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| | Encyclopedia: Involuntary control of respiration |
 | | In addition to involuntary control of respiration by the respiratory center, respiration can be affected by conditions such as emotional state, via input from the limbic system, or temperature, via the hypothalamus. | | | The body's involuntary control of respiration is mediated by the brain's respiratory center located in the brainstem, particularly in the medulla oblongata and pons. | | | The spinal cord reflex responses include the activation of additional respiratory muscles as compensation, gasping response, hypoventilation, and an increase in breathing frequency and volume. |
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http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Involuntary-control-of-respiration
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| | respiratory.rhythms |
| | "Respiratory responses to stimulation of spinal or medullary locomotor structures in decerebrate cats." Acta Neurobiol Exp (Warsz) 54(1): 11-7. | | | "Respiratory and locomotor patterns generated in the fetal rat brain stem-spinal cord in vitro." J Neurophysiol 67(4): 996-9. | | | During the course of our stddy on respiratory neurons of the VRG we often recorded, largely by chance, from LRN neurons: their situation in the LRN was noticed after the experiments by histological examination. |
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http://webperso.easyconnect.fr/baillement/parakinesie-ezure.html
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| | BioMed Central Full text Phrenic nerve afferents elicited cord dorsum potential in the cat cervical spinal cord |
| | It is therefore concluded that group Ia, group Ib, group II and possibly group III afferents elicit a CDP that is consistent with an ascending phrenic sensory pathway via the dorsal column and the dorsolateral funiculus (spinocervical tract) of the cervical spinal cord. | | | This conjecture is supported in the present study by the CDP elicited in the dorsal surface of cervical spinal cord by stimulation of PnA which is consistent with a dorsal column central neural projection pathway. | | | Thus, neurons in dorsal spinal cord activated by stimulation of PnA may be related to respiratory muscle proprioception, similar to what has been found in other muscle systems. |
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http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6793/5/7
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| | OC Goldmine |
| | Respiratory responses mediated through superficial chemosensitive areas on the medulla. | | | It is therefore possible that the lateral horns of the 10, the parvocellular regions of the LRtN, and superficial neurons within the TMG are involved in higherorder processing within the central respiratory chemoreceptor reflex pathway. | | | A small ipsilateral projection appears to exist between the NA [or ventral respiratory group (VRG)] and the VMS. |
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http://www.oakwood.edu/ocgoldmine/adoc/faculty/apaul/index.html
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| | PROTOZOA - LoveToKnow Article on PROTOZOA |
| | Von Siebold pointed out that in the Protozoa the individual was always a single vital unit or cell, in contrast with the higher division of the animal kingdom, the Metazoa, in which the body is generally, though not universally, regarded as composed of many such units. | | | Mastigamoeba and its allies) as the most primitive group of Protozoa, representing the common ancestral form of all the classes; and on this view the flagellated young stages of many Sarcodina would represent recapitulative larval stages. |
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http://43.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PR/PROTOZOA.htm
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| | Untitled Document |
| | The ventral respiratory group neurons are involved in various aspects of normal as well as forced exhalations, but to keep things simple, let's concern ourselves with how they help stop the dorsal respiratory group neurons from firing and thereby act to limit the period of inhalation. | | | The rhythms in firing of the dorsal respiratory group neurons probably comes from 'pacemaker neurons' (analagous to the pacemakers in the heart) that are also located in the medulla oblongata. | | | These dorsal respiratory group neurons fire rhythmically at around 10 to 12 times per minute, providing the phrenic neurons and then the diaphragm producing about 10 to 12 inhalations per minute, our normal resting breathing pattern. |
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http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~rmeckler/respiratory.htm
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| | RESTING BREATHING PATTERN and ITS PERIPHERAL MODULATION |
| | The functional organization of the neuro-mechanical unit is based on the 'feedback loop criteria': the respiratory neurons send impulses to the respiratory muscles and, from the periphery, information is conveyed back, mostly from specific receptors placed in the lungs and the chest [Fig.3]. | | | The respiratory pump, designed to be in the middle of the body, shares muscles and structures with multiple non-respiratory functions, including locomotion, and is therefore subjected to many continuously changing loads. | | | The extent of the anatomical separation between the two control systems is difficult to establish with certainty, being based mostly on rare clinical observations and postmortem analysis of unusual pathological conditions. |
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http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/resp-web/TEXT4.htm
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| | Natural Healing |
| | Though distinct muscles or muscle groups are readily used independently of one another in fine and gross motor activity, when it comes to motor tone, the striate system seems to be regulated as a whole. | | | This is apparent in the process of inducing deep relaxation: it is difficult to profoundly relax one part of the striate system without relaxing all of it. | | | We also offer group and private Yoga lessons, workshops on the postural basics of pain-free living, and methods of achieving deep relaxation for calming the mind and restoring one's energy. |
