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| | United Nations - OCHA IRIN Web Special Razor's Edge - The Controversy of Female Genital Mutilation |
 | | FGM is a practice that violates the basic human rights of women and girls and seriously compromises their health. | | | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a surgical procedure performed on the genitals of girls and women in many parts of the world. | | | There is a dearth of scientific studies on the psychological effects of FGM on girls and women. |
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http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/FGM
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| | Third World Women's Health: Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is the set of procedures used to remove or cause injury to part or all of the external female genitals. | | | These variations (and probably more) are experienced by circumcised girls; it is important to remember that not all experience FGM in the same way because the experience girls have colors their perceptions of the practice. | | | Breaking with the tradition of FGM in these societies is not a simple choice for women, so many continue to follow tradition even when the pain dictates otherwise. |
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http://www.arches.uga.edu/~haneydaw/twwh/fgm.html
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| | FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION FEMALE (CIRCUMCISION) IN AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND FAR EAST |
| | In 1980, UNICEF announced that its anti-FGM program is "based on the belief that the best way to handle the problem is to trigger awareness through education of the public, members of the medical profession and practitioners of traditional health care with the help of local collectives and their leaders. | | | Women may not seek medical care because their parents might be charged. | | | On one hand, Article 24, paragraph 3 states: "States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children. |
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http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm
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| | FGM Report 2003 |
| | As the year progressed it was important that the families preparing their children for FGM be approached and reached to try and give them information through dialogue hoping that in the process they will see sense and not let their children undergo circumcision. | | | The participatory approach method used in the seminar helped the girls to synthesis the teachings and be in a position to make informed choices at the end of the seminar. | | | Every evening the whole group came together for a review of the days training and teaching and here again one facilitator would make clear certain areas taught during the day and participants allowed to ask questions with all the facilitators available to answer. |
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http://www.awomansvoice.org/nl1-2003-1.html
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| | FGM: A Reproductive Health Concern; Supplement to Population Reports, Series J, Number 41 |
| | FGM has traditionally been called "female circumcision." Recognition of its harmful physical, psychological, and human rights consequences, however, has led to use of the term "female genital mutilation," a term that more accurately describes the consequences of the procedure and distinguishes it from the much milder male circumcision. | | | FGM also is thought to have been practiced at one time or other in many Western countries (213, 296, 547). | | | Female genital mutilation (FGM) encompasses a number of traditional operations that involve cutting away parts of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genitals, whether for cultural or any other nontherapeutic reason (534). |
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http://www.infoforhealth.org/pr/j41/j41fgm.shtml
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| | AAP: MGM vs FGM |
| | Pediatricians, therefore, may encounter patients who have undergone these procedures and pediatric surgeons and pediatric urologists may be requested by patients or by the parents of patients to perform surgery considered a ritual genital operation. | | | Humanitarian organizations led by women from cultures in which FGM is practiced have adopted a strong position against the procedure because of its serious physical and psychological consequences. | | | More recently, FGM has been characterized as a practice that violates the right of infants and children to good health and well-being, part of a universal standard of basic human rights. |
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http://www.circumstitions.com/AAP.html
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| | PATH : Female Genital Mutilation – The Facts |
| | FGM is still predominantly performed by "traditional" female circumcisers (91 percent in Côte d'Ivoire, 95 percent in Eritrea, and 88 percent in Mali). | | | According to a study conducted in a small rural village in Sierra Leone, 83 percent of women who had undergone FGM would require medical attention at some point in their lives for a condition resulting from the procedure. | | | Recent research in Kenya reveals numerous reasons for a decline in FGM, for example, secondary education is associated with a four-fold increase in disapproval of FGM. |
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http://www.path.org/files/FGM-The-Facts.htm
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| | I. Laws/Enforcement in Countries where FGM is Commonly Practiced |
| | In 1996, however, a court intervened to prevent the performance of this procedure under Section 8 of the Children Statute, enacted in 1996, that makes it unlawful to subject a child to social or customary practices that are harmful to the child's health. | | | Opponents of these practices rely on Section 34(1)(a) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria that states "no person shall be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment" as the basis for banning the practice nationwide. | | | She was advised not to continue her practice. |
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http://www.state.gov/g/wi/rls/rep/9303.htm
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| | Harmful Health Practices: Program Examples |
