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| | Epidemiology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Epidemiological studies are generally categorized as descriptive, analytic (aiming to examine associations, commonly hypothesized causal relationships), and experimental (a term often equated with clinical or community trials of treatments and other interventions). | | | Strict requirements for scientific accuracy are sometimes relaxed in the course of public health education regarding epidemiologic findings. | | | This of course does not mean that epidemiologists can advocate for whatever positions they please independent of the data, but presentation of results to the general public is sometimes simplified to help change behavior or understanding. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology
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| | Evaluation and Use of Epidemiological Evidence for Environmental Health Risk Assessment: WHO Guideline Document |
| | Due to both uncertainties in epidemiological studies and true variability in the association between exposure and health outcomes within and among human populations, the available body of epidemiological evidence may provide different exposure- response functions for the same general exposure-outcome relationship. | | | To improve the applicability of epidemiological research to health risk assessment, future epidemiological studies should seek where possible to provide results in a way that enhances the health risk assessment at the interface of epidemiology, other fields of research, and policymaking. | | | The working group acknowledged that epidemiological studies of local environmental exposures (e.g., clusters of childhood leukemia in the vicinity of nuclear power plants) might provide evidence about large-scale public health concerns, but felt that the evaluation of such outbreaks presents a unique set of problems that warrant attention in their own right. |
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http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2000/108p997-1002krzyzanowski/krzyzanowski-full.html
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| | ific.org : Epidemiological Research: Roots, Roles and Real-Life Limitations |
| | Epidemiological studies are observational in nature and the outcomes need further study through other types of research such as intervention or clinical studies. | | | For most people, interpreting epidemiological research isn’t an easy task—especially when the full research study is not available for consideration, as is usually the case for consumers. | | | Today, consumers may interpret epidemiological data as relating to individuals when in fact, epidemiological studies are intended for focus on broad population groups. |
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http://www.ific.org/foodinsight/2002/ja/epidemresfi402.cfm?renderforprint=1
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| | CDC - OCSO - Human Research Protection Office - International Guidelines for Ethical Review of Epidemiological Studies |
| | Epidemiological studies are intended to benefit populations, but individual subjects are expected to accept any risks associated with studies. | | | Epidemiological practice and research are based mostly on observation, and require no intervention more invasive than asking questions and carrying out routine medical examinations. | | | The undertaking of an epidemiological project in a developing country may create the expectation in the community concerned that it will be provided with health care, at least while the research workers are present. |
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http://www.cdc.gov/od/ads/intlgui3.htm
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| | NIDA NOTES - NIDA's Epidemiological Compasses |
| | NIDA uses two epidemiological tracking programs to document the size of the drug abuse problem, spot trends, pinpoint the groups in the Nation's population that are most in need of prevention and treatment, and assess the effectiveness of interventions. | | | Epidemiological studies advance NIDA's mission by gauging the scope and nature of the Nation's drug problems and providing information fundamental to improving treatment and prevention. | | | As another recent striking example of epidemiological findings leading to a research response, in the 1990s NIDA studies disclosed that most new heroin use was occurring in suburbia rather than-as previously-in urban centers. |
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http://www.nida.nih.gov/Nida_Notes/NNVol15N3/DirRepVol15N3.html
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| | EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES |
| | Hence, for research involving identifying data, the involvement of treating physicians, or an equivalent trusted intermediary who has ethical and professional obligations towards the patient, in the process of recruiting subjects for epidemiological studies, generally seems to be a common minimal procedural requirement in Canada, the US and Britain. | | | On the basis of this distillation, we conclude that the "trusted intermediary approach" to the recruitment of subjects is a specific procedural application of the general ethical duty to respect confidentiality, privacy and autonomy rights. | | | (4) Even in those countries whose guidelines might be thought more accommodating of epidemiological research, the particular balancing of the public interests in understanding and preventing disease and in respecting confidentiality and consent is often delegated to local research ethics committees that apply the national guidelines or law on a case-by-case basis. |
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http://www.ncehr-cnerh.org/english/query/07e.php
