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| Â | Cohort and case-control studies |
 | | The starting point of a case-control study is subjects with the disease or condition under study (cases). | | | Cases in a hospital-based study are identified in hospitals participating in the study, and controls are selected from the same hospital to which the case was first admitted. | | | Cases included all women diagnosed locally as having a malignant tumor of the six sites mentioned, who were born either after 1924 or after 1929 (depending on when hormonal contraceptives were first locally available), and who resided during the preceding year in a defined geographical area served by the hospital. |
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http://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Cohort_and_case_control_studies.html
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| Â | Interpreting News on Diet: Nutrition Source, Harvard School of Public Health |
| | Laboratories provide strictly controlled conditions and are often the genesis of scientific ideas that go on to have a broad impact on human health. | | | In this case, the path of discovery led from widespread belief in a clear link between fiber and colon cancer to acceptance of the likelihood that there was no strong link between the two. | | | Fortunately, in many cases it only takes a few incisive questions to get at the heart of a research-related news story and see how important the results are for you personally. |
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http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/media.html
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| Â | CDC - Tularemia Outbreak Investigation in Kosovo: Case Control and Environmental Studies |
| | The case and control household investigations were conducted in small villages in rural farming areas in Peje, Istog, Kline, and Deqan municipalities in the Peje Region, and in several villages in the adjacent Gjakova Region, western Kosovo (Figure 2). | | | Control households were defined as the two households closest to a case household, with no family member having a history of a syndrome of fever, pharyngitis, and cervical lymphadenitis since November 1, 1999, and with the person who prepared the family's food being serologically negative for tularemia. | | | Case and control status was verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, and microagglutination assay. |
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http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol8no1/01-0131.htm
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| Â | 8. Case-control and cross sectional studies |
| | To give an extreme example, a case-control study of bladder cancer and smoking could give quite erroneous findings if controls were taken from the chest clinic. | | | Controls selected from the general population (for example, from general practice age-sex registers) have the advantage that their exposures are likely to be representative of those at risk of becoming cases. | | | Cases are keen to find out what caused their illness and are therefore better motivated to remember details of their past than controls with no special interest in the study question. |
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http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/epidem/epid.8.html
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| Â | Serious Flaws in Kellerman |
| | The control selection was done using a random selection starting outside a "one-block avoidance zone" away from the case homicide, and the matching criteria did not include any life-style or related indicators. | | | Considering that each of the cases was a homicide reported to the police, we can expect that there was a police investigation and not only was a gun found if there was one in the home, but that there would be little reluctance to admit the fact. | | | If 45% of the control actually owned guns, this 'deficit' of 37 would represent a 21.1% 'false-denial-rate.' Such a rate is quite consistent with the results of the pilot study, even though the authors do not admit to it. |
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http://www.firearmsandliberty.com/kellerman-schaffer.html
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| Â | Student-Written Control Application Case Studies |
| | The cases are required to follow the general control problem framework [7], and students are encouraged to follow the guidelines given in [4] and in the guest lecture on case writing. | | | The control problem that is assigned to each group needs to be formulated such that it reflects the reality of the situation and that it facilitates its solution. | | | Various aspects determine the group structure such as: the students' academic background and work experience; the physical location of the plant; whether students are part-time or full-time; the student's process, modeling and controller design knowledge. |
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http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/es/Nov1999/08/BEGIN.HTM
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| Â | The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case-Control Study |
| | The present study is a nested case-control study on 198 symptomatic children and 202 healthy controls, including detailed clinical examinations by physicians in parallel with extensive inspections and measurements within the subjects' homes. | | | The cases and controls were selected from the first phase (Dampness In Buildings and Health, phase I), which was a cross-sectional questionnaire soliciting health and environmental information regarding all 14,077 children 1-6 years of age in the county of Värmland, Sweden; responses were obtained for 10,852 (Bornehag et al. | | | Cases had a higher concentrations of BBzP in the dust samples from the children's bedrooms than did the controls in parametric as well as in nonparametric tests (Table 1). |