| | FGM was discussed not as a sexuality issue, but rather from the perspective of human rights and health, the latter quickly emerging as the most salient topic. | | | Senegal: A community-based, basic education program changing the traditional practice of FGM by improving the physical and mental well-being of rural women and children. | | | Where FGM is associated with superstitious beliefs and religious obligations, behaviors are more resistant to change. |
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http://www.rho.org/html/hthps_progexamples.htm
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| | In Africa, FGM Checks into Hospitals |
| | Some of the traditional FGM practitioners who have disavowed the procedure now push for the immediate arrest and prosecution of any who are caught performing it, including physicians. | | | Instead of helping to lead the fight against FGM, says Odhiambo, many doctors are now becoming the new face of the problem as they earn much higher sums. | | | As this happens, many parents are losing contact with traditional practitioners and looking to medical doctors to take over the work. |
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http://www.womensenews.org/article.cfm/dyn/aid/2097/context/cover
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| | Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack (1998) |
| | FGM is encouraged by parents and family members, who believe it will have beneficial consequences for the child in later life. | | | The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and a host of international standards that flow from it, underscore the obligation of states to respect and ensure respect for basic human rights, such as the right to physical and mental security, freedom from discrimination on the basis of gender, and the right to health. | | | A human rights perspective also sets FGM in the context of women’s social and economic powerlessness. |
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http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm4.htm
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| | In Focus: Speaking Out About FGM — teenwire.com |
| | She also said that infibulation, the most extreme form of FGM, is practiced less often. | | | The continued practice of FGM has caused major public health and human rights concerns. | | | For more than 2,000 years, the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) has been inflicted on young girls and women throughout the world. |
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http://www.teenwire.com/infocus/2003/if-20030401p065-FGM.php?print=yes
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| | AFRICAN REFUGEES: THE FGM PROGRAM |
| | Female circumcision or female genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional cultural practice that is evident in many countries of the world. | | | In this case, given the importance of the FGM debate, Australia is light years ahead of most countries in creating public awareness of the problem. | | | The FGM program in South Australia comes under the community development framework; focusing on capacity building and profound respect for individual rights. |
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http://africanrefugees.blogspot.com/2004/10/fgm-program.html
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| | FGM vs. MGM |
| | Just because FGM usually is performed in unsanitary conditions by unqualified individuals doesn't mean that it has to be. | | | The different forms of MGM have an analogous form of FGM in terms of damage done to the person whose genitals are being modified. | | | What this represents is pure gender bias, females now enjoy the right to keep their genitals intact for all reasons while males have no such right. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/ca5/intact/fgm.html
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| | Femal Genital Mutilation |
| | Medicalizing FGM by performing it in hospitals with appropriate surgical technique will not eliminate all of the complications associated with this practice and therefore cannot legitimately be considered as a solution that reduces the health risks. | | | Lack of sterile technique, use of the same instruments on more than one child, and lack of anesthesia all contribute to the complication rate which can even include infection with HIV. | | | Current estimates by the World Health Organization state that over 100 million women and girls have been affected by some form of genital cutting. |
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http://www.mwlusa.org/publications/positionpapers/fgm.html
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| | [No title] |
| | With FGM you can construct screens to print as card, posters, labels, maps newsletters, forms, or nearly anything else you can dream up. | | | I do want to point out to those who have not tried FGM, that there is an excellent demo in our library. | | | The main problems I had were time, memory, and trying to keep compatibility with what everyone else had. |
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http://cmdrkey.com/cbm/genie/geniefiles/Information/FGM.TXT
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| | FGM vs MGM |
| | Many people emphatically deny any similarity between Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and Male Genital Mutilation (MGM, circumcision). | | | Anthropologist Kristen Bell has written an important article analysing why it is hard for people in circumcising cultures to make the link between FGM and MGM, in terms of our construction of gender: | | | The change in name to "Female Genital Mutilation" has been one of the greatest levers in making people understand the full atrocity of it. |
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http://www.circumstitions.com/FGMvsMGM.html
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| | Living With FGM - EgyptSearch Forums |
| | In the theory world, Clitoris which is the organ mainly affected by the practice (in most cases it is partly or totally removed) is the external sexual organ that helps women to reach orgasm. | | | As for the sexual consequences of FGM, I would like also to mention one important point. | | | This thread is not about discussing that or about discussing methods of preventing the practice from taking place. |
