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| | Systemic bias - encyclopedia article about Systemic bias. |
 | | Because cognitive bias Cognitive bias is any of a wide range of observer effects identified in cognitive science, including very basic statistical and memory errors that are common to all human beings and drastically skew the reliability of anecdotal and legal evidence. | | | In this case, the bias could arise from either conscious or unconscious defense of gender In a variety of different contexts, gender refers to the masculinity or femininity of words, persons, organisms, or characteristics. | | | A bias is a prejudice in a general or specific sense, usually in the sense for having a predilection to one particular point of view or ideology. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Systemic+bias
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| | List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Cognitive bias is distortion in the way we perceive reality (see also cognitive distortion). | | | bias blind spot - the tendency not to compensate for one's own cognitive biases. | | | projection bias - the tendency to unconsciously assume that others share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, values, or positions. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
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| | Cognitive bias - encyclopedia article about Cognitive bias. |
| | A range of less absolutist versions of this argument eventually led to Gaia theory in diverse forms, and the modern political movement of "Gaians" who deliberately assume the role of "Earth's Immune System" - and associated cognitive bias for taking such a limited role in such a very large universe. | | | The most all-encompassing example of cognitive bias may be the anthropic principle: in its "weak" form, this speculation holds that we humans cannot observe any of the possible universes in which humans cannot exist, and therefore that the values of many fundamental constants of nature (e.g. | | | The problem of cultural bias is central to social and human sciences, such as economics, psychology, anthropology and sociology, which have had to develop methods and theories to compensate for or eliminate cultural bias. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/cognitive+bias
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| | Volume 1 -- Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy |
| | The structural model stipulates that certain negatively biased schemas become hypervalent in depression and shift the cognitive processes sufficiently to produce a systematic bias in the abstraction of data, interpretation, short-term memory, and long-term memory. | | | Such results suggest that anxiety and depression are associated with cognitive biases at different stages of processing, such that the acquisition of threat-related information is facilitated in anxiety, while the recall of negative memories is more characteristic of depression. | | | Unconscious construing, the central role of self-schemata in the cognitive organization, and primary social emotions of attachment are not assimilable to psychoanalytic conceptions of the unconscious, the ego, and the libido. |
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http://www.cognitivetherapyassociation.org/journal/v1.aspx
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| | Racial Bias Built into Tests |
| | Human development and use of cognitive processes can vary based on social and cultural background. | | | If a test assumes unidimensionality of cognitive processes and the “acceptable” processes include only some culturally-based approaches, then the test becomes culturally biased. | | | Bias review techniques which utilize point-biserial correlations will be unable to detect this flaw. |
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http://www.fairtest.org/examarts/winter00/Racial_Bias_Built_into_Tests.html
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| | Brain Injury Lawyer: New Study Examines Cultural Bias in Neuropsychological Testing |
| | "Cultural factors were also expected to predict test performance above and beyond what might be anticipated from other demographic factors such as AIDS, sex, education and socioeconomic status." It was also hypothesized that acculturation effects would be more likely found on test assessing language-related skills and/or complex cognitive abilities such as problem solving and reasoning. | | | Summarizing various studies, the article reported that several studies with medically healthy individuals has indicated that minorities in the United States are considered cognitively impaired at a much higher rate than European Americans even when one controlled other variables such as years of education and socioeconomic status. | | | The study reviewed past studies that have investigated cultural bias and neuropsychological testing. |
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http://www.braininjurylawblog.com/brain-injury-news-137-new-study-examines-cultural-bias-in-neuropsychological-testing.html
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| | Krueger, Joachim (1998) What Can Individual Differences in Reasoning Tell Us?, Psycoloquy: 9,#77 Social Bias (12) |
| | Stanovich suggests that this lack of a correlation between projection bias and cognitive ability supports the view that projection is a rational strategy for inductive reasoning. | | | Projection bias in particular was unrelated to cognitive ability. | | | It is important to examine the relationship between projection and self-enhancement because it is possible that various biases cluster together in an egocentric pattern. |
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http://psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00000626
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| | Freethought Forum - powered by vBulletin - Articles |
| | These biases are so common as to be notable only by their absence, and can be invisible to large groups of people, to trained experimentalists, and to critical thinking essayists. | | | The main example I will consider as cognitive bias is somewhat different, though it too is really a wide class of related examples. | | | As an example of a bias in the first sort of social cognition, consider the tendency so basic to our social interactions that psychologists flatter it with the label, The Fundamental Attribution Error. |
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http://www.freethought-forum.com/forum/article.php?a=9
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| | MJCSL Volume 9, Number 2 - Sample Article |
| | Empirical data confirming changes in a fundamental cognitive process (e.g., participants’ social attributional preferences, or their ability to recognize aspects of institutionalized racism) would bridge existing research and would allay the familiar criticism that students’ experiential knowledge is context- specific and, therefore, non-transferable (e.g., Eyler, 2000). | | | This attributional bias has been shown by researchers to be most pronounced when the target of the attribution is perceived to be a member of a stigmatized, socially-identifiable group and when the target’s actions perpetuate an existing stereotype (Duncan, 1976; Pettigrew, 1979; Taylor and Jaggi, 1974). | | | Additionally, measures of social attributional preference may also be less transparent (i.e., less susceptible to social desirability bias) than many of the instruments currently being used in service-learning research. |