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http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2004/7187/7187.html
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| Â | Study Designs: Case-control/Retrospective Studies (Page 10 of 15) |
| | Cases and controls were required to have at least 1 year of pharmaceutical and medical records before the index date to identify risk factors for AMI and exposure to naproxen or other nonaspirin NSAIDs. | | | The case and control children and their relatives were systematically assessed with structured diagnostic interviews. | | | For each case, a control was matched with the same index date, age (within 2 years), and sex. |
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http://jeffline.tju.edu/Education/dl/epidemiology/syllabus/study/case10.html
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| Â | Pakistan Institute of Quality Control .::. Free Case Studies |
| | Case Study: Self Assessment Practice with a TQM Model | | | Case Study: Installing and Sustaining Improvements at Lever Brothers | | | Case Study: Achieving Quality through Human Resource Development |
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http://www.piqc.com.pk/casestudies.htm
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| Â | 8. Case-control and cross sectional studies |
| | To give an extreme example, a case-control study of bladder cancer and smoking could give quite erroneous findings if controls were taken from the chest clinic. | | | Cases are keen to find out what caused their illness and are therefore better motivated to remember details of their past than controls with no special interest in the study question. | | | Controls selected from the general population (for example, from general practice age-sex registers) have the advantage that their exposures are likely to be representative of those at risk of becoming cases. |
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http://www.bmj.com/epidem/epid.8.html
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| Â | Epidemiology for Journalists The Four Most Common Types of Epidemiological Studies |
| | The "why me?" study investigates the prior exposure of individuals with a particular health condition and those without it to infer why certain subjects, the "cases," become ill and others, the "controls," do not. | | | The case-control study has the disadvantage of selecting cases and controls after both the outcome and the assumption of risk have occurred. | | | It is important to know if others have conducted similar studies in case they have uncovered specific design limitations or useful results, and this information is helpful in understanding the context of one's own study. |
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http://www.facsnet.org/tools/ref_tutor/epidem/four.php3
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| Â | Epidemiology for Journalists The Four Most Common Types of Epidemiological Studies |
| | Although such studies can be used to identify possible associations and suggest worthwhile case-control or cohort studies for follow up, the cross-sectional study may not necessarily confirm causes. | | | It is important to know if others have conducted similar studies in case they have uncovered specific design limitations or useful results, and this information is helpful in understanding the context of one's own study. | | | The cohort study approach is good for our hypothetical study because we can identify a number of pregnant women, characterize their exposure during almost their entire pregnancies and assess the babies' weights at birth. |
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http://www.facsnet.org/tools/ref_tutor/epidem/four.php3
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| Â | Case-Control Study of Diabetes Mellitus in HIV-Infected Patients |
| | Table 1 summarizes the demographic characteristics of the 49 case patients with 196 unmatched control patients. | | | Because cases and controls were matched on age, sex, and race on this first set of controls, we randomly selected a second set of 4 controls to each case matched only on length of clinic follow-up (thereafter known as an unmatched control group). | | | A set of matched controls was generated by randomly selecting 2 controls per case matched on age (±5 years), race, sex, and length of clinic follow-up from the initial visit to diagnosis of DM in cases or for an equivalent time period for controls (±24 weeks). |
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http://www.natap.org/2004/HIV/120104_06.htm
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| Â | Pisacane 1992: Breastfeeding and UTI |
| | The incidence of breast-feeding among our case patients was significantly lower than that among control patients. | | | One control patient for each case patient was chosen by systematic sampling from among infants who had been admitted to our hospital with an acute illness between Jan. 1, 1976, and December 31, 1989, and who had one urine culture, done with the same technique as described for the case patients, with negative results. | | | The control patients were matched to the case patients by gender, age (within 15 days), and year and month of admission; the next infant who met the matching criteria was selected. |
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http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/pisacane1992
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| Â | Case-Control Study of HIV Seroconversion in Health-Care Workers After Percutaneous Exposure to HIV-Infected Blood -- France, United Kingdom, and United States, January 1988-August 1994 |
| | Second, if control-HCWs were more likely to have been offered or encouraged to use ZDV, then use of the drug might be statistically associated with lack of HIV seroconversion, even if ZDV is not truly protective; however, available evidence does not suggest that control-HCWs were more likely than case-HCWs to have been offered ZDV. | | | Case- and control-HCWs reported in the United States before 1988 were excluded from the analysis because information on some variables was not routinely collected and because postexposure use of ZDV was infrequent before 1988 (1). | | | Regimens for case- and control-HCWs generally were 1000 mg/day for 3-4 weeks; the small number of case-HCWs who used ZDV precluded assessment of differences in ZDV regimens between case- and control-HCWs. |
