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| | Sociable machines - Facial expressions |
 | | A range of expressions generated with this technique is shown above. | | | First, this technique allows the robot's facial expression to reflect the nuance of the underlying assessment. | | | Furthermore, by having the face mirror this trajectory, the observer has immediate feedback as to how their behavior is influencing the robot's internal state. |
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http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/sociable/facial-expression.html
(830 words)
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| | Facial Expressions are Contagious |
| | The study demonstrated that distinct positive and negative facial emotional response patterns could be spontaneously evoked without the awareness of the positive or negative stimuli. | | | One theory is that this unconscious and automatic muscle response to other's expressions can be the first step in a chain reaction, and that it is followed by conscious feeling and actions, such as fleeing from a threat". |
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http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/20000304055250data_trunc_sys.shtml
(751 words)
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| | Social Research: Primate Faces and Facial Expressions - ) |
| | However, ethological work on the spontaneous use of facial expressions and their functions in the context of natural social interactions is still badly needed--especially in view of the strict ethical limitations of inducing strong emotions in human subjects. | | | The literature on human facial expressions distinguishes between at least five major categories of facial displays, which are closely linked to what human psychologists call "basic emotions." The categories of human basic emotions--anger, disgust, sadness, fear, and happiness (cf. | | | The pioneering, cross-cultural work on human facial expressions was done by presenting standardized photos of human facial expressions to people and having them assign emotional words or emotional stories to them (Ekman, 1971). |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_1_67/ai_62402557/pg_4
(1297 words)
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| | Facial Expression Introduction - Nonverbal Communication with the Face |
| | Facial expressions and the ability to understand them are important for successful interpersonal relations, so improving these skills is often sought. | | | Facial expressions are an important channel of nonverbal communication. | | | Other types of expressions provide another, different mode for understanding the private, hidden side of the inner person, a side which may not be accessible in the form of verbalizations. |
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http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/expression/expression.jsp
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| | nvc: facial expressions |
| | Facial expressions are essential to the establishment of relationships with others, as was demonstrated by Izard in an infamous experiment in which he severed the facial muscles of a newly born monkey, as a result of which it failed to establish a relationship with its mother. | | | Where we are concerned with the expression of emotion, whether feigned or not, the receiver's own emotional state is a crucial factor in determining how our signals are received. | | | However, someone who has been trained to increase their control (an actor, for example, or certain politicians) will more readily be able to control their facial expressions, their tone of voice and other NVC than the rest of us can. |
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http://www.cultsock.ndirect.co.uk/MUHome/cshtml/nvc/nvc3a.html
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| | FACIAL EXPRESSIONS |
| | The use of facial expression for measuring people's emotions has dominated psychology since the late 1960s when Paul Ekman, PhD, of the University of California, San Francisco and Carroll Izard, PhD, of the University of Delaware, reawakened the study of emotion by linking expressions to a group of basic emotions. | | | After 30 years of renewed interest in facial expression as a key clue to human emotions, frowns are appearing on critics' faces. | | | Facial expressions evolved in humans as signals to others about how they feel, says Ekman. |
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http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan00/sc1.html
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| | Welcome to Medstar. |
| | Since facial expressions are such an important part of communication, researchers are trying to understand more about how they develop and are articulated. | | | As children grow, they learn to use and perceive facial expressions to convey emotions during social interactions. | | | More subtle expressions may convey other emotions, such as coyness or embarrassment. |
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http://www.medstar.com/content/MS04035b.asp?hp=1&Cid=&Sid=&TL=1&T=0&L=1&W=6&SN=3&station=WGME&usid=165648&aid=2940
(461 words)
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| | Learning Disabilities OnLine: LD In-Depth: LDOnline - Indepth- Nonverbal - Facial Expressions |
| | The present research studied the ability to interpret facial expressions of affect (one very important aspect of nonverbal social perception) in differentiated subgroups of children with LD and their nondisabled peers. | | | One critical aspect of nonverbal communication is the interpretation of facial expressions of emotion, and children with LD have been found to be less accurate than nondisabled children in making such interpretations (Holder and Kirkpatrick, 1991). | | | To respond to others in an affectively appropriate manner, one must be able to discern their emotional states; given the critical significance of facial cues in social interaction, the results suggest that children with NVD are at a particular disadvantage in their relationships with others. |
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http://www.ldonline.org/ld_indepth/nonverbal/facial_expressions.html
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| | gladwell dot com - the naked face |