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http://www.bloomington.in.us/~wellness/articles.htm
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| | Urban Entomology [Ebeling Chap. 9 part 3] Pests Attacking Mand and His Pets |
| | The members of the suborder Trombidiformes are characterized by the respiratory system, when present, opening in the region of the gnathosoma, the portion of the body bearing the mouth and its appendages. | | | Characteristic spines and bristles on the dorsal surface aid in identifying the species. | | | The spines are directed backward, and may serve to anchor the mite in position when it is digging burrows in the skin (Munro, 1919; Buxton, 1941b; Hand, 1946; Heilesen, 1946). |
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http://www.entomology.ucr.edu/ebeling/ebel9-3.html
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| | DHEA, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, hair loss, hair growth, buy Rx ... |
| | The case for the bulbospinal respiratory nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive pathway in the dog. | | | In this study we investigated the occurrence and origin of punctate nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the phrenic nucleus in C3-C5 segments, supposed to be the terminal field of the premotor bulbospinal respiratory nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive pathway in the dog. | | | In summary, the present study provides evidence for a hitherto unknown premotor bulbospinal respiratory nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive pathway connecting the bulbar respiratory centers with the motor neurons of the phrenic nucleus in the dog. |
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http://www.twinpharm.com/ref-nicotinamide/nicotinamide-research-abs4.131.html
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| | Dorsal stream - encyclopedia article about Dorsal stream. |
| | The dorsal stream was first defined by Ungerleider and Mishkin (In: Ingle DJ, Goodale MA and Mansfield RJW (Editors), Analysis of Visual Behavior. | | | The posterior parietal cortex is essential for, "the perception and interpretation of spatial relationships, accurate body image, and the learning of tasks involving coordination of the body in space" (from: Neuroscience: Exploring the brain, Bear, Connors, Paradiso). | | | The dorsal stream is a pathway for visual information which flows through the visual cortex The visual cortex is the general term applied to both the primary visual cortex (also known as "V1") and the visual association area (V2, V3, V4, V5). |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/dorsal+stream
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| | The Monterey Bay Salmaon and Trout Project - The Facts |
| | Posterior to the brain is the spinal cord, which is the hollow dorsal nerve cord that characterizes chordates. | | | The cerebellum coordinates body movements and the medulla controls internal organ functions and maintains balance. | | | Come Back, Salmon : How a Group of Dedicated Kids Adopted Pigeon Creek and Brought It Back to Life. |
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http://www.mbstp.org/salmon.html
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| | CH 23 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
| | The external intercostal muscles contract to expand the thoracic cavity; the internal intercostal muscles contract to reverse expansion of the chest cavity. | | | During respiratory movements and the tidal flow of air in and out of the lungs, the alveoli remain open – they do not normally collapse. | | | It controls emotional and temperature responses of the respiratory system. |
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http://www.bio.unc.edu/courses/2003spring/biol045/Notes004/chap23.htm
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| | Dorsal fin - encyclopedia article about Dorsal fin. |
| | One of the first theories of biological evolution was proposed in the early 19th century by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, although his fundamentally flawed idea was that individual organisms acquire traits during their lifetimes that they pass on to offspring. | | | Cardiac muscle is a specalized kind of muscle found only within the heart. | | | Many (30-100%) captive killer whales (orcas) experience collapse of the dorsal fin, possibly because lack of exercise through turning leads to diminished muscle Muscle is a contractile form of tissue. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/dorsal+fin
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| | Responses to dinosaur-lung claims |
| | They cite the presence of gastralia in theropods as evidence that they had a croc-like respiratory system, yet conclude that early birds with well developed gastralia had air-sacs. | | | Because the theropod pubic boot faces entirely laterally, and the pubis is so narrow transversely, it is not at all clear how the could support massive, anteriorly directed respiratory muscles, as do the transverely broad pubes of crocodilians. | | | There is no evidence that the pubes of theropods had anything to do with a liver-pump system. |
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http://www.dinosauria.com/jdp/misc/lungs.html
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| | DHEA, antibiotics, Weight Loss drugs, weight loss herbs, weight loss herbal formula, hair loss, hair growth, buy Rx ... |
| | Although several nuclei are associated with the medullary-pontine respiratory center, we focused on neurons from two nuclei: (1) the ventral subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius (vNTS) of the dorsal respiratory group and (2) the nucleus ambiguus (NA) of the ventral respiratory group. | | | Neurons of the mammalian medullary respiratory center have complex patterns of electrophysiological behavior. | | | A significant loss of [3H]-citalopram sites was observed in dorsal Raphe nucleus, in frontal and frontoparietal cortices as well as in substantia nigra of rats with severe encephalopathy resulting from acute liver failure. |
