|
| Â Â |
| Â | Gas (Methane) Hydrates -- A New Frontier - USGS Fact Sheet |
 | | A likely mechanism for initiation of landsliding involves a breakdown of hydrates at the base of the hydrate layer. | | | Realizing the importance of methane hydrates in marine sediments, the USGS has focused work on selected areas where hydrates are known to be common, and where the influences of hydrates on energy resources, climate, and seafloor stability can be analyzed. | | | Hydrates store immense amounts of methane, with major implications for energy resources and climate, but the natural controls on hydrates and their impacts on the environment are very poorly understood. |
|
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/gas-hydrates
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | EESI: Sustainable Development |
| | Gas hydrates offer a vast, untapped source of energy, a key element in the global carbon balance and past global warming events, and the number one problem for hydrocarbon transmission in deepwater oil and gas production. | | | The large amount of carbon stored in gas hydrates is likely 10 to 20 times the mass of carbon in the atmosphere. | | | Current carbon cycle models, however, neglect gas hydrates and possible methane releases, and it is not well understood why, how, where, and when gas hydrates should be incorporated into the global carbon cycle. |
|
http://eesi.rice.edu/development.cfm?doc_id=4147
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | TAMU Oceanography: Gas Hydrates |
| | Hydrates contain gases, such as hydrocarbons, that glue themselves inside symmetrical cages of water molecules to form hydrate crystals. | | | Carbon dioxide itself is a gas that forms hydrates. | | | A methane molecule only contains one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (CH It is a small molecule, and by itself can form one simple type of hydrate, which is known as structure I. Free methane gas appears to exist below hydrate in some areas, sealed in by the overlying impermeable hydrate layer. |
|
http://www-ocean.tamu.edu/Quarterdeck/QD5.3/sassen.html
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Untitled Document |
| | Petroleum refers to any naturally occurring hydrocarbon found beneath the Earth's surface. | | | In fact there is more organic carbon locked up in gas hydrates than all other sources combined, which includes natural gas, oil, coal, peat, organic carbon dissolved in the oceans and contained in all living organisms. | | | The main reactions used by different bacteria are (1) bacterial oxidation, (2 and 3) bacterial sulphate reduction, (4) bacterial fermentation and (5) bacterial carbonate reduction: |
|
http://www.odp.usyd.edu.au/odp_CD/oceplat/opindex2.html
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | O.I. Levik Hydrate Site |
| | Adisasmito, S.: Hydrates of Carbon Dioxide and Light Hydrocarbon Mixtures (Natural Gas), Colorado School of Mines, 1992. | | | Having made it all way down here it may be time to relax a little and have a look on the lighter side of hydrates. | | | Thieu, V.Q.: Novel Apparatus and Technique for the determination of Clathrate Hydrate Phase Equilibria, University of Florida, 1997. |
|
http://www.levik.no/hydrates.html
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Carbon Dioxide |
| | The equally important influences of carbon dioxide upon the hear and the peripheral blood- vessels have not as yet been exploited to an equal degree. | | | Carbon dioxide is the chief hormone of the entire body; it is the only one that is produced by every tissue and that probably acts on every organ. | | | This mode of transportation of carbon dioxide is one of the most extraordinary features of the blood and respiration.The evidence for it rests upon 2 facts demonstrated by Pfluger and others during the great epoch of German physiology in the second half of the 19th century. |
|
http://www.goldenworks.us/buteyko2.html
(5902 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Part II: Now |
| | It is likely, therefore, that carbon dioxide emissions will continue until there is clear, dramatic, and unambiguously negative feedback. | | | This is useful for comparing the rise and fall of carbon dioxide and global temperature over long expanses of time, and in putting the current spike in carbon dioxide in its proper perspective, but it does not provide insight into the annual changes in carbon dioxide. | | | It is certain that the methane that is now being released from permafrost and the seafloor will contribute to global warming, initially as methane, with a greenhouse capacity that vastly exceeds that of carbon dioxide, and then, upon oxidation, as carbon dioxide itself. |
|
http://www.permianextinction.net/now.html
(5902 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |
| | Ginsberg MD, Myers RE, McDonaugh BF: Experimental carbon monoxide encephalopathy in the primate: II.Clinical aspects, neuropathy, and physiologic correlation. | | | Carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication is the leading cause of death due to poisoning in the United States. | | | Animal models of CO intoxication, as well as human experience, indicate that myocardial depression, peripheral vasodilation, and ventricular arrhythmia causing hypotension may be important in the genesis of neurologic injury. |
|
http://www.uam.es/departamentos/medicina/anesnet/journals/ijeicm/vol1n2/articles/co.htm
(5902 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING |
