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| | Mode of fertilization and parental care in anurans |
 | | Studies have supported this relationship; however, new comparative techniques and new data on parental care and the frequency of internal fertilization in anurans suggest that the relationship should be re-evaluated. | | | I examined the relationship between mode of fertilization and sex providing parental care in 334 taxa of anurans using concentrated changes tests and in 396 taxa of anurans using a method developed by Ridley (1983. | | | Current hypotheses for explaining which sex cares for offspring assume a relationship between the mode of fertilization and the sex showing parental care. |
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http://www.uga.edu/srel/Reprint/2248.htm
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| | Issues Regarding Reproductive Aid -- eCureMe.com |
| | Artificial insemination and external fertilization may have been agreed upon but the thought that "this isn't my child" could later haunt one of the spouses. | | | When infertile couples use reproductive aid, especially if the choice is artificial insemination and another person's sperm or egg is involved, medical personnel must counsel the couple regarding hereditary diseases, possible deformities, psychological conflicts, traditional marriage and childbirth, and the parent-child relationship/family system before administration, so as to prevent medical, ethical, and legal aftereffects. | | | In conclusion, it is very important to give written consent to agreements, permissions, parental responsibilities for raising the child (ren), and other concerns before pursuing artificial insemination or external fertilization. |
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http://www.ecureme.com/especial/obgyn/Issues_Regarding_Reproductive_Aid.asp
(567 words)
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| | Sperm competition in fish |
| | Male effort expressed in one trait to increase his chances of fertilization may reduce the success of an alternative trait with the same function—therefore trade-offs might be expected between investment in different features. | | | Fish are an exceptionally well-suited group in which to study morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations to sperm competition. | | | These adaptations may involve spermatozoa (through variation in size, number and structure); reproductive organs; behaviour (such as aggression, courtship and mating); and even social systems45. |
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http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Ecology/sperm_competition_in_fish.htm
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| | IN VITRO FERTILIZATION |
| | However, when a couple has difficulty conceiving in the traditional manner, in vitro fertilization allows for conception outside the body. | | | During IVF, a physician collects ova from the woman at the time of her ovulation, using a high-tech procedure called laparoscopy. | | | When that person arrives, ask for human interest storie s about how IVF changed the lives of some infertile couples. |
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http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/invitro.html
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| | lifeissues.net The Big Lie In Human Embryology |
| | Grobstein decided the fertilized human oocyte was not an individual because he later conceived of six (6) different individualities: Genetic, Developmental, Functional, Behavioral, Psychic and Social, in that order(5). | | | He claims that the "external signs", are those recognized as human by "other persons". | | | He admits to "continuously intergrading phases" (the continuum), but, nevertheless, wants to separate them, so he can claim a "true person" is not present at any given time. |
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http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/kisc/kisc_11bigliepreembryo.html
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| | Caudate Families (Newts & Salamanders) |
| | Breeding behavior has not been formally documented for Sirens, and they are only presumed to be external fertilizers. | | | Metamorphosed adults rely solely on oxygen absorption through their most skin, whereas neotenes and some larvae rely mainly on branchial respiration (gills). | | | During the aquatic phase, males of many species develop remarkably swollen heads, and laterally compressed tails. |
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http://www.livingunderworld.org/caudata/families
(4764 words)
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| | Notes for Repro 1 |
| | - gametes from two parents fuse (fertilization), to form a new diploid zygote. | | | Internal Development - zygote develops to some point inside the body of the females, though usually not fully. | | | All birds internal fert and external development - why? |
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http://www.colorado.edu/epob/epob1220cbock/N-Repro1.html
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| | 26 |
| | Fertilization and development may be internal or external. | | | Less are produced in case of internal development, as chances of survival are nearly complete and assured (as in mammals). | | | External and Internal Fertilizations : If the fertilization is external, development is also external. |
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http://www.nos.org/bio12/b4h26.1.htm
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| | Biology Notes Unit 3 |
