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| | Medmicro Chapter 18 |
 | | Usually, the patient experiences little pain, and the process of wound healing proceeds normally; however, occasionally an exudate may form and the infection may interfere with wound healing. | | | The intestinal pathology varies considerably, and may include sloughing of intestinal mucosa, submucosa, and mesenteric lymph nodes. | | | Diarrhea has come to be accepted as a natural accompaniment of treatment with many antibiotics. |
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http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch018.htm
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| | CLOSTRIDIUM |
| | Clostridium difficile is a motile bacterium that can be part of the natural intestinal flora. | | | The four clinically important species of Clostridium will be discussed here: C. | | | Clostridium tetani is the bacterium that causes tetanus (lockjaw) in humans. |
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http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/path/00001496.htm
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| | CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS |
| | Please note: Just because you come into contact with a Clostridium perfringens toxin does not mean you will get sick from it. | | | Supportive care (intravenous fluids, medicine to control fever and pain) is the standard treatment. | | | Treatment of illness: There is no specific treatment or established cure for Clostridium perfringens toxins. |
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http://www.idph.state.il.us/Bioterrorism/factsheets/clostridium.htm
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| | Preventing Foodborne Illness Associated with Clostridium perfringens |
| | perfringens can only thrive in conditions of very little or no oxygen: that is, it is an anaerobic organism. | | | Foods need to be cooled rapidly through this zone on their way down to 41 | | | perfringens is found dispersed in the environment in locations such as soil, sediment, and in the intestines of domestic and feral animals, and humans. |
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http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FS101
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| | Clostridium Prazmowski 1880, genus |
| | There is obviously a problem with the citation of Clostridium novyi and the author thanks Dr. T. | | | TANNER (R.S.), MILLER (L.M.) and YANG (D.): Clostridium ljungdahlii sp. | | | [KANEUCHI (C.), MIYAZATO (T.), SHINJO (T.) and MITSUOKA (T.): Taxonomic study of helically coiled, sporeforming anaerobes isolated from the intestines of humans and other animals: Clostridium cocleatum sp. |
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http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/c/clostridium.html
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| | Merck Vet. Edition - Enterotoxemia Caused by Clostridium perfringens Type A |
| | Untyped C perfringens has also been shown to proliferate in the intestines of dogs with parvoviral enteritis, but its contribution to disease is not clear. | | | These organisms are also associated with chronic intermittent diarrhea in dogs but have not been conclusively implicated as the causal agent. | | | Type A strains of C perfringens are commonly found as part of the normal intestinal microflora of animals and lack some of the powerful toxins produced by strains of other types. |
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http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/htm/bc/50710.htm
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| | Clostridium Perfringens |
| | It is found as a part the normal flora of the intestinal tracts of both animals and humans, as well as being found on soil, clothing, and on the skin of the lower legs of humans. | | | These conditions are known as anaerobic cellulitis, myonecrosis, or gas gangrene. | | | Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus that produces spores in the human gut. |
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http://www.innvista.com/HEALTH/microbes/bacteria/clperf.htm
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| | Clostridial Infections |
| | The first symptom of gas gangrene is sudden, severe pain in the wound, with swelling that stretches the skin "tight" nearby. | | | When Clostridium bacteria cause human illness, it is usually because they produce a chemical that is toxic (poisonous) to our human bodies. | | | Clostridium bacteria from the intestines or the soil contaminate the wound and produce toxins that destroy skin and muscles nearby. |
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http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/clostridium.html
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| | Identification of residues critical for toxicity in Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C, the key toxin in gas ... |
| | Logan, A.J., Williamson, E.D., Titball, R.W., Percival, D.A., Shuttleworth, A.D., Conlan, J.W. and Kelly, D.C. (1991) Epitope mapping of the alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens. | | | Titball, R.W., Leslie, D.L., Harvey, S. and Kelly, D. (1991) Hemolytic and sphingomyelinase activities of Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin are dependent on a domain homologous to that of an enzyme from the human arachidonic acid pathway. | | | Ellemor, D.M., Baird, R.N., Awad, M.M., Boyd, R.L., Rood, J.I. and Emmins, J.J. (1999) Use of genetically manipulated strains of Clostridium perfringens reveals that both alpha-toxin and theta-toxin are required for vascular leukostasis to occur in experimental gas gangrene. |
