.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack (1998) |
| | Lowenstein, L.F., "Attitudes and Attitude Differences to Female Genital Mutilation in the Sudan: Is There a Change on the Horizon?", Social Science and Medicine, 12, 5A, pp. | | | Female Genital Mutilation, Institute for Development Training, 1993. | | | An Examination of Female Genital Mutilation, Harvard University, 1995. |
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http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm11.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | genital mutilation (or circumciscion) the latter of which was published by | | | For one perspective on female genital mutilation as an aspect of child abuse, | | | fyi on female genital mutilation: i teach in a medical school, and i |
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http://research.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/fgm1.html
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| | Contemporary Women's Issues Database: Female Genital Mutilation@ HighBeam Research |
| | Female genital mutilation (FGM), sometimes referred to as female... | | | One deeply rooted traditional practice that has severe health consequences for girls and women is female genital mutilation. | | | Contemporary Women's Issues Database: Female Genital Mutilation@ HighBeam Research |
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http://highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:29003344&refid=ip_almanac_hf
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| | Female genital mutilation |
| | The Assembly adopted resolution [1247(2001)] on 22 May 2001, dealing with female genital mutilation. | | | The Assembly noted that NGOs will have a key role to play in combatting genital mutilation by enabling girls and young women to become involved in local communities and helping to devise prevention programmes and information campaigns aimed at eradicating the practice. | | | introduce specific legislation prohibiting genital mutilation and declaring genital mutilation to be a violation of human rights and bodily integrity; |
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http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2001/euro2001/vol1/fgm.htm
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| | AllRefer.com - female genital mutilation (Medicine) - Encyclopedia |
| | AllRefer.com - female genital mutilation (Medicine) - Encyclopedia | | | More articles from AllRefer Reference on female genital mutilation | | | You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Medicine > female genital mutilation |
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http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/X/X-E-female.html
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| | CCP: Female Genital Mutilation Resources |
| | "Female Genital Mutilation," in "Reproductive Health Communication in Kenya: Results of a National Information, Education, and Communication Situation Survey," 1997. | | | "Female Genital Mutilation: A Reproductive Health Concern," in "Meeting the Needs Of Young Adults," Population Reports, Series J, Number 41, 1995. | | | New Data Demonstrate Impact of Strategic Communication on Practices and Intentions Related to Female Genital Cutting in Nigeria, July 21, 2005 |
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http://www.jhuccp.org/topics/fgm.shtml
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| | WHO Female genital mutilation |
| | FGM, often referred to as 'female circumcision', comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons. | | | Also shown are links to related web sites and topics. |
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http://www.who.int/topics/female_genital_mutilation/en
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Before the Defendant can be convicted of Female Genital Mutilation the State of West Virginia must overcome the presumption that he is innocent and prove to the satisfaction of the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that: | | | The offense charged in Count _____ of the Indictment in this case is Female Genital Mutilation. | | | It is not intended that this provisional acceptance is a final approval of the content of any instruction and each judge may use or refuse any instruction as he or she sees fit[,]" according to law. |
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http://www.state.wv.us/WVSCA/jury/crim/female.htm
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| | Violence against women: Female genital mutilation |
| | Country-specific data on the current state of national legislation dealing directly or indirectly with the issue of female genital mutilation | | | Direct quotes from international texts on which national policy and legislation pertaining to female genital mutilation may draw | | | Parliamentary Panels organized by IPU in Burkina Faso in September 2001 and and Marrakech in March 2002, and recommendations for action by national parliaments to eradicate female genital mutilation |
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http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/fgm.htm
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| | A survey of the lives of women in prison throught the world, questioning the links between women's crimes and male violence. | | | What Women Do in Wartime: Gender and Conflict in Africa', Meredith Turshen and Clotilde Twagiramariya (eds). | | | Over 140 pictures, and 40 interviews with female prisoners and their guards. |
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http://www.aviva.org/features.htm
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