| | Structures: no external ear opening, no movable eyelid, mandibles are not fused | | | Structures: two halves of mandible fused, external ear opening Feeding: can only swallow prey small enough to fit in mouth | | | Chemistry: lives in sandy areas, negatively phototrophic (does not like light) |
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http://www.polk.edu/INSTRUCT/Mash/bane/Bsc1011/bionotes5.html
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| | When To Reproduce? It's All In The Timing |
| | The results of previous experiments and modeling studies have concluded that, when it comes to fertilization, these organisms don't have that knack for good timing, i.e., that their rate of fertilization success borders on one percent or less. | | | "Selection pressure should act quickly on any characteristic that allows an organism to have fertilization success," she says. | | | Her primary concern was the mechanism which allowed Fucus to avoid polyspermy, a lethal condition in which an egg is fertilized by more than one sperm. |
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http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/1998-02/UoM-WTRI-170298.php
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| | Nat' Academies Press, Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning (2002) |
| | Jansen R.F. A practical ethical framework for in vitro fertilization and related reproductive interventions. | | | Steptoe P. 1986 Apr. The role of in-vitro fertilization in the treatment of infertility: Ethical and legal problems. | | | The success rate of in vitro fertilization: what can the patient expect? |
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http://www.nap.edu/openbook/0309076374/html/241.html
(533 words)
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| | glossary |
| | External "test with spines attached" in the adult and internal in pluteus. | | | INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - the only variable to be manipulated or changed in a controlled | | | ENVIRONMENT - the sum total of external influences acting on an organism or on part of an organism. |
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http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/bi/1998/sea_urchins/glossary.htm
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| | The Sea Urchin Fertilization Lab |
| | The procedure will allow the viewing of the physical processes of fertilization, cleavage, blastulization, gastrulization, and further development and specialization. | | | Finally, the haploid protonuclei of the sperm and egg fuse into a single, diploid zygote nucleus. | | | To observe and analyze the processes of fertilization and development in sea urchins. |
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http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Urchin_Lab
(2407 words)
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| | Encyclopedia topic: Oligochaeta |
| | Their seta (A stiff hair or bristle) e (chaetae) or "bristles" are generally few in number and they lack the parapodia (additional info and facts about parapodia) of the polychaeta (Marine annelid worms). | | | They have external fertilization, but copulate and store sperm in a receptacle called a spermatheca. |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/o/ol/oligochaeta.htm
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| | Reproductive System |
| | There is no opportunity for introduction of variation because there is no meiosis (no crossover, no independent assortment) and no fertilization. | | | Externally the vagina is associated with the external genitalia. | | | Various stimuli, both physical and psychological, cause the clitoris to become engorged with blood during sexual arousal just as in the male. |
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http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/112repro.html
(3599 words)
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - external |
| | anatomy of external ear, diseases and disorders of external ear | | | Two types of fertilization occur in animals: external and internal. | | | In external fertilization the egg and sperm come together outside of the parents'... |
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http://ca.encarta.msn.com/external.html
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| | sex & reproduction |
| | Understand the various methods of birth control and the overall effectiveness of each. | | | Fertilization in mammals is internal and, excluding the monotremes, all are viviparous. | | | Amphibian fertilization is external with oviparous development divided into three stages. |
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http://www2.ma.psu.edu/~lkh1/biol240/notes/rj6ch59.htm
(726 words)
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| | The Biological Bulletin -- About the Cover (February 2005, 208, (1)) |
| | Vestimentiferans-those odd gutless worms found at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in the deep ocean-have strange helical spermatozoa that are bound together in bundles; they also have external ciliated grooves that connect to the openings of the gonoducts. | | | These traits suggest the possibility of sperm transfer and internal fertilization. | | | Oocytes are presumably inseminated when they pass from the ovary through the spermatheca to the oviduct, where they are stored in the primary oocyte stage until release. |
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http://www.biolbull.org/content/vol208/issue1/cover.shtml