| | He assembled a videotape library of people's facial expressions, which soon filled three rooms in his lab, and studied them to the point where he could look at a face and pick up a flicker of emotion that might last no more than a fraction of a second. | | | The psychologist was supposed to interpret the meaning of the story, but Tomkins would watch a videotape of the patient with the sound off, and by studying the expressions on the patient's face teach himself to predict what the story was. | | | But in the nineteen-sixties academic psychologists were more interested in motivation and cognition than in emotion or its expression. |
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http://www.gladwell.com/2002/2002_08_05_a_face.htm
(7737 words)
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| | Robotics Institute: Facial Expression Analysis |
| | Facial expression is among the most powerful, natural, and immediate means for people to communicate their emotions and intentions. | | | We have begun using the system to assess facial motility in surgical patients and the dynamics of emotion expression in children and adults. | | | The face can express emotion sooner than people verbalize or even realize their feelings. |
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http://www.ri.cmu.edu/projects/project_10.html
(406 words)
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| | facialx |
| | From videotape studies of nearly 700 married couples in sessions discussing their emotional relationships with each other, University of Washington psychologist, John Gottman has found the sneer expression (even fleeting episodes of the cue) to be a "potent signal" for predicting the likelihood of future marital disintegration (Bates and Cleese 2001). | | | Nerve links from the emotional limbic system to the facial muscles--routed through the brain stem's facial and trigeminal nerves (cranial VII and V)--enable us to express joy, fear, sadness, surprise, interest, anger, and disgust today. | | | RESEARCH REPORTS: So closely is emotion tied to facial expression that it is hard to imagine one without the other. |
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http://members.aol.com/nonverbal3/facialx.htm
(1378 words)
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| | DataFace: Facial Expressions, Emotion Expressions, Nonverbal Communication |
| | The facial muscles produce the varying facial expressions that convey information about emotion, mood, and ideas. | | | Today, the topic of emotion and its relation to facial expression has re-emerged into prominence in psychological studies. | | | Even today, a few psychologists continue to promote one or another form of this argument, despite the substantial evidence to the contrary that has been adduced in the late 20th century by psychologists, anthropologists, animal biologists, and other scientists. |
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http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/general/homepage.jsp
(761 words)
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| | Wired News: What a Half-Smile Really Means |
| | "These expressions tend to be very extreme and very fast," said Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine and an expert in the physiology of emotion and nonverbal communication. | | | But a new set of CD-ROMs developed by Ekman can help people recognize emotional "leakage" -- facial expressions that signal when a person is willfully suppressing or unconsciously repressing an emotion. | | | The Micro Expression Training Tool, or METT, covers concealed emotions, and the Subtle Expression Training Tool, or SETT, explores more subtle expressions that occur when someone is just beginning to feel an emotion. |
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http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,60232,00.html
(777 words)
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| | Using Blend Shape for Facial Expressions |
| | You can have a head sculpted for individual expressions (I.E. happy, sad, angry, etc.), or you could have a duplicated head for individual body parts, which you can combine for more detailed expressions (I.E. raised eye brow, smile, from, grin, lowered brow, etc.). | | | This could be a huge pain and by spending a few more minutes, you can make animating these expressions easier. | | | For this example I will simply sculpt a few individual body part expressions. |
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http://web.alfredstate.edu/ciat/tutorials/FacialExpressions.htm
(945 words)
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| | Emotion |
| | Robert Zajonc and his colleagues proposed the vascular theory of emotion to explain how facial expression might influence emotion. | | | Some research suggests that people might be taught how to control their emotional feeling by controlling their facial muscles. | | | Joseph A. Gardnerand Paul Ekman conducted a study on recognition of facial expressions at various distances they chose six emotional expressions that previously been shown to be reliable; happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust. |
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http://www.fvcc.edu/academics/dept_pages/social.sciences/psych/emotion2.htm
(1516 words)
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| | Applet to manipulate a face - Ken Perlin |
| | The demo you are seeing now is mostly an experiment to isolate the minimal number of facial expression elements that will produce a "convincing" impression of character and personality. | | | The eventual goal of this research is to give computer/human interfaces the ability to represent the subtleties we take for granted in face to face communication, so that they can function as agents for an emotional point of view. | | | But even with what is shown here, you can begin to see the model begin to come to life. |
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http://mrl.nyu.edu/~perlin/demox/Face.html
(421 words)
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| | The lie detective / S.F psychologist has made a science of reading facial expressions |
| | Joseph Campos, a professor of psychology at UC Berkeley, believes Ekman is "responsible for the central importance of the study of emotion in psychology today." | | | Ekman was becoming convinced that unlike hand gestures, which he had studied earlier and concluded are indeed culturally influenced, expressions may in fact be innate. | | | Seven years and dozens of needles later, Ekman and Friesan put together the Facial Action Coding System, a massive compendium of photos and text describing muscles, combinations of muscles and resulting expressions. |