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http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/Forum2/HTML/002483.html
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| | fgm |
| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a destructive, invasive procedure that is usually performed on girls before puberty. | | | Every year several million women approach childbirth knowing that the risk will be greater because some or all of their genitalia has been cut away by the traditional practice of female genital mutilation (FGM). | | | FGM is primarily a social practice, not a religious one. |
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http://www.crescentlife.com/psychissues/fgm.htm
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| | Harmful Health Practices: Links |
| | The Gender section of this health forum provided by Harvard University has a list of links to information on harmful practices, primarily FGM and dowry deaths. | | | The journal contains country and regional research and data on such topics as the cultural bases for reproductive health choices, healthcare providers' perspectives on local practices, and FGM. | | | The database contains many articles about FGM and cultural health practices. |
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http://www.rho.org/html/hthps_links.htm
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| | Network for Good :: FGM |
| | Because FGM is practiced when girls are young, they are unable to give their informed consent; thus, the international community recognizes FGM as a violation of fundamental human rights. | | | Stopping the practice of FGM requires profound social change. | | | FGM is an invasive and painful surgical procedure that is usually performed without anesthetic on adolescent girls and under less than hygienic conditions. |
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http://www.networkforgood.org/hbo/fgm
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| | SNCTP |
| | : TBAs training is mainly concerned with re-orienting TBAs on the issue of HTPs so that they actively pursue measures to eradicate practices such as FGM which traditionally they perform. | | | Abolish of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and other HTPs in the Sudan | | | With particular regard to FGM, SNCTP adopts the following approaches to bring about attitude change: |
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http://www.snctp.org
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| | FGM going 'mainstream' |
| | "There is medicalisation of FGM (female genital mutilation) in the region, and this is jeopardising efforts to phase out FGM," Efua Dorkenoo, a public health officer and FGM activist from Ghana, said at a press conference. | | | Older women may carry out circumcisions, as well as traditional healers, midwives and even barbers. | | | "FGM is illegal and this applies even to health workers. |
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http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/Features/0,6119,2-11-37_1539891,00.html
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| | WIN News: New Zealand: Fgm Co-Ordination Programme - Brief Article |
| | Health service providers and health training institutions in particular expressed increasing requests for resources, training and technical advice - and while the high level of demand was somewhat unanticipated, it was a positive indication of the commitment of New Zealand Health services to provide more effective FGM care. | | | "Executive Summary // Aims and Outcome Activities: Provider Training and Support // FGM Resources // FGM Guidelines & National/International Liaisons // Community Education and Support // Key Issues and Recommendations: Key Ongoing Issues // Recommendations. | | | The FGM Co-ordination Programme was established with the aims of providing regional co-ordination and support for the FGM programme and providers, and to prevent the occurrence of FGM in New Zealand through community education, support and health promotion. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2872/is_2_26/ai_62140808
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| | FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION - FEMALE CIRCUMCISION |
| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is an invasive and painful surgical procedure that is usually performed without anesthetic on girls before puberty. | | | An analogous practice, Intersexual Genital Mutilation, (IGM) is sometimes performed on intersexual infants born with ambiguous genitalia. | | | Actually, it is a social custom that is practiced by Animists, Christians, and Muslims in those countries where FGM is common. |
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http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_circ.htm
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| | FGM Donor |
| | Your registration on the FGM file is a voluntary and altruistic decision which can give a real hope of recovery to a patient. | | | FGM received from the French Ministry of Health the mission to develop and manage a registry of voluntary donors linked to all the international donor registries for the benefit of national and international patients. | | | Where to become a bone marrow donor ? |
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http://www.fgm.fr/6a1-WhyDevenirdonneur.htm
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| | FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION |
| | At the WHO Seminar in Khartoum on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children (1979), the nine African and Middle Eastern countries which participated formulated four ground-breaking recommendations for abolishing FGM, urging that health education and health training programs should be organized. | | | FGM has been cited by WHO (World Health Organization) as a major public health problem. | | | In 1984 at a conference in Dakar to follow up on the WHO Seminar, the Inter-African Committee (IAC) on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children was organized by African Women to prevent and eradicate FGM. |
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http://www.feminist.com/resources/artspeech/inter/fgm.htm
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| | UNFPA: Promoting Gender Equality |