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| | [Regents Prep Living Environment] Reproduction & Development: Sexual Reproduction |
| | This is referred to as internal fertilization and internal development. | | | Mammals like humans have both their fertilization and initial stages of development occur within the female organism. | | | The fertilization which occurs in the water in this case outside the body of the organism is called external fertilization. |
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http://regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/reproduction/sexual.cfm
(644 words)
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| | SUE - FERTILIZATION |
| | Often they do not have the microscopes adjusted properly and are looking at air bubbles, or too light an image without enough contrast, etc. Some microscopes can be adjusted to give a partial dark field image. | | | SUMMARY: This lab is designed to provide students with a laboratory experience with sea urchins in which they will observe fertilization. | | | This does, however, allow the student to witness, first hand, the raising of the fertilization membrane. |
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http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/fert.htm
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| | Untitled |
| | Can be structures (such as plumage or color). | | | Gonadal steroids usually govern the onset of courtship and receptivity, but behavioral stimuli from one mate very quickly influence hormonal levels and behavior in the other. | | | The nature of fertilization influences the degree of synchrony between the sexes. |
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http://www.colorado.edu/epob/epob4480tsai/Lecture16.html
(917 words)
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| | Sperm availability in the sea and the evolution of mating strategies |
| | 2005 Levitan, D.R. Sex specific spawning behavior and its consequences in an external fertilizer. | | | 1995 Levitan, D.R. The ecology of fertilization in free-spawning invertebrates. | | | Specifically, I am interested in how egg and sperm traits influence patterns of fertilization in nature and how selection on these traits varies as a function of sperm availability. |
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http://bio.fsu.edu/~levitan/mating_strategies.php
(612 words)
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| | Property |
| | Exposed respiratory surfaces; external fertilization*; external development; excretion of ammonia | | | Terrestrial invertebrates must have internal fertilization and development must be protected in some way. | | | The biochemical machinery for converting ammonia into these compounds may be extensive, consequently terrestrial animals have much more complex excretory structure as well (in general). |
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http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/302/Lecture7.htm
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| | Martian Sex |
| | The first thing I did was to determine the pattern of sexual reproduction. | | | One thing you may wonder right off the bat is, "How can there be eleven genders, yet only three are needed to create a new individual?" You could have three fertile genders and seven infertile ones. | | | External fertilization makes the latter a very feasible idea, especially if the Martians have mass matings. |
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http://www.sff.net/people/dragonwriter/silentrunners/martiansex.htm
(1120 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Although technically merostomatans do not copulate, they engage in a pseudocopulatory act which stimulates the discharge of male and female sex cells so that external fertilization can take place. | | | This differs markedly from the internal fertil ization that occurs from actual copulation in the terrestrialchelicerates. | | | The merostomatans have features which are appropriate for marine environments and are not typical among the other chelicerates. |
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http://oz.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/meristomata.html
(319 words)
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| | PARENTAL CARE |
| | Many hypotheses previously mentioned predict a relationship between form of fertilization (external versus internal) and which sex provides care. | | | Males may not be around during this phase. | | | Exceptions -- Also makes sense with internal fertilization, but not with external fertilization with simultaneous release of gametes (again predicts 50/50 but majority of care is by male) |
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http://www.wam.umd.edu/~blohr/parent.htm
(1468 words)
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| | roleplaying tips for roleplayers and gamemaster roleplaying advice for all roleplaying systems and rpgs |
| | Beyond this, there are courtship rituals, internal vs. external fertilization, egg-laying vs. live birth, and varying levels of parental involvement in the care of the offspring. | | | There is a species of lizard which is all female -- they still go through the motions of mating, but their eggs develop without being fertilized. | | | Imagine a sentient race evolved from a species with no parental involvement. |
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http://www.roleplayingtips.com/issue149.asp
(4292 words)
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| | About Hynobiidae (Hasumi) |
