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| | Female Circumcision - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The official term female circumcision is also in common usage, though advocates of male circumcision argue that this results in unwanted associations between the two practices, while genital integrity advocates might refer to all child genital cutting as mutilation. | | | Female genital cutting is primarily a social practice, not a religious one. | | | Female genital cutting (FGC) refers to a number of procedures performed for cultural, rather than medical, reasons on the female genitalia. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_circumcision
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| | Africa Update Archives |
| | Female circumcision is a cultural ritual whose nature varies among the different groups which practice it. | | | Female circumcision is an intrinsic part of a total cultural experience. | | | But, Western cultural perspectives, which emphasize the individual and self, see female circumcision as an individual experience and concludes that it is a violation against individual rights. |
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http://www.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd3-2.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Female circumcision became symbolic of holding on to their own traditions, and not adapting to a new culture that tried to impose its own social norms onto another culture through colonialism. | | | Social, religious, and traditional reasons for female circumcision have been questioned as the health risks of infibulation and excision are more widely understood. | | | In response to immigrants' desire to practice their cultural rights, the Netherlands made a law allowing a specific kind of female circumcision that had no long term effects, and was not a health risk. |
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http://www.siue.edu/~jfarley/nicho490.htm
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| | Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage Or Violation of Rights? |
| | Opponents of female genital cutting, however, emphasize that the practice is detrimental to women's health and well-being. | | | Still, it was not until 1979 that any formal policy statement was made: A seminar organized by WHO in Khartoum to address traditional practices affecting the health of women and children issued recommendations that governments work to eliminate the practice. | | | Despite the overall lack of change in the percentages of girls who undergo circumcision, changes in attitudes and practices seem to be occurring in some countries. |
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http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2313097.html
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| | Male and Female Circumcision Among Jews, Christians and Muslims by Sami Aldeeb ABU-SAHLIEH Marco Polo Monographs ... |
| | Bettelheim compares circumcision to aesthetic operation that may be potentially as painful as circumcision, but the girl may make little of the physical pain in view of the pleasure she hopes will result. | | | In addition, different specialists have tried to examine the influence of male and female circumcision on human behavior, to propose social means to put an end to these two practices. | | | Lawyers conclude that circumcision is a violation of physical integrity and that bodily integrity must be appreciated in light of legal principles, notably respect for human rights. |
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http://shangri-la.0catch.com/mpm/mpm5.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack |
| | Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the term used to refer to the removal of part, or all, of the female genitalia. | | | A possible additional problem resulting from all types of female genital mutilation is that lasting damage to the genital area can increase the risk of HIV transmission during intercourse. | | | Lightfoot-Klein, H. "The Sexual Experience and Marital Adjustment of Genitally Circumcised and Infibulated Females in the Sudan", The Journal of Sex Research, 26 (3), pp. |
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http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm
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| | ISLAM AND FEMALE CIRCUMCISION |
| | As to the mildest form of female circumcision, the risks to the girl's future ability to enjoy sexual relations with her husband must place it at best in the category of makrûh (disliked) practices. | | | There is no mandate at all for female circumcision, however, neither in the Qur'an, the traditional reports (called hadith), nor medical theory. | | | Nonetheless, it clearly forbids severity in circumcision and bases such limitation on both the potential to harm the woman and the potential to make her less desirable to her husband. |
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http://www.minaret.org/fgm-pamphlet.htm
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| | Female Circumcision |
| | From a 1958 U.S. medical journal on why female circumcision is "necessary". | | | Their bodies are less suitable for mutilation and they are able to pass through babyhood without genital wounding. | | | There is little or no risk of premarital relationships which end in heartbreak or the stigma and social difficulties of illegitimate birth (this is especially so with full circumcision, i.e. |
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http://www.circumcisionquotes.com/index15.html
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| | Female Genital Cutting |