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http://www.twinpharm.com/ref-nucleus-1/nucleus-1-research-abs4.367.html
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| | Functional significance of the dorsal respiratory group in adult and newborn rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. |
| | Functional significance of the dorsal respiratory group in adult and newborn rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. | | | These results suggest that the dorsal part of the medulla is not involved in controlling respiratory activity in the newborn rat. | | | The involvement of the dorsal part of the medulla (the so-called dorsal respiratory group: DRG) in the networks participating in respiratory function was investigated in newborn (in vitro) and adult (in vivo) rats. |
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http://www.arclab.org/medlineupdates/abstract_2336178.html
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| | phyrlec5 |
| | The output from the medullary centres to the respiratory muscles was the automatic pathway, but this can be interrupted and modified by an anotomically distinct but separate voluntary pathway. | | | The main centres were in the medulla and consisted of the Ventral respiratory group (VRG) dealing with inspiration and expiration whilst the Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) dealt with inspiration. | | | The respiratory system is sensitive to very small changes in arterial P |
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http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/M.S.Meah/phyrlec5.htm
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| | quiz questions and answers on respiratory system |
| | Access Respiratory Supply provides home delivery of respiratory medicine such as nebulizers, and the most popular albuterol products including albuterol inhaler. | | | Quiz 3 - Respiratory System: For each question, choose the answer from the drop-down menu box. | | | the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group... |
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http://www.asthma-treatments-direct.com/54/quiz-questions-and-answers-on-respiratory-system.html
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| | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM |
| | The dorsal respiratory group is responsible for the basic rhythm of breathing. | | | An inflation reflex, triggered by stretch receptors in the visceral pleura, bronchioles, and alveoli, helps to | | | Chemicals, lung tissue stretching, and emotional state affect breathing. |
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http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/respiratorysys.html
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| | [No title] |
| | VIII Protective Reflexes A. What is the effect of irritants (noxious fumes, smoke, dust) on the respiratory system? | | | Biol 200B Human Anatomy & Physiology Philip S. LaPolt, Ph.D. March 13, 2002 Regulation of the Respiratory System I. | | | Response: inhibition of DRG (inspiratory muscles), stimulation of VRG (expiratory muscles) 2. |
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http://www.calstatela.edu/faculty/plapolt/200b/lect26b.txt
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| | Holistic Health Encyclopedia - S |
| | There are 24 spinal vertebrae (normally 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck, 12 dorsal or thoracic vertebrae in the upper and mid back, and 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back) in addition to the partly fused bones of the sacrum and coccyx. | | | It is extremely soothing to inflamed respiratory tracts. | | | After one week, the blood pressure of the silica group was lower than the control group and remained lower until one week after treatment ended. |
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http://www.findhealer.com/glossary/S.php3
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| | Apnea |
| | The neurons of the ventral respiratory group are intermingled with the neurons of the nucleus ambiguus and retroambigualis (Figure 15.1). | | | The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups generate discharges that lead to the contractions of upper airway muscles and the intercostal muscle 100 milliseconds before the onset of diaphragmatic contractions. | | | The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups have efferent and afferent connections. |
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http://pediatricneuro.com/alfonso/pg15.htm
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| | Dorlands Medical Dictionary |
| | a sensitivity group in which the members strive to gain emotional rather than intellectual insight with emphasis on the expression of interpersonal feelings in the group situation. | | | a nonclinical group not intended for persons with mental illnesses or substantial emotional problems, which, in an effort to develop the assets of leadership, management, counseling, or other roles, focuses on self-awareness and understanding and on interpersonal interactions. | | | Organisms of this group can be used as adjuvants in experimental immunization. |
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http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_g_12zPzhtm
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| | Non-respiratory Air Movements |
| | One group, the dorsal respiratory group controls the basic rhythm of breathing. | | | The other group is the ventral respiratory group, which becomes active in forceful breathing. | | | The respiratory center is a poorly defined area of the brain stem. |
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http://www.xecu.net/kiirenza/anatomy/nobreath.htm
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| | digestive system - Columbia Encyclopedia® article about digestive system |