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| | Nat' Academies Press, The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries (1993) |
| | The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries - Workshop Proceedings Introduction As child survival programs continue to achieve their goals of reducing infant and child mortality, the age structure and overall health status of the populations of most developing countries are changing. | | | As noted earlier, the demographic and epidemiologic changes that are taking place in developing countries are often aggregated into national-level numbers, but within each population are groups, in widely differing circumstances. | | | As child survival programs continue to achieve their goals of reducing infant and child mortality, the age structure and overall health status of the populations of most developing countries are changing. |
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http://www.nap.edu/books/0309048397/html/1.html
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| | Council of Europe. Recommendation No. R (89) 4 on collection of epidemiological data on primary health care |
| | Noting that epidemiological data should be collected with clearly defined objectives while ensuring the close involvement of the personnel who participate in the process of collection as well as of the individuals and groups who form the object of the data collection; | | | Health staff should not only care for individuals but also play a vital role in the epidemiological support of community health and should be involved in the completion of findings. | | | Data collection should also focus on socio-economic conditions, occupational situation, behavioural risk and psychological factors, and appropriate methods of collection should be further developed. |
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http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/coerecr89-4.html
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| | Utilizing Culture and Behaviour in Epidemiological Models of Alcohol Consumption and Consequences for Western Nations |
| | This study represents an attempt to operationalize cultural factors in the epidemiology of alcohol use and to measure the impact of such cultural variations on an expanded range of behavioral as well as health outcomes. | | | Nonetheless, this application of Levine's cultural taxonomy in an epidemiologic model has generated stronger correlations with behavioural consequences, and equally strong correlations with some health consequences, to those achieved with the primary predictors of consumption level and beverage type. | | | With respect to dependent variables, the behavioural outcomes of alcohol use have not been operationalized as successfully as the health outcomes. |
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http://www.peele.net/lib/temperan.html
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| | 3.5 Epidemiological information |
| | Ideally, an epidemiological investigation should attempt to collect as much quantitative information as possible in order to lend itself to better characterizing the dose-response relationship for microbial pathogens. | | | Although these reports have not been published, and the details of the methods used in the investigations have not been stated (other than through personal communication), they represent a valuable source of information on the real-world dose-response relationship and expand our database of Salmonella pathogenicity considerably. | | | Enteritidis found in samples of ice cream, using traditional MPN techniques. |
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http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4392E/y4392e0b.htm
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| | Active Skim View of: 7. Data on Humans: Clinical and Epidemiological Studies |
| | When there is both delayed onset of effects and a lack of distinctive clinical characteristics, risk assessments must be based on data from analytical epidemiological studies, clinical or experimental case reports, and extrapolation from laboratory experiments. | | | In reviewing the possibilities for conducting epidemiological studies on di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found similar conditions and did not undertake such a study (Roberts, 19831. | | | EPI DEM IOLOG ICAL OBSERVATIONS Most epidemiological studies conducted to date have focused on the evaluation of accidental or workplace exposures. |
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http://www.nap.edu/nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309036879&chap=226-249
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| | DEVELOPMENT, GLOBAL CHANGE, AND THE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT |
| | A more general lesson pertinent to the impacts of both development and global change on the epidemiological environment is that any large-scale change in an ecosystem can greatly affect the health of human beings involved in that ecosystem. | | | They are difficult defenses for vectors to evolve around, and they are not heavily dependent on the behavior of susceptible human beings for their effectiveness. | | | These gruesome tradeoffs are made all the time, but often without consideration of impacts on the epidemiological environment, or analysis of the nexus of interactions among possible interventions. |
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http://dieoff.org/page108.htm
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| | Armed Forces Epidemiological Board - October 22, 2005 |