| | (1) As previously stated, they practice "external fertilization" by means of "spawning" | | | The Salamandroidea, which contains approximately 90% of the Caudata members, has six families that accomplish "internal fertilization" by means of spermatophores | | | (approximately 70% of all urodeles, called "plethodontids," do not enter the water throughout their life, and salamandrids and ambystomatids with internal fertilization are counterparts of hynobiids among migratory salamanders) |
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http://www5d.biglobe.ne.jp/~hasumi/doc1/hyno_e.html
(714 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Question: If haploid offspring are formed by parthenogenesis from an ovum, what is the basic life cycle, and what is the ploidy of each stage? | | | Question: Think back to the concept of alternation of generations. | | | Question: External fertilization requires the production of large numbers of gametes to be successful. |
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http://www.sou.edu/BIOLOGY/Faculty/Oline/Bi213/anim_repro.htm
(752 words)
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| | Chap46notes |
| | - While some organisms using external fertilization show forms of parental care (nesting | | | - The external genitalia includes the scrotum and penis. | | | behavior increases the probability of successful fertilization and permits mate selection. |
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http://www.geocities.com/apbiowi/Chap46notes.html
(2802 words)
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| | Untitled Document |
| | eardrum; most frogs and toads have a large external one | | | cold-blooded species; a species that depends on an external heat source to warm its body | | | the position assumed by male and female frogs during egg laying and external fertilization; the male is on the female's back, clasping her under her forelegs. |
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http://www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/paton/glossary.html
(873 words)
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| | Copulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The two organisms may be of opposite sexes or hermaphroditic, as is the case with, for example, snails. | | | Copulation is the union of the external sexual organs of two sexually reproducing animal organisms for insemination and for subsequent internal fertilization, which is fertilization of ova inside organisms. | | | Many other animals reproduce sexually with external fertilization, such as the low vertebrates (catfish and most amphibians). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulate
(329 words)
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| | Amphibia |
| | All caecilians have internal fertilization and 75% have internal development. | | | All others use spermatophores, and fertilization is internal. | | | Fertilization is usually external, and because the developing eggs lack any resistant covering, development is tied to moist habitats, usually water. |
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http://www.snow.edu/~allans/biology1320/amphibia.html
(2312 words)
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| | The Open Door Web Site : Biology : Vertebrate Groups |
| | The do have lungs, but their lungs are small and are not used very much. | | | This means that the offspring are kept inside the female's body and feed through a placenta. | | | Fertilization of the eggs is external, taking place in the water. |
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http://www.saburchill.com/chapters/chap0003.html
(401 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | There is great variation in the development stage at which offspring are released. | | | The embryos develop within the male's pouch, nourished by their individual yolk sacs. | | | Depending on whether fertilization is internal or external and which type of embryonic development occurs, bony fishes may release eggs or sperm, larvae, or even sexually mature adult fishes. |
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http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/BonyFish/reproduction.html
(1230 words)
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| | Study guide week 9 |
| | The following behaviors are examples of ways animals increase the probability that their sperm fertilized the egg. | | | A graphical solution to trying to understand what the optimal solution is to a given problem, specifically when an animal exploits a resource that occurs in discrete sites or patches, and within a patch it experiences diminishing returns. | | | What are the two ways a male who does external fertilization can increase his chances of fertilizing the female’s eggs if other males are around? |
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http://ib.berkeley.edu/courses/ib031/sg9.htm
(821 words)
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| | Summary 45.2 |
| | Fertilization is external in many aquatic animals, but internal in almost all terrestrial species. | | | Release of gametes during external fertilization may be synchronized by courtship displays or possibly by pheromones. | | | By estimating the evolutionary relationships among closely related species with viviparity and oviparity, researchers have determined that populations have changed between the two modes relatively frequently, and that viviparity may be an adaptation that increases survival of young in cold habitats. |