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http://www.ejbiochem.org/cgi/content/full/267/16/5191
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| | Structure of Alpha toxin and related macromolecules |
| | C. perfringens is a normal part of the intestinal flora; here's a picture: | | | Indeed, it considered a significant threat that some countries may use Clostridium perfringens in biological weapons, and it is for this reason that the Ministry of Defence (at Porton Down) has developed anti-toxin vaccines and is in the process of developing drugs based on the structure of alpha-toxin. | | | Alpha toxin can be regarded as perhaps the most medically important toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens, it is the toxin primarily responsible for the prevelent disease gas gangrene. |
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http://people.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/~ubcg5ak/alpha_old.html
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| | A novel type of conserved DNA-binding domain in the transcriptional regulators of the AlgR/AgrA/LytR family -- ... |
| | The SKHR Motif Is Required for Biological Function of the VirR Response Regulator from Clostridium perfringens | | | Cheung,J.K. and Rood,J.I. (2000) The VirR response regulator from Clostridium perfringens binds independently to two imperfect direct repeats located upstream of the pfoA promoter. | | | Shimizu,T., Ba-Thein,W., Tamaki,M. and Hayashi,H. (1994) The virR gene, a member of a class of two-component response regulators, regulates the production of perfringolysin O, collagenase and hemagglutinin in Clostridium perfringens. |
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http://nar.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/30/11/2453
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| | FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book - Clostridium perfringens |
| | perfringens was confirmed as the cause by examining stools of 24 patients. | | | Perfringens poisoning is diagnosed by its symptoms and the typical delayed onset of illness. | | | The latter illness is known as enteritis necroticans or pig-bel disease. |
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http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap11.html
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| | Clostridium perfringens - Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) |
| | CONTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS: Biosafety level 2 practices, containment equipment and facilities for activities involving clinical specimens and cultures | | | Newly discovered hazards are frequent and this information may not be completely up to date. | | | LABORATORY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS: Rarely reported; 6 cases for Clostridium spp. |
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http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/msds-ftss/msds37e.html
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| | Clostridium |
| | Clostridium tetani - This bacterium causes tetanus (lockjaw) in humans. | | | Clostridium botulinum - The organism that causes botulism is common in nature and is widely present in soils. | | | perfringens is capable of necrotizing intestinal tissue and can release an enterotoxin that may lead to severe diarrhea. |
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http://www.avianbiotech.com/diseases/clostridium.htm
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| | Clostridium perfringens - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | This organism is responsible for bacteremia, emphysematous cholecystitis, and gas gangrene, also known as clostridial myonecrosis. | | | The action of Clostridium perfringens in dead bodies is known to mortuary workers as tissue gas and can only be halted by embalming. | | | Clostridium perfringens is commonly encountered in infections, usually as one component of a polymicrobial flora. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens
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| | Clostridium |
| | perfringens: Gas gangrene results from an anaerobic tissue environment caused by poor blood supply due to trauma, surgery, etc. This acute disease is often fatal. | | | One to six days following trauma, a generalized fever and pain is observed in the affected area. | | | Clostridia employ butyric fermentation pathways to generate energy and, as a result, often produce a foul odor. |
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http://www.cehs.siu.edu/fix/medmicro/clost.htm
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| | NFSD: Beef - National Livestock and Meat Board |
| | Once ingested, if growth conditions are appropriate, the organism produces a chemical toxin in the gastrointestinal tract, which causes the illness. | | | The illness caused by this type of bacteria is called Clostridium perfringens enteritis. | | | Sometimes referred to as the "cafeteria germ," Clostridium perfringens outbreaks frequently occur when large quantities of food are served at room temperature or from a steam table. |
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http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~foodsaf/sf205.html
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| | Clostridium perfringens, NF94-167 |
| | Clostridium perfringens bacteria are present in the soil, the intestines of humans and animals, and sewage. | | | A heat-resistant toxin can be produced by the bacteria which can also cause a foodborne illness. | | | Clostridium perfringens is called the "food service germ" because it often causes illness from food served in quantity and left for long periods on a steam table or at room temperature. |