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http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00039830.htm
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| Â | ModernInsider :: Case Study: Cafe Press Experiences II |
| | Case Study: Cafe Press Experiences II By Modern Insider | | | For an in-deapth article about the Cafe Press process we recommend you check out " Case Study: Website Merchandising with Cafe Press " or head on over to the Itxel Web Store by Modern Insider for a real life example of a premium merchandise store. | | | I do not have to give control to anyone to promote, market and brand myself. |
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http://www.moderninsider.com/article41.html
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| Â | Case-control - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | For instance, a case-control study may tell you that a certain behavior may be associated with a tenfold increased risk of death as compared with the control group. | | | The case and control groups are then compared on the proposed causal factors and statistical analysis used to estimate the strength of association of each factor with the studied outcome. | | | These controls should match the cases as closely as possible with respect to the non-risk variables; this allows the proposed non-risk variables to be ignored in the analysis. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case-control
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| Â | Annals of Emergency Medicine Online |
| | Long guns in particular were more common in control subjects' homes; the proportion of case subjects and control subjects with handguns in the home was very similar. | | | The homicide analysis used 1,720 case subjects and 8,084 control subjects. | | | Case subjects 15 to 17 years old were excluded (20 suicide case subjects and 7 homicide case subjects) because no control subjects younger than 18 years of age were available for comparison. |
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http://www1.us.elsevierhealth.com/scripts/om.dll/serve?action=searchDB&searchDBfor=art&artType=fullfree&id=amem03187
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| Â | Nutrition Journal Full text Consumption of fruits and vegetables in relation to the risk of developing acute coronary syndromes; the CARDIO2000 case-control study |
| | In a few cases (in country hospitals) where the available number of hospitalised controls was not sufficient for the matching procedure, we enrolled into the study friends or colleagues of the coronary patients. | | | Cross-cultural comparisons, case-control and prospective observational studies identified a relationship between diet, blood pressure and lipids levels [ 3-6 ], but there is still considerable scientific uncertainty about the relationship between specific dietary components and cardiovascular risk [ 7 ], especially in Mediterranean populations. | | | The information regarding the investigated medical factors was retrieved from the subjects' medical records, along with lifestyle characteristics, through a confidential, detailed questionnaire administered during Physician interview after the second day of hospitalisation, for cases and at entry for controls. |
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http://www.nutritionj.com/content/2/1/2
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| Â | Descriptive Retrospective Case-Control Research Design Royal Windsor Society of Nurse Researchers |
| | ♣ Descriptive retrospective case control studies are designed to examine how retrospective factors contribute to the current health conditions (e.g.history of smoking and lung cancer). | | | ♣ This is accomplished by comparing a group of people who exhibit a particular condition (referred to as the case group) with a second group of individuals who do not exhibit this condition (the control group). | | | ♣ Use appropriate incidence rates to describe the control group |
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http://www.research-nurses.com/descriptive_retrospective_case-control_research_design.html
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| Â | THE IOWA RADON LUNG CANCER STUDY |
| | Twenty-eight percent of the living areas for the controls and 33% of the living areas for the cases exceeded the EPA's action level of 4 pCi/L. The study used the most advanced radon exposure measurement techniques ever performed in a residential radon study. | | | Four hundred and thirteen of the participants were women who had developed lung cancer, the remaining 614 participants were controls who did not have lung cancer. | | | The study was limited to women, because they historically tend to spend more time at home and they have less occupational exposure to other lung carcinogens. |
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http://www.cheec.uiowa.edu/misc/radon.html
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| Â | Five Model Classrooms: A Case Study |
| | The model classroom teacher also believed that technology influenced a greater increase in student classroom learning behaviors than the control classroom teacher believed. | | | The model classroom teacher also believed that technology had a greater impact on student learning behaviors than the control classroom teacher. | | | The teacher was willing to participate fully in the case study and comply with the case study protocol in exchange for equipment being placed in the classroom. |
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http://www.challenge.state.la.us/eval/case_study.html
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