| | Carbon monoxide has a high affinity for myoglobin, especially cardiac myoglobin. | | | Carbon monoxide is endogenously produced during the metabolism of heme pigments. | | | Common complaints associated with CO poisoning include headache, nausea, weakness, fatigue, difficulty in thinking, dizziness, paresthesias, chest pain, palpitations, visual disturbances, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. |
|
http://www.heacamjournal.com/htdocs/pages/art/57-co.html
(5902 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Postgraduate Medicine: Carbon monoxide poisoning |
| | A rather elegant set of studies (12,22) demonstrated that hyperbaric oxygen therapy in animals attenuates carbon monoxide-induced ischemic reperfusion injury to the brain by blocking adhesion of leukocytes to the microvasculature. | | | integrins by hyperbaric oxygen in carbon monoxide-mediated brain injury in rats. | | | The acute symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are reflected in the susceptibility of the brain and heart to hypoxia (table 1: not shown). |
|
http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/01_99/tomaszewski.htm
(5902 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Carbon monoxide poisoning |
| | Gas stoves, fires, heating boilers, gas-powered water heaters, paraffin heaters, and solid fuel-powered water heaters are all potential sources of carbon monoxide. | | | Raise the general awareness of the risks associated with carbon monoxide by communicating the relevant information to friends, family and work colleagues. | | | Carbon monoxide is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels, such as gas (domestic or bottled), coal, oil, coke and wood. |
|
http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/carbonmonoxide.htm
(1907 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |
| | Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that is produced from the incomplete burning of fuels that contain carbon, such as wood, charcoal, gasoline, coal, natural gas or kerosene. | | | Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common cause of accidental poisoning-related deaths and is often called "the silent killer." | | | Carbon monoxide poisoning mimics many common illnesses such as the flu and food poisoning. |
|
http://www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/3163/router.asp
(1907 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Oxygen Poisoning |
| | The partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in our bodies is 0.0005 bar or 0.05 percent, with the slightly higher amount being that produced as waste by the body. | | | The headaches normally encountered with carbon dioxide poisoning is caused by the dilation of blood vessels in the brain due to the increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, the headache is usually in the front of the skull and can be severe lasting for a few hours after the dive. | | | At depth the carbon dioxide in the breathing air is breathed at a higher partial pressure and this adds to the impaired expiration of the carbon dioxide from the lungs. |
|
http://www.peebsac.ukdiver.com/peebsac_oxygentoxicity.htm
(2786 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Prevent Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |
| | Carbon monoxide can escape if these devices leak or are poorly vented. | | | Space heaters, fireplaces, furnaces, wood stoves, and water heaters are all leading sources of carbon monoxide. | | | Carbon monoxide poisoning is caused by an odorless and colorless gas, and poses a very harmful threat. |
|
http://my.webmd.com/content/article/79/96269.htm
(2786 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | CNN - Ocean studied for carbon dioxide storage - May 10, 1999 |
| | Brewer's most recent work, conducted last summer, concentrated on the behavior of liquid carbon dioxide at much greater depths where it is denser than seawater. | | | But based on laboratory experiments with carbon dioxide hydrates, researchers imagined that liquid carbon dioxide put deep in the ocean would form a stable layer on the seafloor with a skin of solid hydrate as a boundary, like a pond covered by ice in winter. | | | Carbon levels in the Earth's atmosphere have gone up about 25 percent since the Industrial Revolution primarily due to the burning of oil, coal and natural gas to supply about 80 percent of the world's energy needs. |
|
http://www.cnn.com/NATURE/9905/10/oceans.enn
(2786 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Phentermine (PIM 415) |
| | Pulmonary function tests usually are normal except for the carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. | | | Lithium carbonate - isolated case reports indicate that lithium may inhibit the effects of amphetamine. | | | Monitoring of pulse, blood pressure, oxygenation, core temperature and cardiac rhythm should instituted. |
|
http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim415.htm
(2786 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Emergency Medicine |
| | Carbon dioxide intoxication may be acute or subacute. | | | Carbon dioxide is produced when organic material decomposes or ferments, and asphyxiation from CO exposure has occurred in workers entering grain elevators, the holds of cargo ships, and brewery vats. | | | The gas is used in carbonation of soft drinks and as a shielding gas for welding. |
|
http://www.emedmag.com/html/pre/tox/0500.asp
(1147 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Carbon Monoxide a Hidden Hazard |