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http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/foods/nf167.htm
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| | Clostridium definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms |
| | Clostridium botulinum is the culprit responsible for the food poisoning and other problems associated with botulism. | | | Clostridium Difficile Colitis (Antibiotic-Associated Colitis, C. difficile colitis) - Clostridium difficile, or C. difficile colitis symptoms include severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and deydration. | | | Clostridium perfringens, also known as Clostridium welchii), this is the most common agent of gas gangrene and also causes food poisoning as well as a fulminant form of bowel disease called necrotizing colitis. |
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http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6539
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| | Symptoms of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning - WrongDiagnosis.com |
| | Furthermore, symptoms of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning may vary on an individual basis for each patient. | | | This symptom information has been gathered from various sources, may not be fully accurate, and may not be the full list of symptoms of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. | | | General information about symptoms of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning: The symptom information on this page attempts to provide a list of some possible symptoms of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning. |
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http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/c/clostridium_perfringens_food_poisoning/symptoms.htm
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| | Clostridium perfringens Food Poisoning |
| | Water, milk, and seafoods were considered to be basic sources of the organism. | | | perfringens is a common organism frequently found in excreta from humans and animals and in raw meats, poultry and other foods, including dehydrated products. | | | The toxin responsible for the vomiting syndrome, which is probably preformed when the organism grows in food, is extremely heat resistant; it is not destroyed after 1 ½ hours at 121 |
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http://virology-online.com/Bacteria/FoodPoisoning4.htm
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| | safefood |
| | The illness is caused by toxin being produced in the stomach by large numbers of the microorganisms. | | | perfringens is characterised by intense abdominal cramps and diarrhoea. | | | The spores are also extremely heat resistant and have been reported to survive boiling for several hours. |
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http://www.safefood.net.au/content.cfm?sid=471
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| | Clostridium Perfringens |
| | Clostridium perfringens food poisoning is characterized by moderate to severe, crampy, mid-epigastric pain and watery diarrhea which usually occurs 8-24 hours after ingestion of contaminated food, often meat not thoroughly cooked. | | | The absence of fever differentiates Clostridium perfringens foodborne disease from shigellosis and salmonellosis, and the low frequency of vomiting and longer incubation period are in contrast to the clinical features of staphylococcal and chemical foodborne disease. | | | Preliminary analysis of food samples showed a gas-producing organism in the beef stew, although, no Clostridium perfringens was isolated. |
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http://www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/bulletins/docs/b1985_09.htm
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| | Clostridium Perfringens: Food Poisoning Bacteria |
| | Infection with Clostridium perfringens normally causes diarrhoea and severe abdominal pain. | | | It is also found in the soil, the intestines of humans and animals, in sewage and in animal manures. | | | After ingestion, if there are sufficient numbers present, the bacteria will produce toxins and the toxins will cause symptoms. |
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http://www.accepta.com/Industry_Water_Treatment/Clostridium_perfringens%20.asp
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| | Clostridium Perfringens - DrGreene.com |
| | Clostridium bacteria are found in soil, in stool, and in the intestines of healthy people and of animals. | | | Clostridium can also be transferred into food from the hands of those preparing it. | | | The hallmark of Clostridium food poisoning is sudden, watery diarrhea accompanied by abdominal pain that may range from mild to severe. |
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http://www.drgreene.com/21_1047.html
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| | Clostridium perfringens - Iowa State University Extension |
| | Clostridium perfringens is widely present in the environment, and often occurs in the intestines of humans and many animals. C. perfringens is one of the most common foodborne illnesses in the United States. | | | The common form of C. perfringens illness may be identified 8 to 22 hours after consumption when severe abdominal cramps and diarrhea begin. Typically, the illness is over after 24 hours, but additional symptoms may continue in some individuals for one to two weeks. | | | In most cases, the cause of C. perfringens is improper attention to temperature in foods such as meat and gravy. If proper temperatures are neglected, small numbers of C. perfringens will survive cooking. |
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http://extension.iastate.edu/foodsafety/pathogens/index.cfm?articleID=168&...