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http://www.umich.edu/~mjcsl/volumes/vol9.2sample.html
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| | Attributional bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Attributional biases are cognitive biases which affect attribution -- the way we determine who or what was responsible for an event or action. | | | The most well-known and representative example of an attributional bias is the fundamental attribution error. | | | The behavior of actors is easier to remember than the background settings; or, our own inner turmoil is more available to ourselves than it is to others. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributional_bias
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| | OFStudyGuide.htm |
| | The Availability Bias: A cognitive strategy for quickly estimating the frequency, incidence, or probability of a given event based on the ease with which instances are retrieved from memory. | | | Representativeness Bias: A cognitive strategy for quickly estimating the probability that a given instance is a member of a particular category. | | | Hindsight Bias: The tendency to overestimate what could have been predicted, only after having learned the outcome. |
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http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~harrow/psy330/OFStudyGuide.htm
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| | Skeptics Society--eSkeptic |
| | Experimental evidence of such cognitive idols has been provided by Princeton University psychology professor Emily Pronin and her colleagues, who tested a generalized idol called “bias blind spot,” in which subjects recognized the existence and influence in others of eight different specific cognitive biases, but they failed to see those same biases in themselves. | | | In recent decades experimental psychologists have discovered a number of cognitive biases that interfere with our understanding of ourselves and our world. | | | Even when the subjects were warned about the “better-than-average” bias and asked to re-evaluate their original assessments, 63 percent claimed that their initial evaluations were objective, and 13 percent even claimed to be too modest! |
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http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic01-07-05a.html
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| | Aubrey Immelman - Group Dynamics Text |
| | Homogeneity bias is the false belief that outgroup members all have similar and less variable characteristics, in contrast to the more diverse ingroup (Forsyth, 1990, p. | | | This bias may come from misattributions about a person’s behavior. | | | The complexity bias may be illustrated by the common white perception of young black males as criminals, in contrast to the corresponding perception of young white males as being involved in various activities such as school, work, sports, dating, and many other harmless activities. |
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http://www.users.csbsju.edu/~aimmelma/text0020.htm
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| | The Chronicle: 2/28/2003: Mind Games: Psychological Warfare Between Therapists and Scientists |
| | The scientific method is designed to help investigators overcome the most entrenched human cognitive habit: the confirmation bias, the tendency to notice and remember evidence that confirms our beliefs or decisions, and to ignore, dismiss, or forget evidence that is discrepant. | | | Yet many psychotherapists perpetuate ideas based only on confirming cases -- the people they see in therapy -- and do not consider the disconfirming cases. | | | If analysts saw evidence of "castration anxiety" in their male patients, that confirmed Freud's theory of its universality; if analysts didn't see it, Freud wrote, they lacked observational skills and were just too blind or stubborn to see it. |
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http://chronicle.com/free/v49/i25/25b00701.htm
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| | 330 new unit 3b |
| | Stereotypes can also be reinforced by attributional biases (attributing positive ingroup behavior to internal causes -- "that's what we are like" -- but attributing positive outgroup to external causes -- "they had to act that way" -- and doing the reverse for negative behavior). | | | Ingroup biases happen even with minimal groups (artificially induced group differences based on trivial distinctions such as detached vs. attached earlobes). | | | Cognitive consequences of an ingroup-outgroup distinction becoming salient include leveling and sharpening : the former means that the similarity among outgroup members becomes exaggerated (Linville et al., 1989), while the latter means that the differences between ingroup and outgroup members are exaggerated. |
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http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/psychology/330_new_unit_3b.htm
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| | Philosoraptor |
| | Confirmation bias often works together with these other cognitive biases, of course...and this (undoubtedly) often happens when we are thinking about politics and other emotionally-charged issues. | | | Hal seems to claim that confirmation bias is our tendency to look for and/or prefer evidence that supports our preferred or antecedently-held beliefs. | | | As I guess I've said before, I think that studying the results of cognitive science can help us in our conduct of our inquiries, especially our political inquiries. |
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http://philosoraptor.blogspot.com/2004/06/politics-and-cognitive-science-1-i.html
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| | Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology: Social-cognitive and behavioral correlates of aggression and victimization in boys' play groups |
| | Dodge and Coie (1987) examined associations between hostile attributional biases (but not outcome expectancies) and aggression subtypes in contrived groups of unfamiliar peers. | | | Moreover, hostile attributional bias (Nasby, Hayden, & DePaulo, 1979) may lead to maladaptive displays of inappropriate angry behavior, which are predictive of rebuff and maltreatment by peers (Coie, Dodge, Terry, & Wright 1991). | | | Crick and Dodge (1996), for example, examined the social cognitive attributes of extreme subgroups of children, rated by teachers as predominantly reactively or proactively aggressive. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0902/is_6_26/ai_53870345
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| | Fundamental Attribution Bias |
| | This falls in with the egocentric bias and makes sense in that Judy and Trudy can only effectively evaluate their own performance and cannot effectively compare it to that of their roommate. | | | Cognitive Reasons: We are only able to see things from our own perspective. | | | Motivation: The egocentric bias is a motivational bias. |