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http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_freeman_biosci_1/0,6452,501046-,00.html
(156 words)
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| | Zoology 220B |
| | External fertilization is typical of frogs and toads whereas internal fertilization is typical of salamanders. | | | Metamorphosis occurs in all amphibians because they must shift from the aquatic environment of larval development to the terrestrial environment of adult life. | | | The phrase "Success of Teleosts (or Actinopterygians)" is referring to their: a) tremendous species diversity and general abundance, b) their general ability to produce successful generations of offspring despite worldwide fishing pressure, c) their capacity to dominate the world's varied aquatic environments, or d) all of the preceding. |
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http://www.science.siu.edu/zoology/materials/eI220.html
(2314 words)
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| | Christianity and the Birth of Science |
| | Whenever one is educated about history, some paradigm is usually assumed to interpret all the facts in the context of a coherent pattern. | | | But this cyclical view is not fertile ground for science. | | | Science entails the notion of progress, a belief that we can progress towards a state where we understand nature. |
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http://www.ldolphin.org/bumbulis
(15333 words)
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| | Female and Male Reproductive Physiology |
| | Courtship is no less interesting than in external fertilization and the variations are endless. | | | understand the difference between internal and external fertilization | | | Many vertebrates have internal fertilization that ensures the male his chromosomes will be carried into the next generation. |
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http://www.yhc.edu/external/jasonb/Spring2005/bio112lab/Female_and_Male_Reproductive_Physiology.htm
(1015 words)
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| |
| | Multiple Choice Quiz |
| | external fertilization, and a range from oviparity to viviparity | | | internal fertilization, and a range from oviparity to viviparity | | | As they lack any intromittent organ, sharks typically have external fertilization. |
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http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072349034/student_view0/chapter16/chapter_quizzing.html
(673 words)
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| | Recommended reading: 'Encyclopedia of Fishes' (1995; Academic Press.) |
| | Because the scientific facts don't comply with the doctrine of the ladder, the ladder-peddlers discard the facts and replace them with rubbish like "fertilization occurs externally, and the zygote develops in the water." Sometimes they even add the claim that external fertilization is an unreliable process in which many eggs are left unfertilized. | | | They dismiss the fishes with overt scorn, they hide the fishes' morphological, physiological and behavioral diversity, and they take special pains to deny the spectacular diversity that scientists have seen in the fishes' modes of reproduction. | | | After you've spent a couple of hours with this beautiful and insightful book, you'll laugh at the ladder-peddlers' claim that all the fishes share a contemptibly simple mode of reproduction in which "fertilization occurs externally, and the zygote develops in the water." |
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http://www.textbookleague.org/91bkfsh.htm
(659 words)
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| | Untitled Document |
| | A second meiotic division only occurs if the secondary oocyte is penetrated by a sperm, and it produces the ovum and another polar body. | | | Female Anatomy- more complicated than men because it has to produce eggs AND maintain the developing embryo. | | | external clitoris and labia internal ovaries gonads ducts and chambers fallopian tubes uterus vagina Egg production takes place in ovaries, there are two, in the abdominal cavity. |
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http://www.und.nodak.edu/instruct/agerber/x59lecture.html
(590 words)
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| | Module 4 Lesson 7 |
| | increased because of the method of fertilization and development? | | | Sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, internal fertilization, external fertilization, hermaphrodite, amniote egg, amnion, amniotic. |
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http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/biology30/Mod4Lesson7.html
(44 words)
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| | EduSolution - NYS Regents Exams |
| | 35 Which type of fertilization and development occurs in the life | | | Which title is most appropriate for this photomicrograph? |
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http://www.edusolution.com/regentsexams/biology/aug1999/page6.htm
(100 words)
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| | MSN Encarta - Fertilization |
| | Fertilization, the process in which gametes—a male's sperm and a female's egg or ovum—fuse together, producing a single cell that develops into an adult... | | | Become a subscriber today and gain access to: |
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http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559485/Fertilization.html
(78 words)
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