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http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/09/16/MN241376.DTL
(1565 words)
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| | Amazon.com: Books: The Artist's Complete Guide to Facial Expression |
| | Consisting of three parts, the author leads the readers from the structure of the head, the muscles of expression, to the six basic expressions, such as sadness, anger, joy, to name a few. | | | I'd been searching for a book like this for years, but was looking in all the wrong places: psychology, social skills, spectrum disorder studies, and psychiatric tomes directed toward the therapeutic community. | | | The main body covers how these look in detail and somewhat varied lighting, discussing which muscles bulge, and how the shape of the eye is effected, and everything else necessary to let you get just the right subtle or dramatic look, that can determine the whole mood of the work. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0823016285?v=glance
(1417 words)
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| | Augusta Georgia: technology@ugusta: System recognizes facial expressions 08/17/98 |
| | Previously, computerized face analysis systems have been able to recognize only basic facial expressions, such as joy, sadness, fear and so on. | | | However, he found the process time-consuming and human coders inconsistent in analyzing expressions. | | | The third method extracts information about transient changes on the face. |
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http://www.augustachronicle.com/stories/081798/tec_124-7678.shtml
(593 words)
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| | Ekman |
| | Ekman, P. & Fridlund, A. Assessment of facial behavior in affective disorders. | | | Ekman, P. Expression and the nature of emotion. | | | Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. A new pan cultural facial expression of emotion. |
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http://mambo.ucsc.edu/psl/ekman.html
(611 words)
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| | Muscles and Facial Expressions |
| | These muscles are subcutaneous that is just beneath the skin and unlike other skeletal muscles some of them are not attached to the bones. | | | If the facial muscles are healthy and well toned the face looks younger and brighter. | | | Around the external ear are three small muscles that allow some people to twitch their pinna a little. |
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http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/our_beautiful_bodies/96786
(527 words)
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| | Modeling |
| | More intuituve parameterizations in term of emotions usually yield a fairly limited range of expressions. | | | The following example shows the blend of 50% of "surprise" and 50% of "sadness" yielding a "worried" expression. | | | Click on the image to the right for an exemple of this technique. |
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http://grail.cs.washington.edu/projects/realface/xgen.html
(301 words)
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| | Do2Learn: Educational Resources for Special Needs |
| | That was the first time he related a facial expression with an emotion! | | | expressions afraid, interested, sad, ashamed, disgusted, surprised, happy, angry: Scripts demonstrate how the face moves for the chosen emotion. | | | In teaching someone how a face conveys emotion, you may choose to isolate one part, such as turning brows down to indicate disapproval, or up for surprise. |
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http://www.do2learn.com/games/facialexpressions
(554 words)
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| | Creative Science Project Ideas -- Asymmetric Facial Expressions |
| | There is a wealth of scientific literature about asymmetry in facial expressions but you will probably have to ask your teacher to explain some of the more difficult concepts. | | | The left side image clearly shows a sign of grief that is not shown in the image that contains two right faces. | | | Find out what the reason is behind the effect! |
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http://www.edinformatics.com/science_projects/asymmetric_facial_expressions.htm
(400 words)
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| | Facial Expressions Analysis |
| | Facial expression communicates information about emotions, regulates interpersonal behavior and person perception, indexes physiologic functioning, and is essential to evaluating preverbal infants. | | | Fa cial expression analysis: Preliminary results of a new image-processing based me thod. | | | To make feasible more rigorous, quantitative measurement of facial expression in diverse applications, our interdisciplinary research group, with expertise in facial expression and computerized image processing, is developing automated methods of facial expression analysis. |
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http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ytw/www/facial.html
(296 words)
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| | Synthesizing Realistic Facial Expressions from Photographs |
| | This process is repeated for several facial expressions of a particular subject. | | | Starting from several uncalibrated views of a human subject, we employ a user-assisted technique to recover the camera poses corresponding to the views as well as the 3D coordinates of a sparse set of chosen locations on the subject’s face. | | | We present new techniques for creating photorealistic textured 3D facial models from photographs of a human subject, and for creating smooth transitions between different facial expressions by morphing between these different models. |
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http://research.microsoft.com/research/pubs/view.aspx?pubid=223
(265 words)
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| | Facial Expressions |
| | In addition to expressions by the key parts of body, the movement, speed, and location also can further describe specific meanings. | | | The common parts of body used to express are: hands, face, eyes, eyebrows, lips and body. | | | The body and facial expressions largerly play an important part in sign communication. |
