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Topic: Bronchodilator



  
 Bronchodilator responses to metaproterenol sulfate among subjects with spinal cord injury
The primary aim of this study was to assess bronchodilator response to aerosolized MS among subjects with tetraplegia and paraplegia by use of standard spirometric criteria and sGaw.
It was previously observed that significant bronchodilator responsiveness to inhaled metaproterenol sulfate (MS), as defined by at least a 12 percent increase in the forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), occurred among 42 percent of spontaneously breathing subjects with chronic cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) [1].
Bronchodilator responses to metaproterenol sulfate among subjects with spinal cord injury
http://www.vard.org/jour/04/41/1/schilero.html   (2571 words)

  
 RT Article
Aerosolized bronchodilator therapy in premature infants is not as well established as in adults and pediatric patients.
The infant may need bronchodilator therapy, yet the medication is not effectively bronchodilating the airways.
Both MDI with spacer and nebulized bronchodilator therapy have been examined during techniques of manually bagging the medication to the patient as well as inline with the ventilator circuit.
http://www.rtmagazine.com/Articles.ASP?articleid=R0006A01   (2024 words)

  
 Inhaled Bronchodilator Therapy in Mechanically Ventilated Patients -- DHAND and TOBIN 156 (1): 3 -- American Journal of ...
with bronchodilator therapy and its rapid onset reflect the relaxant
Both inhaled beta-adrenergic (2, 4, 48, 55) and anticholinergic bronchodilators (40, 42) are effective in mechanically
in which the response to bronchodilator therapy was being carefully
http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/156/1/3   (4912 words)

  
 eMJA: Bronchodilator reversibility testing: laboratory practices in Australia and New Zealand
The response to inhaled bronchodilator is used to help discriminate asthma from smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) — a larger bronchodilator response is believed to indicate asthma.
For example, underestimation of the bronchodilator response in COPD may lead to withholding of bronchodilators or inhaled corticosteroid therapy, although few data exist for this latter recommendation.
This wide variety of methods to assess bronchodilator response is a result of the lack of evidence in this area, leading to consensus-based rather than evidence-based practice.
http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/180_12_210604/bor10368_fm.html   (2429 words)

  
 Asthma Medical Glossary
The stated benefit of bronchodilation with Xopenex is reduced incidence of stimulative side-effects such as heart palpitations, tremors and nervousness.
The most common adrenergic drug used to treat asthma is albuterol, a bronchodilator.
It is vitally important to treat and manage asthma as early and effectively as possible to avoid this syndrome.
http://asthmatrack.org/medsglossary.html   (4720 words)

  
 Volume effect and exertional dyspnoea after bronchodilator in patients with COPD with and without expiratory flow ...
and bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with chronic obstructive ventilatory defects.
Acute response to bronchodilator: an imperfect guide for bronchodilator therapy in chronic airflow limitation.
EELV did not change after bronchodilators in COPD patients with
http://thorax.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/57/6/528   (3650 words)

  
 Spirometry - Bronchodilator response
A recent study suggests that, whilst PEF may be used to assess airways obstruction and exclude a response to bronchodilator drugs, it should not be used for assessing bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with chronic cough (ref. 2).
A response to bronchodilator drugs is regarded as unambiguous
Assessment of bronchodilator response in children with asthma.
http://www.spirxpert.com/expressing7.htm   (706 words)

  
 Selection of Device, Administration of Bronchodilator, and Evaluation of Response to Therapy in Mechanically Ventilated ...
AARC Clinical practice guideline: assessing response to bronchodilator therapy at point of care.
Device selection, bronchodilator administration, and evaluation of response to therapy during mechanical ventilation.
Aerosolized bronchodilator therapy via mechanical ventilator can be provided in a number of settings including: hospital, home, and subacute or extended care facility.
http://www.rcjournal.com/online_resources/cpgs/sdabertmvpcpg.html   (3686 words)

  
 Bronchodilator treatment and deaths from asthma: case-control study -- Anderson et al. 330 (7483): 117 -- BMJ
Bronchodilator treatment and deaths from asthma: case-control study
Bronchodilator treatment and deaths from asthma: case-control study -- Anderson et al.
Long-Acting Bronchodilator or Leukotriene Modifier as Add-on Therapy to Inhaled Corticosteroids in Persistent Asthma?
http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/330/7483/117   (557 words)