| | Household carbon monoxide poisoning is usually related to the malfunctioning or improper use of a water heaters, ovens, ranges, furnaces, gas or oil heaters. | | | Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal. | | | Carbon monoxide then may be drawn from the furnace into living spaces when you turn on an exhaust fan or a vented clothes dryer. |
|
http://www.personalmd.com/news/carbonmonox_090299.shtml
(878 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Carbon Monoxide a Hidden Hazard |
| | Household carbon monoxide poisoning is usually related to the malfunctioning or improper use of a water heaters, ovens, ranges, furnaces, gas or oil heaters. | | | When carbon monoxide is inhaled it impairs the body's ability to use oxygen, starving the body's tissues and brain. | | | Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal. |
|
http://www.personalmd.com/news/carbonmonox_090299.shtml
(878 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Untitled |
| | Commonly, lower-level carbon monoxide patients describe their symptoms as those of a "flu-type" syndrome. | | | Carbon monoxide acts to cause tissue hypoxia by displacing oxygen with carboxyhemoglobin. | | | In at least one case, carbon monoxide poisoning was caused by the use of a charcoal grill within an apartment's bathtub. |
|
http://www.emergency.com/co2poisn.htm
(878 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Chemie.DE News-Center: Injecting carbon dioxide to extract methane from methane hydrate deposits? |
| | Laboratory experiments then also demonstrated that carbon dioxide could extract gaseous methane from methane hydrate. | | | It has been theorized that we could force the methane out of its icy prison-by forcing in carbon dioxide, which could thus be elegantly stored away for the long term. | | | Injecting carbon dioxide to extract methane from methane hydrate deposits? |
|
http://www.chemie.de/news/e/30425
(5380 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | FORAMINIFERA FROM HYDRATE RIDGE, OREGON: CARBON ISOTOPIC VALUES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOMETHANE RELEASE |
| | Carbon isotopic values ranged from 0‰ to –10‰ in surface sediments. | | | Alternative hypotheses for these isotopic excursions include the oxidation of organic carbon in sediments and post-depositional diagenesis/authigenic carbonate alteration of foraminiferal shells. | | | Samples were picked for live (stained) and fossil specimens to assess the potential role of post-depositional authigenic carbonate on carbon isotopic values. |
|
http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_66700.htm
(5380 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Clathrates - little known components of the global carbon cycle |
| | The carbon in methane hydrate was originally stored in the sediments (lithosphere, out of contact with the ocean and atmosphere) as organic carbon. | | | Thus only carbon with the isotopic signature of organic carbon is taken out of the ocean-atmosphere reservoir - influencing the carbon isotopic value of the remainder in the well-known way (ratio of organic carbon to carbonate of sediments). | | | This means that the carbon that is stored in the methane hydrates was taken from the ocean-atmosphere system as carbon with an average isotopic composition of about -25‰, but the carbon returning to the ocean atmosphere system through the methane hydrate loop is isotopically ~ -60‰. |
|
http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate.htm
(5380 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Deep-sea disposal of carbon dioxide: 5/99 |
| | Scientists exploring ways to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases have discovered that experiments involving deep-sea disposal of carbon dioxide raise new, unexpected questions. | | | The scientists now plan to conduct more experiments and will collaborate with ecologists to study the possible effects of liquid carbon dioxide on deep-sea organisms. | | | In retrospect, Orr says, what really happened was that each CO2 molecule "stuck" to about six water molecules to build hydrate particles, which then fell into the liquid carbon dioxide in the beaker. |
|
http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1999/may12/co2disposal-512.html
(5380 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | ROSE'S SAFETY NETWORK |
| | Carbon monoxide will alter the ability of the body to utilize and absorb oxygen, so a blood gas can also be given to determine the amount of oxygen level in the blood. | | | Carbon monoxide poisoning can be prevented if you have all central heating units (furnace and water heaters) serviced regularly by a trained technician. | | | Carbon monoxide poisoning is a very dangerous hazard that may exist in your home. |
|
http://www.thesavvyclick.com/Safety.htm
(3398 words)
|
|
| Â Â |
| Â | Gas Hydrate at the USGS, What is it? |
| | Gas Hydrate at the USGS, What is it? | | | Hydrate is a gas concentrator ; the breakdown of a unit volume of methane hydrate at a pressure of one atmosphere produces about 160 unit volumes of gas. | | | Gas hydrate concentration occurs at depocenters, probably because most gas in hydrate is from biogenic methane, and therefore it is concentrated where there is a rapid accumulation of organic detritus (from which bacteria generate methane) and also where there is a rapid accumulation of sediments (which protect detritus from oxidation). |
|
http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/hydrates/what.html
(3398 words)
|
|
|