| | The circulatory system can be considered as composed of two parts: the systemic circulation, which serves the body as a whole except for the lungs, and the pulmonary circulation, which carries the blood to and from the lungs. | | | In the digestive system, ingested food is converted into a form that can be absorbed into the circulatory system circulatory system, group of organs that transport blood and the substances it carries to and from all parts of the body. | | | In the vertebrates (phylum Chordata Chordata (kôrdā`tə,–dä`–), phylum of animals having a notochord, or dorsal stiffening rod, as the chief internal skeletal support at some stage of their development. |
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http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/digestive+system
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| | IPHY 3430 Human Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder |
| | Explain how the functional anatomy of the respiratory system relates to gaseous exchange. | | | Structure and Function of the healthy and diseased respiratory system with many images. | | | Forced breathing is controlled by the Ventral Respiratory Group of the medulla. |
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http://www.colorado.edu/epob/epob1220lynch/12respir.html
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| | sample final |
| | Spinal integration of descending motor traffic, and peripheral feedback can augment the strength of respiratory muscle contraction when compliance of the lung is reduced. | | | If all respiratory muscles are relaxed, the volume of air in the lungs is equal to which of the following static volumes or capacities? | | | stimulates the dorsal respiratory group at tidal volumes > 1500 mls |
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http://w3.palmer.edu/loufreedman/sample_final.htm
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| | Dorlands Medical Dictionary |
| | the part of the respiratory centers that is in the medulla oblongata, divided between the dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group. | | | respiratory c.’s a series of centers in the medulla and pons which coordinate respiratory movements; they include the pneumotaxic center, the apneustic center, and the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups. | | | a group of cells in the lateral hypothalamus that when stimulated cause a sensation of thirst. |
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http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_c_20zPzhtm
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| | Dorsal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | In anatomy, the dorsal is the side in which the backbone is located. | | | The names of some structures have even had dorsal (or a form of dorsal) incorporated into them. | | | The opposite of dorsal in this sense was ansall, meaning a double-sided knife. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal
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| | Respiratory System |
| | Smoking and its Effects on the Respiratory System | | | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD’s) - a group of lung disorders characterized by increased airway resistance due to narrowed lumens | | | Splits at level of 5th thoracic vertebrae to form right and left primary bronchi |
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http://www.ivcc.edu/caley/108/lectures_unit_3/respiratory_system.html
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| | Apnea |
| | These steps include: (1) close monitoring, (2) increased level of readiness to provide respiratory support, (3) clinical and laboratory investigations to determine the cause of apnea, and sometimes, (4) empirical or specific treatment to eliminate or correct the cause of apnea based on the results from the initial clinical and laboratory investigations. | | | Apnea may present to the physician either as a precise description of a prolonged respiratory pause in a neonate being monitored in the intensive care unit or as an imprecise description of a life-threatening episode. | | | A rational approach to determining the cause of apnea rests on clear understanding of the neuroanatomy of the breathing apparatus. |
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http://www.pediatricneuro.com/alfonso/pg13.htm
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| | Respiration2 |
| | Pathology of nervous system or respiratory muscles (See hand-out). | | | Dorsal Respiratory Group of cells (DRG or I neurons) | | | with the DRG, and when stimulated, they promote increased activity in DRG |
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http://phclweb.wo.utoledo.edu/2620/Resp2.html
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| | A&P 3 Exam 1 Sample Questions |
| | The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing a healthy person is | | | Which of the following is a respiratory air movement? | | | One of the factors contributing to successful exchange across the respiratory membrane is its thinness. |
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http://webpages.charter.net/cfmoxey/ap3/4052_exam1_sampler.html
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| | Control of Respiration |
| | involves rhythmic input from inspiratory neurons in the dorsal respiratory group. | | | inspiratory neurons provide rhythmic input (DRG) - dorsal respiratory group | | | Neurons originate in the medulla - same center that controls cardiac tissue |
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http://www.elon.edu/shouse/physiology/physiol31/Lecture24.html
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| | Respiratory Physiology |
| | The volume of air in the conducting passageways of the respiratory tract. | | | Hypoventilation = reduced respiratory effort; reduced alveolar ventilation | | | Hyperpnea = increase in depth and rate of breathing |
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http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/kisield/resphysi.htm
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| | Respiratory System |
| | Transport of Respiratory gases - transport of O | | | They contract and force internal organs up against the diaphragm | | | External respiration - gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs |
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http://faculty.ncwc.edu/ddaley/B232%20Respir%20notes.htm
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