  
 Asthma- Health Encyclopedia and Reference
There are two major groups of medications used in controlling asthma - anti-inflammatories (corticosteroids) and bronchodilators.
This drug opens the airways by blocking reflexes through nerves that control the bronchial muscles.
Atrophine sulfate (Atrovent) is another highly effective bronchodilator.
http://www.drkoop.com/encyclopedia/43/244.html   (1585 words)

  
 FDA Has Public Health Advisory on Inhaled Long-acting Bronchodilator Drugs
Bronchodilator medicines, such as LABAs, help to relax the muscles around the airways in the lungs.
FDA also issued a Medication Guide for patients to alert health care professionals and patients that these medicines may increase the chance of severe asthma episodes, and death when those episodes occur.
LABAs do not relieve sudden wheezing, the advisory said, so patients should always have a short acting bronchodilator medicine with them to treat sudden wheezing.
http://www.pslgroup.com/dg/2552b6.htm   (604 words)

  
 Slowing the Deterioration of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Observed during Bronchodilator Therapy by ...
A theoretical comparison between the effects of beclomethasone therapy and ongoing bronchodilator therapy on the time to development of a certain severe degree of chronic airflow limitation.
from 13.2% in the period of bronchodilator therapy alone to
in the period of bronchodilator therapy alone to 8.4% during
http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/118/10/770   (5504 words)

  
 CHEST: Use of a mucus clearance device enhances the bronchodilator response in patients with stable COPD - clinical ...
Whether patients were pretreated with the MCD or sham MCD, there was a significant improvement in FE[V.sub.1] and FVC compared to baseline with combined bronchodilator therapy.
CHEST: Use of a mucus clearance device enhances the bronchodilator response in patients with stable COPD - clinical investigations - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Use of a mucus clearance device enhances the bronchodilator response in patients with stable COPD - clinical investigations - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0984/is_3_121/ai_84666720   (539 words)

  
 The Impact of Combined Inhaled Bronchodilator Therapy in the Treatment of COPD -- Benayoun et al. 119 (1): 85 -- Chest
of the introduction of combined inhaled bronchodilator therapy in
with those initiated on combined inhaled bronchodilator therapy.
Costs related to bronchodilator use were our secondary outcome.
http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/119/1/85   (3305 words)

  
 Proposed Rule: Cold, Cough, Allergy, Bronchodilator, and Antiasthmatic .........
This bronchodilator effect provides temporary relief of shortness of breath, tightness of the chest, and wheezing due to bronchial asthma.
The patient population enrolled in these studies was not only clinically stable (i.e., normal electrocardiogram, blood pressure, and pulse), but also had no apparent history of adverse events related to treatment with other stimulant bronchodilators used at the time.
The primary indication is ``For temporary relief of shortness of breath, tightness of chest, and wheezing due to bronchial asthma'' (Sec.
http://pharmcast.com/FederalRegistrar/Yr2005/July2005/071105/Cold071305.htm   (11105 words)

  
 Medications To Relieve An Asthma Attack
Bronchodilators are commonly used medications that immediately relax the muscle of airways that are in spasm during an asthma episode and generally provide prompt relief.
Bronchodilators should not be used every day unless prescribed by your doctor.
Points to keep in mind concerning the bronchodilator drugs include:
http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/asthma/asthma_relieve.html   (433 words)

  
 Medications To Treat Emphysema
Anticholinergic drugs, are often more effective in the asthma that is associated with COPD than beta-2 agonists; the opposite is true in asthma associated with allergy.
Coffee drinkers need to use caution if they take theophylline to treat their emphysema.
Theophylline (Theodur, Slo-bid, Uniphyl, Theo-24) also acts as a bronchodilator, relaxing the muscles around the
http://www.ehealthmd.com/library/Emphysema/EMP_meds.html   (1405 words)

  
 News - Heliox-Driven Bronchodilator Better In Moderate To Severe Asthma
All of the patients had good bronchodilator response that was equal to, or more than, 12 percent improvement in FEV1 with either of the driving gases.
The clinicians conclude "that heliox-driven bronchodilator therapy improves FEV1, FVC, and FEFmax significantly more than air-driven bronchodilator in patients with asthma.
A cohort of 32 clinically stable asthma patients attending a clinic directed by clinicians at the Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States, were studied over two days in the prospective randomised crossover study.
http://docguide.com/news/content.nsf/news/8525697700573E1885256C7A002238F3   (519 words)