| | Female genital cutting (FGC) is the collective name given to traditional practices that involve the partial or total cutting away of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genitals, whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. | | | Practices involving the cutting of female genitals have been found throughout history in many cultures, but there is no definitive evidence documenting when or why this ritual began. | | | The recognition of FGC's harmful physical, psychological and human rights consequences, however, has led to the use of the term "female genital mutilation" or "FGM," which distinguishes this practice from the much milder practice of male circumcision. |
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http://www.4woman.gov/faq/fgc.htm
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| | Female Circumcision |
| | An activist in a growing movement in this country to halt the practice of female circumcision--also called female genital mutilation, or FGM --she, among others, is trying not only to persuade her compatriots to end the practice but also to persuade America to address FGM as a serious health and human-rights issue. | | | It is difficult to determine the true circumcision rates in their home countries, because in most the practice is not discussed publicly. | | | For years doctors, either because they were stunned by what they saw or because they were trying to be culturally sensitive, said nothing to Ramsey about what had been done to her and simply prescribed various topical creams and jellies to ease her pain. |
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http://www.hollyhockfarms.com/Dreamdolls/child/circumcision.htm
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| | Female Circumcision |
| | The parliamentary human rights commission said studies concluded the practice, known as female circumcision, was not supported on religious or cultural grounds and was an attack on its victims' physical integrity. | | | There's no way to explain what a new freedom that was.' But the doctor could not undo the damage which had been done to her genitalia during the circumcision It's when we touch on the subject of sex that Dirie becomes agitated. | | | The female human has naturally evolved to have at least as intense an orgasm as the male. |
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http://www.dhushara.com/book/orsin/rites/rite.htm
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| | Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique |
| | Indications for, and relative contraindications against, use of this procedure are presented, and a new technique is described. | | | Although this subject is not new, there are indications for its use that are being overlooked by some modern physicians. | | | The husband must be instructed in female anatomy, proper body position, trituration. |
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http://www.noharmm.org/femcirctech.htm
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| | Femal Genital Mutilation |
| | Yet, it is practically impossible when examining the genitals of a young girl (and especially an infant), to distinguish between the hood and the clitoris itself. | | | Yet we cannot ascertain from the hadith what type of circumcision was being performed or even which body part was being discussed. | | | Female genital cutting violates that integrity, insulting Allah the Creator Whose creation needs no improvement: |
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http://www.mwlusa.org/publications/positionpapers/fgm.html
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| | Circumcision |
| | ``Circumcision is one of the oldest known surgical procedures in medicine. | | | Evidence associating circumcision with reduced incidence of sexually transmitted diseases is conflicting. | | | Based on a review of medical and psychological literature and our own research and experience, we conclude that circumcision is not advisable. |
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http://www.edae.gr/circumcision.html
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| | Africa spurns female circumcision csmonitor.com |
| | Despite growing awareness of the health risks, which can affect childbirth, parents continue carrying out the practice because they fear their daughters won't otherwise be able to find a husband. | | | KER SIMBARA, SENEGAL – This tiny, sleepy village in Senegal's arid interior is part of a swelling movement against the long-held but controversial practice of female circumcision. | | | "The starting point is not female genital mutilation; it's about rights, it's about health, it's about development. |
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http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0405/p06s01-woaf.html
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| | Female Circumcision |
| | From the manners prescribed for the new-born child is the circumcision (Khitaan) which the surgical removal of the skin surrounding the head of the boys penis and the skin dangling above the girl’s vagina | | | 2) Attacks of herpes and genital ulcers are less severe and less harmful with men and women who have been circumcised. | | | However, does this apply to females or is it particular to the males. |
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http://www.themuslimwoman.com/hygiene/femalecircumcision.htm
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| | CBS News Stopping Female Circumcision June 8, 2005 15:00:04 |