| | The current charter assigns the AFEB the responsibility to consider medical issues as they may relate to operations, policy, and research and development, and include, but are not necessarily limited to, preventive medicine, occupational and environmental health, and health promotion programs. | | | The AFEB serves as a scientific advisory body to the Secretary of Defense through the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) [ASD-HA] and the military Surgeons General concerning operational programs, policy development, and research needs for the prevention of disease and injury. | | | The Board received its present designation, the AFEB, in 1949 and was given triservice responsibilities in the field of preventive medicine. |
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http://www.ha.osd.mil/afeb/charter/abbrev_history.cfm
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| | Amazon.com: Books: Epidemiological Studies : A Practical Guide |
| | This is a practical guide to the design, conduct, analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies. | | | The clear and concise text is supplemented throughout by appropriate illustrative examples and helpful practical hints, all designed to support and encourage newcomers to the field. | | | Explains the basics of epidemiology and provides relevant exercises and examples illustrating how to set up a study. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521439795?v=glance
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| | Epidemiological Paradox |
| | I posit that if we use the social science epidemiological approach to analyze the current controversy, the EP surrounding Latinas in the United States, the outcome of such an analysis would be, I believe, a totally new understanding of the Latinas' location in the United States stratification structure. | | | In the epidemiological methodology of social medicine there may be a new answers to this conundrum. | | | A historical materialist approach is explored through social medicine to explain the epidemiological paradox (EP) for Latinas in the United States. |
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http://www.unm.edu/~azul/EpiParadox.htm
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| | Cancer Risk of Air Pollution: Epidemiological Evidence |
| | In spite of this, epidemiological approaches to assess environmental cancer risks have serious limitations. | | | While more studies were carried out on men, the studies including women were consistent with such a risk. | | | Because the relative risks of lung cancer associated with air pollution range between 1.0 and 1.5 in the epidemiological studies, it may be an important factor in the causation of cancer if sites other than the lung also are considered. |
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http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1994/Suppl-4/hemminki-full.html
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| | Robust Bayesian Analysis in Medical and Epidemiological Settings (ResearchIndex) |
| | Robust Bayesian Analysis in Medical and Epidemiological Settings | | | Robust Bayesian Analysis in Medical and Epidemiological Settings (ResearchIndex) | | | @misc{ carlin-robust, author = "Bradley Carlin and María-Eglée Pérez", title = "Robust Bayesian Analysis in Medical and Epidemiological Settings", url = "citeseer.ist.psu.edu/409943.html" } |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/409943.html
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| | The Russian Epidemiological Crisis |
| | In contrast, the proportion of cancer mortality is greater in the United States (28 percent versus 19 percent). | | | Comparing Russian mortality by leading causes of death to that in Western countries helps us to detect the distinct epidemiological outcomes of two fundamentally different social systems and approaches to public health. | | | The dramatic increase in "other heart diseases" was probably induced by improvements in diagnosis of several specific heart diseases within that classification. |
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http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF124/cf124.chap4.html
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| | BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH |
| | Furthermore, it links the health policy and epidemiological concept with decisional questions, for which the basic measurement can be quality-adjusted survival time or quality-adjusted life year. | | | Readership: Practitioners, academics, researchers, upper level undergraduates and graduate students in public-health-related fields (epidemiology, biostatistics, occupational and environmental health, health policy and management) and toxicology. | | | Application of Epidemiological Methods in Health Service Research and Policy |
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http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/4855.html
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| | ARRLWeb: Researcher Undertaking Epidemiological Study of Radio Amateurs |
| | Cantor and the amateurs also were able to gain an appreciation for each other's points of view--Cantor on the public's sensitivity to the words used to explain the results of such an epidemiological study, and the amateurs on the significance of different types of epidemiological studies. | | | The session also presented an opportunity for Cantor, as the study's principal investigator, to learn about influences amateurs tend to be exposed to in addition to RF energy. | | | NEWINGTON, CT, May 9, 2000--National Cancer Institute researcher Kenneth Cantor has embarked on an epidemiological study of radio amateurs. |
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http://www.arrl.org/news/stories/2000/05/09/2
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| | NATO/SFOR Informer: Position: Epidemiological Consultant |