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http://www.southwestern.edu/~waldenl/egocentric.html
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| | Confirmation Bias |
| | Cognitive psychologists have identified many mechanisms supporting this conservative bias, valuing things in the future because they have worked in the past. | | | Part of being human seems to be manipulating information so it conforms to pre-existing ideas: people are for the most part cognitive conservatives, and if an idea has worked well in the past, it is not to be given up lightly. | | | One of the mechanisms that favors the preservation of old ideas is the confirmation bias. |
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http://www.psych.upenn.edu/apt/pa160/note16.html
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| | Egocentric bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | See also: list of cognitive biases, attributional bias. | | | Michael Ross and Fiore Sicoly first identified this cognitive bias. | | | Besides simply claiming credit for positive outcomes, which might simply be self-serving bias, people exhibiting egocentric bias also cite themselves as overly responsible for negative outcomes of group behavior as well (however this last attribute would seem to be lacking in megalomania). |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egocentric_bias
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| | Systemic bias - SourceWatch |
| | Ignoring systemic bias and claiming objectivity is itself one of many well-known propaganda techniques roughly described as ignoring the implicature, by cognitive linguistics. | | | However, all human beings share a cognitive bias simply from the fact of being human, and such fields as physics, economics and ecology must deal directly with this as a bias. | | | A systemic bias arises from the point of view of participants in an editing, authoring, social or political process, not from the facts they have or ideas they consider. |
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http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Systemic_bias
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| | dr S. Otten |
| | Combining the first and the second domain, I have especially focused on cognitive processes underlying ingroup favoritism. | | | Here, I found evidence for automatic evaluative bias towards minimal ingroups; moreover, I could show both explicit and implicit evidence for a projection process whereby mental representations of the individual self are generalized to the ingroup. | | | In sum, these findings imply that social comparisons with outgroups are not a necessary component of ingroup bias. |
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http://www.rug.nl/bewegingswetenschappen/organisatie/faculteitppsw/faculteit/medewerkers/objecten/486!print
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| | Research: Self-Serving Attributions |
| | Whereas isolated individuals tend to attribute positive outcomes to themselves and deny responsibility for negative outcomes (the self- serving bias), group members often display a group-serving bias: they attribute success to the group and blame failures on external factors. | | | These findings suggest that the egocentric tendencies observed in individual contexts give way to more sociocentric tendencies when the individual becomes part of a cooperative group, but they also stress the cognitive rather than motivational foundations of these tendencies (Forsyth & Kelley, 1994). | | | Members' who performed poorly, in contrast, took more responsibility for their group's failure rather than success and gave more responsibility to others after success rather than failure (click here to view findings). |
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http://www.has.vcu.edu/psy/faculty/fors/ratt2.html
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| | Bias |
| | Positive outcome bias There are two cognitive biases which might be called the positive outcome bias : research which ha... | | | Attributional bias Attributional biases are cognitive biases which affect attribution-- the way we determine who or wha... | | | Cognitive bias Cognitive bias is any of a wide range of observer effects identified in scientific method which is delibe... |
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http://www.brainyencyclopedia.com/topics/bias.html
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| | The Artful Manager: More brain-blinders to watch for |
| | A 'cognitive bias' is a kind of blind-spot in our brains -- the result of short-cuts or habits within our thinking process -- that can lead us to make less productive choices. | | | Since thoughtful and artful management is all about making thoughtful and artful decisions, a constant awareness of our own cognitive blind spots seems an essential tool of the trade. | | | This describes our tendency to 'blame the victim' rather than attributing behavior to an individual's environment. |
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http://www.artsjournal.com/artfulmanager/main/000102.php
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| | Bias - SourceWatch |
| | cognitive bias common to all human beings and built into our perception, memory, and instincts | | | notational bias of our languages, as explored in cognitive linguistics and cognitive science of mathematics | | | See also systemic bias and point of view. |
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http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Bias
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| | Malone:Writings:Malone, 1993 |
| | A substantial body of research has addressed the cognitive mechanisms by which a perceiver attributes qualities to another person or other causal agent on the basis of that person's behavior. | | | The implications of such a model are discussed in terms of several documented phenomena, including the actor-observer divergence (Jones & Nisbett, 1972), the self-serving attributional bias (see Schlenker, 1980), and the correspondence bias (Gilbert & Jones, 1986; Ross, 1977). | | | Since Kelley's (1967, 1973) and Bem's (1972) work, however, there has been a dearth of empirical research examining the processes of attribution based on the perceiver's own behavior. |
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http://www.duke.edu/~malone/writings/93_mal1.htm
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| | Bias blind spot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Pronin and her co-authors explained to subjects the better-than-average effect, the halo effect, self-serving bias and many other cognitive biases. | | | The bias blind spot is a cognitive bias about not compensating for one's own cognitive biases. | | | According to that better-than-average bias, specifically, people are likely to see themselves as inaccurately "better than average" for possible positive traits and "less than average" for negative traits. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_blind_spot
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