| | In the Africa region, UNFPA’s support is given to the project “Eradicating Harmful Practices: Strengthening Local Capacities for the Prevention of FGM”, executed by AIDOS (the Italian Association for Women in Development), to enhance technical capacity of government institutions and NGOs to advocate for the elimination of harmful practices. | | | A common training methodology will be developed and the fight against FGC will be mainstreamed in poverty eradication as well as in reproductive health. | | | The resolution also calls on the Member States to recognise the right to asylum of women and girls at risk of being subject to FGM. |
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http://www.unfpa.org/gender/faq_fgc.htm
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| | FGM - The Season of Planting Girls - Video Production |
| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is forbidden by law in Egypt. | | | Together with the Egyptian authorities, organisations such as UNICEF, the Ford Foundation, UNDP and others are very active in researching and lobbying against FGM. | | | Click here to see a list of links to other sites related to FGM |
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http://www.mediahouse.org/pg.htm
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| | PRESS RELEASE FGM Selected for Consecutive "Great Places to Work" Awards |
| | As our company grows and changes, this commitment will not change. | | | Our staff really seeks challenging work and the opportunity to make significant contributions at the company, combined with the flexibility to be fully involved with their families and communities and to truly enjoy their jobs. | | | FGM is highlighted in The Washingtonian's November 2003 cover story as one of 50 companies headquartered in the Washington, DC metropolitan area that offer "interesting work, stability, flexible work arrangements, better-than-average benefits, collegial staffs, opportunities for growth and learning, frequent feedback, respect for staff, and open management." |
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http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_html_b1?release_id=59211
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| | Feminist Daily News 2/4/2005: Tanzanian Coalition Formed to Fight FGM |
| | Seven Tanzanian organizations have formed a coalition to fight female genital mutilation (FGM), a practice that affects nearly 90 million African women and is widespread in Tanzania. | | | UNICEF estimates that the total number of women living today who have been subjected to FGM in Africa ranges between 100 and 130 million. | | | According to the coalition, at least 18 percent of Tanzanian women are victims of FGM, and there are some areas in northeastern Tanzania where 100 percent of women undergo FGM, reports IRIN News. |
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http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=8883
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| | RAINBO: Integrated Initiative Against FGM |
| | Through this initiative RAINBO aims to achieve a measurable reduction in the practice of FC/FGM towards the realisation of the Millenium Development Goal to stop FC/FGM by 2010 | | | The crucial finding of the report was that irreversible abandonment of FC/FGM is best achieved through empowering women to redefine their identity and social status away from FC/FGM and to build community consensus to support and protect women. | | | The Women's Empowerment Community-Consensus model (WECC) is at the centre of the Integrated Initiative Against FGM launched in January 2003. |
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http://www.rainbo.org/IIAFGM/iiafgm.html
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| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) |
| | Report on Female Genital Mutilation as required by | | | Prevalence of the Practice of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM); Laws Prohibiting FGM and Their Enforcement; Recommendations on How to Best Work to Eliminate FGM | | | If you wish to view or print a PDF version, please click here. |
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http://www.state.gov/g/wi/rls/rep/c6466.htm
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| | "); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write(" |
| | Myths and superstitions often form the basis of the practice. | | | The act was also sometimes performed in Europe during the 19th century, with physicians believing it was a cure for a number of mental and physical disorders. | | | Abayenesh, from Wollo in Ethiopia's northern highlands, was an 'excisor'; the name for women - often with no medical training whatsoever - who perform the brutal genital cutting of children, leaving some scarred for life. |
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http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=45980
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| | FGM Fact Sheet |
| | Women and men who come from cultures which practice FGM are increasingly giving voice to the devastating harm inflicted by FGM, and movements for its eradication are growing steadily. | | | An extreme form of many traditional practices used around the world to deny women independence and equality, FGM is defended in the cultures where it is practiced as a rite of passage and a social prerequisite of marriage. | | | Laws prohibiting FGM have been passed in many African countries where FGM is practiced, as well as in European, North American and other countries that have immigrant communities from countries where FGM is practiced. |
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http://www.equalitynow.org/english/campaigns/fgm/fgm-factsheet_en.html
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| | FGM - Why all the fuss? |
| | I don't understand why people seem to feel that there are no limits to the treatment of people (specifi... | | | Unfortunatly, many efforts to put an end to FGM are stifled by cries of cultural imperialis... | | | Two very interesting books to read on the subject are |
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http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/women_abuse/60112
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| | SA-FGM |