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| | Perfringens food poisoning, Eastern Carolina |
| | perfringens is found frequently in the intestines of humans and many animals and is present in soil and areas contaminated by human or animal feces. | | | You treat perfringens food poisoning by managing any complications until it passes. | | | A stool culture and blood tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis. |
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http://www.uhseast.com/134867.cfm
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| | Clostridium perfringens |
| | Exhibiting frighteningly violent and rapidly progressing symptoms, Clostridium perfringens-induced intestinal diseases have confounded livestock producers and veterinarians around the world, along with medical doctors who at times have been stunned to diagnose in humans what is more commonly considered an animal disease. | | | Because vaccines are only effective if they target the exact toxin responsible for the illness in an individual animal, this method will help speed diagnosis of C. | | | perfringens in disease outbreaks and assist the development of specific vaccines. |
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http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/general/resrpt1998/clostridium.html
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| | eMedicine - Clostridial Gas Gangrene : Article by Don R Revis, Jr, MD |
| | These effects on leukocytes may explain the relatively minor host inflammatory response that is observed in tissues of patients with clostridial myonecrosis. | | | Stephens MB: Gas gangrene: potential for hyperbaric oxygen therapy. | | | More than 150 Clostridium species have been identified, but only 6 have been demonstrated to be capable of producing the fulminant condition known as clostridial gas gangrene. |
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http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic394.htm
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| | OPHEPR; Epsilon Toxin of Clostridium Perfringens - Profile for Healthcare Workers |
| | perfringens grow in inadequately stored food, or when it contaminates an open wound, clinical symptoms develop. | | | Causative Agent: Clostridium perfringens is a Gram positive, anaerobic, toxin producing spore-forming rod that is commonly found in normal intestinal bacteria. | | | Secondary Contamination and Persistence of organism: Since C. perfringens is so ubiquitous in the environment yet only causes disease in specific settings, secondary contamination would not be expected to be a problem. |
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http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/edc/edrp/es/profclostridiumperfringens.htm
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| | Biology and Pathogenesis of Thrombosis and Procoagulant Activity in Invasive Infections Caused by Group A Streptococci ... |
| | Clostridium perfringens invasiveness is enhanced by effects of theta toxin upon PMNL structure and function: the roles of leukocytotoxicity and expression of CD11/CD18 adherence glycoprotein. | | | perfringens type A is the most common organism isolated from | | | Biology and Pathogenesis of Thrombosis and Procoagulant Activity in Invasive Infections Caused by Group A Streptococci and Clostridium perfringens -- Bryant 16 (3): 451 -- Clinical Microbiology Reviews |
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http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/16/3/451
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| | THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 3, Ch. 28, Gastroenteritis |
| | perfringens produces an enterotoxin that acts on the small intestine. | | | perfringens type A has been definitively linked to this food poisoning syndrome. | | | perfringens is left at room temperature, the organism multiplies. |
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http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section3/chapter28/28e.jsp
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| | Welch homepage |
| | Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacterium that causes life-threating gas gangrene and mild enterotoxemia in humans, although it exists as normal intestinal flora of humans and animals. | | | The organism is known to produce numerous toxins and enzymes that are responsible for the severe myonecrotic lesions. |
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http://w3.grt.kyushu-u.ac.jp/CPE
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| | HPA - Infections Topics A-Z Clostridium perfringens |
| | Under optimal growth conditions the organism has a generation time of 10 to 12 minutes, and gastroenteritis often follows ingestion of food containing large numbers of vegetative cells. | | | Clostridium perfringens is widely distributed in the environment and foods, and forms part of the normal gut flora in man and animals. | | | Clostridium perfringens is also a causative agent of gas gangrene. |