| | Kaelo has learned about the dangers of female circumcision - which, even among Masai, is now commonly called female genital mutilation, or FGM - but she still sees her status as a circumcised woman as beneficial. | | | The international anti-FGM movement is ineffective - and sometimes drives the practice underground, further endangering girls - because of a lack of understanding of and respect for Masai culture, she says. | | | Because Kaelo understands the significance of female circumcision as part of a rite of passage in Masai culture, she feels she can better explain to her family, neighbors, and friends why the practice should end. |
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http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/06/08/health/main700482.shtml
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| | Islamic Law on Female Circumcision |
| | There is a lot of controversy on the issue of Female Circumcision or Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). | | | The Arabic word bazr does not mean "prepuce of the clitoris", it means the clitoris itself (cf. | | | This particular form of female circumcision is widely practiced in Egypt, where the Shafi’i school of Sunni law is followed. |
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http://www.answering-islam.org/Sharia/fem_circumcision.html
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| | female circumcision |
| | Title: Cutting the rose : female genital mutilation : the practice and its | | | "Circumcision Is Child Abuse." The Oregonian Dec. 23, 1992, pg. | | | Title: Warrior marks : female genital mutilation and the sexual blinding of |
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http://spot.pcc.edu/lrc/snjoku/femalecir.htm
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| | Islam Online - Fatwa |
| | The hadith indicates that circumcision is better for a woman's health and it enhances her conjugal relation with her husband. | | | As for male circumcision, it is one of the obligatory practices in Islam. | | | Before delving deep into the question of female circumcision, we would like to make it clear that "female circumcision" means removing the prepuce of the clitoris, not the clitoris itself. |
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http://www.islamonline.net/Fatwa/english/FatwaDisplay.asp?hFatwaID=31397
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| | BBC - Religion & Ethics - Female circumcision |
| | In some communities the controversial practice is a female rite of passage and remains an important religious and cultural tradition. | | | Genital cutting is a painful practice that is often poorly carried out, and endangers the health and lives of millions of girls, particularly in Africa. | | | Even in the United States, 10,000 girls are believed to be at risk from illegal operations within their own communities. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/ethics/female_circumcision/intro.shtml
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| | female circumcision |
| | Prisoners of Ritual: An Odyssey into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa | | | I was circumcised 35 years ago, when I was a little baby. | | | I don't seem to have much sensation in my penis anymore, and it is becoming more and more difficult for me to reach orgasm. |
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http://www.nocircpa.org/4723.html
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| | BBC News Africa Senegal bans female circumcision |
| | Rahamat Mohammad, International Foundation for Women's Health, Research and Development: This will make a lot of difference | | | Unicef estimates that around 700,000 women, a quarter of the female population, have suffered some form of genital mutilation, normally carried out between early childhood and the age of 16. | | | The vagina is often partially sewn up in a procedure performed without the use of anaesthetic. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/241230.stm
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| | Female Circumcision Issues Page |
| | `(1) that person has undergone female circumcision, excision, | | | Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the | | | `(2) that person has requested that female circumcision, |
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http://www.eskimo.com/~gburlin/female.html
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| | Female circumcision |
| | WHO Reproductive Health and Research Also see HRP Online. | | | Female Genital Cutting: the Facts and the Myths, FGC Symposium, USAID Final Report, Intra-Agency Working Group on FGC, June 3, 1999. | | | CIRP (Circumcision Information and Resource Pages) (includes technical information and information pages for educators and parents, as well as a reference library, on both male and female circumcision) |
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http://www.aucegypt.edu/src/srclibrary/researchlinks/Femalecircumcision.htm
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| | Female circumcision surfaces in Iraq csmonitor.com |
| | Women are still thought to be promiscuous if they are uncircumcised, some people here say. | | | Yet along with 39 other villages in this region that Iraq's Kurds have named Germian (meaning hot place), Hasira and its people have become noted for presenting the first statistical evidence in Iraq of the existence of female circumcision, or female genital mutilation (FGM), as critics call it. | | | "According to the Shafii school, which we Kurds belong to, circumcision is obligatory for both men and women. |
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http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0810/p06s01-woiq.html
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