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http://www.handspeak.com/byte/index.php?byte=facialexpress
(242 words)
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| | Facial Expressions, Speech and Emotion |
| | There are studies to support the notion that verbal statements can modify the interpretation of emotion in a facial expression. | | | When congruent context statements are heard at the same time with a facial expression, people will tend to agree on what the facial expression's emotion represents. | | | A person expresses his or her thoughts with words and expressions. |
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http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~graphics/pelachaud/workshop_face/subsubsection3_8_5_2.html
(247 words)
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| | reflection: Dream Encyclopedia |
| | On the other hand, Shrek animators used tools that allow them to manipulate digital muscles and bones to create the characters' life-like facial expressions. | | | But I shudder to think of the effort required to enable an intuitive adjustment to point of view, and comparisons and layering and selecting of different species. |
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http://www.dobbse.net/reflection/2002/10/000044.html
(1186 words)
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| | Analysis, Interpretation and Synthesis of Facial Expressions |
| | This modeling results in a time-varying spatial patterning of facial shape and a parametric representation of the independent muscle action groups responsible for the observed facial motions. | | | These muscle action patterns are then used for analysis, interpretation, recognition, and synthesis of facial expressions. | | | The visual observation (sensing) is achieved by using an optimal estimation optical flow method coupled with a geometric and a physical (muscle) model describing the facial structure. |
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http://xenia.media.mit.edu/~irfan/research/Papers/phd94.html
(215 words)
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| | Lost Pencil Animation Studios |
| | Using Lightwave we create multiple facial morph targets, and an animation of a character getting surprised, then angry, and then sad in order to show how facial expressions and body language work together to create effective character animation. | | | These are some of the facial expressions that are included in the model and some of which we model from scratch. | | | Just Animate - Facial Expressions and Body Language" |
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http://www.lostpencil.com/justanimate_fe.html
(319 words)
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| | weblog of Carl Tashian: March 2005 Archives |
| | Gladwell is quick to point out that we already interpret facial expressions continuously, subconsciously, but that we're not always able to tap into our interpretation directly, so our detection of someone lying, for example, might bubble up to the conscious brain in the form of a vague feeling of discomfort or fear. | | | The FACS provides a vocabulary for the most common facial expressions, and once you have enough experience with it, you can improve your interpretation of facial expressions. | | | My favorite chapter covers the Facial Action Coding System, an encyclopedia of facial expressions, photographed and numbered, by psychologists Paul Ekman and Silvan Tomkins. |
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http://www.tashian.com/carl/archives/2005/03
(2693 words)
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| | Facial expressions and body language |
| | Joy and sadness, together with fear and anger are the four most basic human emotions. | | | The facial expressions may be mite exaggerated here. | | | All the same, these 'six basic facial expressions' are taken from well accepted research by the anthropologist Paul Ekman. |
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http://www.purple-owl.com/art-faces.html
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| | Motion Field Histograms for Robust Modeling of Facial Expressions |
| | The results demonstrate a 44% average performance increase over traditional optic flow method for expressions extracted from unconstrained interactions. | | | The eigencoefficients are then used to model the temporal structure of different facial expressions from real-life data in the presence of translational and rotational errors that arise from head-tracking. | | | Motion Field Histograms for Robust Modeling of Facial Expressions |
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http://vismod.media.mit.edu/pub/tech-reports/TR-517
(142 words)
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| | Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions |
| | Our method produces a reliable parametric representation of the face's independent muscle action groups, as well as an accurate estimate of facial motion. | | | Previous efforts at analysis of facial expression have been based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), a representation developed in order to allow human psychologists to code expression from static pictures. | | | We describe a computer vision system for observing facial motion by using an optimal estimation optical flow method coupled with a geometric and a physical (muscle) model describing the facial structure. |
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http://xenia.media.mit.edu/~irfan/DFACE.demo/Dface/dface.html
(231 words)
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| | Facial Modeling and Animation |
| | Moreover, libraries for both joint motion and skin deformation can be transferred between characters with similar morphology and blended with local actions and expressions. | | | The system is based upon Ekman's Facial Action Coding System (FACS) and involves simulating the effect of various muscle groups upon the shape of the face. | | | About 46 different muscles (23 each for each side of the face) are used. |
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http://www.cs.ubc.ca/nest/imager/contributions/forsey/dragon/facial.html
(486 words)
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| | Facial Expressions - 596 Newport Avenue, Pawtucket RI |