| | The superior stability, linearity, and accuracy of the FGM compared to Hall effect devices make it the only choice for precision high quality low-level magnetic field measurement and the best choice for general purpose magnetometer applications. | | | All FGM instruments have three ranges: ±20 mGauss, ±200 mGauss, and ±2000 mGauss. | | | The wide frequency response of DC to 100 Hz (optional DC to 400 Hz) of the analog output allows the user to monitor fast moving magnetic signals and measure 50/60 Hz powerline fields. |
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http://www.walkerldjscientific.com/Products/Product_Lines/Magnetic_Measuring/Magnetometers/SA-FGM/sa-fgm.html
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| | Employment opportunities at FGM Inc |
| | FGM Architects Engineers offers employment opportunities for talented and motivated individuals who are interested in advancing their careers. | | | FGM is dedicated to providing equal opportunities for all persons, regardless of race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, national origin, or disability. | | | We are a growth oriented firm dedicated to the professional development of our staff. |
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http://www.fgm-inc.com/employment.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation Resources : The Zero 5.0laf - The Official Website of Andrew Vachss |
| | FORWARD works to eradicate the practice of FGM, and promote the health and human rights of African women and girls in Africa and the U.K. Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children | | | FGM report from the German branch of UNICEF, contains information and links to other German-language articles and resources. |
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http://www.vachss.com/help_text/female_g_m.html
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| | FGM Inc. |
| | FGM was awarded a 2-year contract from the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) to design and develop the next version of the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA). | | | FGM Recognized as Washingtonian Magazine Great Place to Work | | | The new IMSMA software system will help address key problems in humanitarian demining, including the lack of accurate information about mined areas. |
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http://www.fgm.com/index1.cfm
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| | afrol News - Your Portal to Africa! |
| | Prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa | | | Most available data were on a country basis, though often named peoples were singled out as practising FGM. | | | For example, as clearly will be seen, although FGM is most common in Muslim countries, FGM prevalence in no way follows the prevalence of Islam. |
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http://www.afrol.com/html/Categories/Women/FGM/fgm_map.htm
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| | Female Genital Mutilation |
| | Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa (Link to new Web site by noted author Hanny Lightfoot-Klein) |
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http://www.cirp.org/pages/female
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| | FGM Distributors - for all your hospitality needs |
| | Woolshed Restaurant at Rawnsley Park, in the Flinders Ranges, has also been impressed by the product range and services provided. | | | FGM Distributors provide quality and service for all your hospitality needs. | | | "The wide range of products provided and the service to our area by FGM DISTRIBUTORS, has been most impressive. |
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http://www.fishgame.com.au
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| | Feminist Daily News 9/20/2004: Conference in Kenya Urges African Government to Ban FGM |
| | The conference, organized by the Kenyan government and a group of non-governmental organizations, also called for efforts to ban the practice. | | | Part or all of a girl’s or woman’s genitalia are removed during FGM, which is usually performed as a rite of passage, reports Voice of America. | | | An international conference met to review progress made in the fight to eradicate female genital mutilation (FGM) since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. |
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http://www.feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=8646
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| | Welcome To FGM Records |
| | This most recent annual sampler of great flatpicking tunes represents yet another high-water mark in the spectral arts! | | | FGM Records has brought an amazing spectrum of artists and styles onto one CD More... |
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http://www.fgmrecords.com
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| | FGC Education and Networking Project |
| | This is one of the most intensive books that has been written on FGM in Africa and more particularly in the Sudan. | | | "Rites": A documentary film by the American Anthropological Association (AAA) which also outlines the harmful effects of FGM. | | | "Female Circumcision: "Beliefs and Misbeliefs": Filmed in Africa, this film shows FGM being performed in a city street and rural areas, interviews villagers about the reasons/myths surrounding FGM, and depicts educational efforts to eradicate FGM |
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http://www.fgmnetwork.org/intro/fgmintro.html
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| | FGm Few Good Men DOD Clan |
| | VOTE FOR US Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames. | | | Copyright ©2004 Clan FGm, Inc. All Rights Reserved. |
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http://www.clanfgm.com
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| | Female Circumcision Issues Page |
| | In the United States, Rep. Pat Schroeder has written a bill to prohibit female genital mutilation (FGM), H.R. In addition there is: |
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http://www.eskimo.com/~gburlin/female.html
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| | FGM PAGE ONE |
| | in Washington DC has also been targeting FGM risk groups, | | | This bill was then combined with H. on February 14, 1995 | | | introduced H. a bill to outlaw FGM in the United States |
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http://meltingpot.fortunecity.com/cavendish/373/waris.html
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