| | · Responsible for the conduct of epidemiological investigations concerning local population, within the medical community and civilian public health agencies in BiH. | | | Shall give an accurate assessment on the reliability of each data to the Theater Surgeon. | | | · Shall be responsible for translations in English of all epidemiological reports related to the health status of the local population. |
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http://www.nato.int/sfor/vacancy/v010219b.htm
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| | Wiley::Epidemiological Research Methods |
| | Epidemiological Research Methods will be of interest to students and research workers who need to learn and appreciate modern approaches to the subject. | | | After covering basic measurement, study design, and study credibility issues, the author continues with basic statistical methods and techniques for adjusting risk estimates for confounders. | | | Without unnecessary emphasis on mathematics or theory, the book will enable the reader to gain a greater level of understanding of the underlying methods than is normally provided in books on epidemiology. |
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http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471961965,descCd-description.html
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| | Medical and Epidemiological Background |
| | The overview of medical background simply outlines the current medical practice for these conditions and at this time, only briefly discusses the variations in management and treatment that likely exists across and within countries. | | | A preliminary literature review was conducted to describe and summarise various etiological factors in each condition, typical diagnostic and acute medical interventions used to treat these diseases, and current epidemiological trends for the disease where data were available. | | | This overview provides summary medical and epidemiological background on selected diseases for the OECD study on cross-national differences in treatments for ageing-related diseases. |
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http://oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,2546,en_2649_201185_1889888_1_1_1_1,00.html
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| | Human Biology: Epidemiological Research Methods |
| | Chapters are organized according to a uniform format, each including an introduction, sections that develop and demonstrate the chapter's theme, a concise summary, an exercise section that provides the reader with an opportunity to apply the material presented, and a reference section. | | | Epidemiological Research Methods may be a useful text for instructing undergraduate statistics students, students in epidemiology and related medical fields, and others interested in statistical methods applicable to epidemiological data. | | | Through presentation of data and practical examples, McNeil explicitly adopts an inductive approach in explaining methods for statistical analysis of epidemiological data. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_199802/ai_n8791740
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| | Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations Full text WINPEPI (PEPI-for-Windows): computer programs for epidemiologists |
| | The weight the programs give to measures of association and their confidence intervals may help to counteract the belief that significance testing is the be-all and end-all of an analysis. | | | As pointed out in a review of epidemiological software [11], "what one person might call 'statistical clutter' might be desirable to other people or even to that person if the person learned about that statistic". | | | This manual cannot supply this knowledge, and it is certainly no substitute for the basic understanding of statistics and epidemiological thinking that is essential for the wise choice of methods and the correct interpretation of their results". |
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http://www.epi-perspectives.com/content/1/1/6
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| | Mesothelioma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Exposure to asbestos fibres has been recognised as an occupational health hazard since the turn of the century. | | | Several epidemiological studies have associated exposure to asbestos with the development of lesions such as asbestos bodies in the sputum, pleural plaques and diffuse pleural fibrosis, asbestosis, carcinoma of the lung and larynx, gastrointestinal tumours and diffuse mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum. | | | The documented presence of asbestos fibres in water supplies and food products has fostered concerns about the possible impact of long-term and, as yet, unknown exposure of the general population to these fibres. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesothelioma
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| | SRBI.COM - Health & Medical Market Research - Epidemiological Research |
| | SRBI.COM - Health & Medical Market Research - Epidemiological Research | | | This work and other studies are produced by SRBI under a "Master Agreement to Conduct Support Services for Epidemiologic Research" for the National Cancer Institute. | | | Asthma in America: A national RDD survey was conducted by SRBI, screening 42,000 households in the United States to identify and interview a national probability sample of 2,509 patients with asthma (or parents of children with asthma). |
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http://www.srbi.com/epidemiological.html
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| | CARIDIN Drug Abuse Epidemiological & Surveillance System Project |