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http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/clostridium_perfringens/menu.htm
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| | Clostridium Perfringens |
| | Clostridium Perfringens food poisoning is a reasonably common intestinal intoxication caused by toxins produced by the Clostridium perfringens bacteria. | | | Symptoms begin 6 to 24 hours, (but usually 8 to 12 hours) after eating and consist of the sudden onset of acute abdominal pain followed by diarrhoea. | | | Preventive measures that can be taken to help avoid the illness include:- |
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http://www.ccc.govt.nz/Health/clostrid.asp
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| | Noah's Ark: Biological Weapons - Clostridium Perfringens Toxins |
| | This information may be used by you freely for noncommercial use only with | | | Clostridium perfringens is a common anaerobic bacillus that produces at least 12 toxins. | | | Noah's Ark: Biological Weapons - Clostridium Perfringens Toxins |
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http://www.millennium-ark.net/News_Files/NBC/Bio.Bugs.Clostridium.html
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| | MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Gas gangrene |
| | Gas gangrene occurs as a result of infection by Clostridium bacteria that, under anaerobic (low oxygen) conditions, produce toxins that cause the tissue death and associated symptoms. | | | Gas gangrene is a severe form of gangrene (tissue death) usually caused by Clostridium perfringens (see also necrotizing subcutaneous infection). | | | The margins of the infected area expand so rapidly that changes are visible over a few minutes. |
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000620.htm
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| | Clostridium-- Biotechnology Encyclopedia |
| | Clostridium perfringens, which gets into wounds, and is an important cause of gas gangrene. | | | Van Ermengem and is commonly found in soil. | | | Clostridium difficile, which can overgrow other bacteria in the gut during |
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http://www.biotech100.com/biotechnology_encyclopedia/clostridium.htm
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| | ARS Publication request: Prevalence of Clostridium Perfringens in Commercial Broiler Hatcheries |
| | Technical Abstract: Clostridium perfringens (Cp), a cause of human food-borne and poultry disease, has been isolated from the intestinal tract of poultry and from the processed carcass. | | | This study was conducted to determine if the hatchery in the broiler chicken operation could be a source of C. perfringens. | | | The average incidence of C. perfringens for all samples collected from the three hatcheries was 13%, 23% and 23%. |
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http://ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=118500
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| | FDA/CFSAN BAM - Clostridium perfringens |
| | Such losses may make it difficult to establish C. | | | Because the spores of some strains are resistant to temperatures as high as 100°C for more than l h, their presence in foods may be unavoidable. | | | perfringens strains to produce enterotoxin and their ability to cause food poisoning. |
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http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-16.html
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| | Clostridium perfringens |
| | Multivariate analysis and controls comprising healthy foals not in contact with cases were used to avoid analytical reduction of associations caused by passive carriage in healthy animals in contact with cases. | | | One of these, type 2, was so prevalent (35% of cases) and associated with disease in the C. perffingens positive subset of foals as to suggest that it could be acting as a primary pathogen accounting for the overall association of C. perfringens with foal diarrhoea. | | | Most isolates were major toxin type A and only 8% of foals had types B, C' D or E. None of these was associated with disease in the C. perffingens subset of foals. |
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http://www.neosoft.com/~iaep/pages/edwatch/c_perfringens.html
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| | Clostridium perfringens (food poisoning) - General Practice Notebook |
| | Clostridium perfringens (food poisoning) - General Practice Notebook | | | Oxbridge Solutions Ltd® is an independent company owned by the authors which does not receive income from any other organisation or individual. | | | Clostridium perfingens multiplies within the gut with release of endotoxin during sporulation. |
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http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/cache/986710020.htm
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