| | The personal care vision at facial expressions is centered on renewal... | | | At facial expressions, it really is all about you. | | | Facial Expressions - 596 Newport Avenue, Pawtucket RI #DM2_Facial# 1:coolPost:1--> |
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http://www.facialexpressionsri.com
(101 words)
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| | FACIAL EXPRESSIONS |
| | Researchers of the human condition could use it to help infer people's emotions. | | | And they're in the process of analyzing more complex expressions provided to them by Cohn and his colleagues. | | | To understand the software, one needs to first understand the FACS system, which Ekman and Friesen developed in 1976 as an objective technique for measuring facial movements. |
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http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan00/sc3.html
(1027 words)
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| | CRM - Animating Facial Features & Expressions |
| | In this one-of-a-kind book, readers will find an in-depth resource to guide them through the entire process from the history of facial animation and anatomical structures, to expressing emotions and speech visually. | | | Explains how to create visual expressions for speech and sound under various conditions (e.g. | | | Bill covers many elements of proper skeletal and tissue movement so your characters skin appears to be moving over the skeletal structure beneath, rather than the actual bones moving, which is a common problem with 3D facial animation. |
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http://www.charlesriver.com/Books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=18837
(524 words)
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| | Open Directory - Science: Social Sciences: Cognitive Science |
| | Human Cognition in the Human Brain - Yehouda Harpaz' model of human cognition, along with links to associated texts, including extensive critiques of publications associated with cognitive science. | | | Facial Expression Resources on the Web - Links to resources for research on facial expressions. | | | Face Blind - A personal account of face blindness (prosopagnosia), by a sufferer. |
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http://dmoz.org/Science/Social_Sciences/Cognitive_Science
(1235 words)
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| | Keith Price Bibliography Facial Expressions, Overviews, Surveys, Data |
| | Discusses a large number of techniques with how they do it. | | | The result of considerable study of facial expressions with numbered listing of different basic expressions (and what muscles control them and how), common combinations and their meanings. | | | Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art, |
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http://iris.usc.edu/Vision-Notes/bibliography/people920.html
(231 words)
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| | Recommended Books about Drawing |
| | Sometimes the best way to learn about something is to see it at its most extreme. | | | There are pages and pages of faces, hands, and figures (all cartoon style, of course!) that will help you to see and understand how to draw the human figure realistically. | | | This book is a wonderful encyclopedia of facial expressions and gestures. |
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http://www.mccannas.com/recommend/draw.htm
(477 words)
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| | Institute for the Study of the Neurologically Typical: Current Research (guestbook) |
| | The most powerful expression of their idea lies with their concepts of groups. | | | In a world where facial expressions are no longer reliable indicators of other people's mental states, a world in which routine deception has become endemic, freeing up a few cubic centimeters of brain for other tasks might be a worthwhile trade-off. | | | By discarding some old software, we lose the ability to "wave bye bye," but gain the ability to "memorize tram lines in Vienna down to the last stop." The down side is that we are on the bleeding edge of evolution, with all that it entails. |
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http://isnt.autistics.org/guestbook.html
(19490 words)
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| | Grandma Boxer, Tribute to an Old Dog |
| | expression, for which she also took medication), untreatable mast cell cancer, and some arthritis. | | | By the time I met her, Candy had lived at the shelter for about six months, endured three surgeries, and had been adopted and returned (because the person who had taken her home found it too sad to keep her). | | | I wasn't sure if I was being kind or being reckless, but I had to try to give this old dog a comfortable hospice in her remaining time. |
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http://www.kateconnick.com/mydogs/grandma.html
(2035 words)
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| | Baby facial expressions |
| | Has anyone else noticed the many facial expressions that very young babies have that appear to be identical to the expressions one would see on an adult and are associated with fairly complex emotional and intellectual reactions? | | | I'm pretty sure I've heard/read/seen someplace that there are many facial expressions which are cross-cultural in nature (like smiling), which would lead me to believe that might be the case. | | | There are times I'm amazed at the expression on his face, since I can't help but associate it with intellectual function I pretty sure he can't have. |
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http://www.talkaboutparenting.com/group/misc.kids/messages/652989.html
(231 words)
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| | Estimating Facial Expressions by Reasoning - Reinders, van der Goot, Gerbrands (ResearchIndex) |
| | Here, the (acted) facial expressions of a user have to be recognized on the basis of audio and video recordings, which can then be applied to a computer model of a human face, or even of an animation character, to create life-like... | | | This research takes place within an intended project which has as objective: "The design and implementation of a non-invasive, audio-visually controlled facial synthesis system". | | | ...may be part of a complex system that could include facial animation. |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/reinders96estimating.html
(382 words)
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