| | The development and delivery of effective and appropriate interventions in countries experiencing drug abuse problems are very much dependent on an understanding of patterns of drug use and their relationships to health and social problems. | | | Abuse of licit and illicit substances is a global problem that is influenced by a wide variety of factors that span social, economic, political and psychosocial arenas. | | | A Drug Abuse Epidemiological and Surveillance System Project (DAESSP) was approved in late 1999 under the 8th European Development Fund (EDF) Caribbean Regional Indicative Programme (CRIP). |
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http://www.carec.org/projects/caridin_daess/caridin_daess.htm
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| | The Body Pro: HIV Epidemiology: Eastern Europe |
| | Each fact sheet provides the most recent country-specific data on HIV/AIDS and STI prevalence and incidence, a short assessment of the country's epidemiological situation, and information on knowledge and behaviors that can spur or stem the transmission of HIV. | | | Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (Uzbekistan) — 2004 | | | Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections (Tajikistan) — 2004 |
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http://www.thebodypro.com/treat/epidemic_eeurope.html
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| | WHO The Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER) |
| | The subject field should be left blank and the body of the message should contain only the words: subscribe wer-reh. | | | The Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER) serves as an essential instrument for the rapid and accurate dissemination of epidemiological information on cases and outbreaks of diseases under the International Health Regulations and on other communicable diseases of public health importance, including the newly emerging or re-emerging infections. | | | For information on subscription to the printed edition, visit the WHO Periodicals site or use the mail address: World Health Organization, Marketing and Dissemination, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27; Fax: (+4122) 791 48 57. |
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http://www.who.int/wer/en
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| | Amazon.ca: Books: Epidemiological Studies: A Practical Guide |
| | Look for books like Epidemiological Studies: A Practical Guide by subject: | | | Epidemiological Studies accomplishes its stated purpose of providing information to help readers write better grants and avoid common mistakes when planning and carrying out epidemiological studies. | | | "...this is a useful book for those embarking on their first epidemiological study (or for those wishing to avoid the problems they had the last time!), as well as an improvement on the first edition." Public Health |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521810973
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| | Secretarial Waiver for Epidemiological Research Involving Prisoners |
| | The Secretary of Health and Human Services (DHHS), pursuant to 45 CFR 46.101(i), has waived the applicability of certain provisions of subpart C of 45 CFR part 46 (Additional DHHS Protections Pertaining to Biomedical and Behavioral Research Involving Prisoners as Subjects) to specific types of epidemiological research involving prisoners as subjects. | | | This waiver, effective June 20, 2003, will allow DHHS to conduct or support certain important and | | | 45 CFR part 46 subpart C Secretarial waiver for epidemiological research involving prisoners |
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http://main.uab.edu/show.asp?durki=59699
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| | CENTER FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES DEPRE |
| | At eBay you can find practically anything, even center for epidemiological studies depre. | | | Find center for epidemiological studies depre and more at Lycos Search. | | | Research center for epidemiological studies depre at HighBeam |
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http://center-for-epidemiological-studies-depre.medicationhelp.net
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| | Epidemiological databases |
| | Our PHSandCDC section answers requests for information about health and epidemiological data. | | | With the creation of the Pacific Public Health Surveillance Network (PPHSN) in 1996 and the role our section played in the development of the network, the routine SPEHIS data collection did temporarily not stand among the top priorities, and was stopped (or rather discontinued). | | | South Pacific epidemiological and health information services (SPEHIS) were provided by the PHSandCDC section in the format of annual reports (since 1974) and monthly reports (since 1990). |
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http://www.spc.org.nc/phs/ENGLISH/Dbases/db-introduction.htm
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| | Epidemiological studies in Japan. |
| | Since the most of infectious diseases have been controlled, epidemiological studies on cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other chronic diseases have become the main target of investigations. | | | It may be cautioned that, among infectious diseases, tuberculosis is still a serious health problem today and HIV infection has become a threatening health issue although the number of AIDS patients reported was still about 1,000 for the whole country in 1995. | | | Essential vital statistics are also presented as background information of epidemiological studies in Japan. |
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http://www.aegis.com/aidsline/1996/dec/M96C1154.html
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| | Origin of London Epidemiological Society |
| | In more modern times, emphasis was placed on prevention of such non-infectious conditions as accidents involving motor vehicles, heart disease, cancer and even mental illness. | | | Papers were regularly presented at the monthly meeting of the London Epidemiological Society such as one in 1851 on the use of statistics and statistical methodology in the study of epidemic diseases. | | | In addition, this new section of the Royal Society of Medicine stressed the use of quantitative epidemiological methods and principles, and held discussions on topics such as ethical questions relating to public health. |
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http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/LESociety.html
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| | Epidemiological Facts about PTSD // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
| | Epidemiological Facts about PTSD // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | | | These questions are asked by epidemiologists, and two major epidemiological studies have produced some answers. | | | The estimated lifetime prevalence of drug abuse or dependence among male theater veterans is 5.7%, and the estimate for current drug abuse or dependence is 1.8%. |
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http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/facts/general/fs_epidemiological.html
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| | EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE |
| | The selection criteria for the units are health professionals trained in the care of STDs, and availability of specific drugs for their treatment and of the necessary laboratory backup services. | | | The systems of information on STDs must deal with the epidemiological heterogeneity of these diseases, employing complementary methods in their studies in order to compose a panorama of the occurrence of these diseases in a determined population group. | | | This area is responsible for the standardization and technical coordination of the activities necessary for the development of epidemiological surveillance in the country, with the principal objective of providing support to the control of HIV/AIDS as well as STDs, especially congenital syphilis. |
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http://www.aids.gov.br/12_Conference/surveillance.htm
(978 words)
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| | Directed-Graph Epidemiological Models of Computer Viruses |
| | In order to allow for the most general patterns of program sharing, we extend a standard epidemiological model by placing it on a directed graph and use a combination of analysis and simulation to study its behavior. | | | We determine the conditions under which epidemics are likely to occur, and in cases where they do, we explore the dymanics of the expected number of infected individuals as a function of time. | | | The strong analogy between biological viruses and their computational counterparts has motivated us to adapt the techniques of mathematical epidemiology to the study of computer virus propagation. |
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http://www.research.ibm.com/antivirus/SciPapers/Kephart/VIRIEEE/virieee.gopher.html
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| | HPA - Infections Legionella Epidemiological Data |
| | Community clusters for which there is strong epidemiological evidence of a common source of infection, with or without microbiological evidence, and in response to which control measures have been applied to suspected sources of infection. | | | The disease has no particular clinical features that clearly distinguish it from other types of pneumonia, and laboratory investigations must therefore be carried out in order to obtain a diagnosis. | | | The following microbiological and epidemiological case definitions are used for surveillance purposes: |
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http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/legionella/data.htm
(771 words)
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| | Choosing Objectives and Statistics for Epidemiological Studies |
| | Requirements for infering causal effects from epidemiological studies | | | Epidemiological Model Parameters That Might Meet Study Purposes | | | Setting Individual Level Objectives: (Choosing Parameters to Estimate) |
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http://www.sph.umich.edu/epid/epid655/ParamObject99
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| | Nonlocal Response in a Simple Epidemiological Model (ResearchIndex) |
| | Abstract: : We use a simple epidemiological model to investigate the effects of a nonlocal feedback on the disease dynamics. | | | Nonlocal Response in a Simple Epidemiological Model (ResearchIndex) | | | We consider a context in which two groups can be identified: the population that is experiencing an epidemic and an "outside" population that acts primarily as a source and sink of uninfected individuals. |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/216511.html
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| | Simulated epidemiological and economic effects of measures to reduce piglet supply during a classical swine fever ... |
| | Moreover, sensitivity analysis shows that such measures do not solve the problem of a shortage in rendering capacities. | | | Additional measures to reduce piglet supply are found to have no epidemiological impact, but they do involve larger economic welfare changes for stakeholders and a larger net welfare loss for the economy in the Netherlands. | | | Simulated epidemiological and economic effects of measures to reduce piglet supply during a classical swine fever epidemic in the Netherlands |
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http://www.oie.int/eng/publicat/RT/2203/A_R2232.htm
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