  
 Assessment of Bronchodilator Efficacy in Symptomatic COPD : Is Spirometry Useful? -- O’Donnell 117 (2 Supplement): ...
Bronchodilator therapy in COPD is deemed successful if it improves ventilatory
the therapeutic efficacy of bronchodilator therapy should ideally
the means by which bronchodilator therapy can favorably affect
http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/full/117/2_suppl/42S   (2459 words)

  
 Bronchodilator premedication does not decrease respiratory adverse events in pediatric general anesthesia: [Une ...
Bronchodilator responses to nebulised ipratropium and salbutamol singly and in combination in chronic bronchitis.
This study represents a population in which bronchodilator therapy
Administration of bronchodilators did not affect any outcome
http://www.cja-jca.org/cgi/content/full/50/3/277   (3237 words)

  
 Maintenance of Bronchodilator Response for Advair Diskus 250/50 (Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol) but not ...
Maintenance of Bronchodilator Response for Advair Diskus 250/50 (Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol) but not Ipratropium/Albuterol in Patients with COPD -- Knobil et al.
in bronchodilator response was observed with Advair 250/50 but
efficacy, while a loss of bronchodilator efficacy is observed
http://meeting.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/126/4/807S   (330 words)

  
 Bronchodilator reversibility testing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- Calverley et al. 58 (8): 659 -- Thorax
in their bronchodilator responses from those not so treated.
bronchodilator response may define a different natural history,
Figure 4 Relationship between the response to bronchodilator and the pre-bronchodilator FEV
http://thorax.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/58/8/659   (3423 words)

  
 News: Bronchodilator therapy for cystic fibrosis - myDNA
News: Bronchodilator therapy for cystic fibrosis - myDNA
"[B]efore embarking on what might become lifelong bronchodilator therapy, bronchodilator responsiveness should be assessed by measuring lung function both before and after a test dose of salbutamol in a standardized way, looking for an increase in baseline FEV1 of at least 10 percent," the reviewers concluded.
Bronchial hyper-responsiveness and responsiveness to bronchodilator drugs are markers for asthma and can be also tested for in people with cystic fibrosis.
http://www.mydna.com/resources/news/200510/news_20051025_cystic.html   (715 words)

  
 Mechanisms for isolated volume response to a bronchodilator in patients with COPD -- Cerveri et al. 88 (6): 1989 -- ...
The results of the present study suggest that isolated volume response to bronchodilators is a characteristic of severe emphysema
Repeatability of pattern of response to bronchodilator inhalation
vital capacity (FVC) remarkably increases in response to bronchodilator
http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/88/6/1989   (3255 words)

  
 bronchodilator - definition of bronchodilator by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.
bronchodilator - a drug that relaxes and dilates the bronchial passageways and improves the passages of air into the lungs
A drug that widens the air passages of the lungs and eases breathing by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle.
Alupent, metaproterenol - a bronchodilator (trade name Alupent) used to treat asthma and emphysema and other lung conditions; available in oral or inhalant forms; side effects include tachycardia and shakiness
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bronchodilator   (245 words)

  
 beta 2-Agonist Tolerance and Exercise-induced Bronchospasm -- Hancox et al. 165 (8): 1068 -- American Journal of ...
Wraight JM, Herbison GP, Cowan JO, Flannery EM, Hancox RJ, Taylor DR. Tolerance to the acute bronchodilator effects of beta-agonist with increasing degrees of bronchoconstriction.
(a natural asthma stimulus), but also a failure to fully bronchodilate
-agonist bronchodilators are widely used to treat asthma symptoms and have an important role in the treatment of
http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/165/8/1068   (1855 words)

  
 [No title]
As a result, researchers state "Salbutamol cannot be recommended as the bronchodilator of choice in this age group." The study was performed in the UK involved 80 infants, with a persistent or recurrent wheeze and a personal or family history of allergies.
COMMENT: To give a child a drug with many potential side-effects, which doesn't even show any benefit, is just plain absurd.
Salbutamol, a popular bronchodilator used in wheezing infants, was tested and found to be no better than a placebo at reducing symptoms such as wheezing and coughing.
http://www.mercola.com/2000/may/28/brochodilator_infants.htm   (300 words)

  
 Word! Bronchodilator
A person with asthma may need to take a medication called a bronchodilator - something that dilates (a fancy word for opens) the airways, or bronchial tubes.
This usually means using an inhaler, which is a plastic tube that holds a container of medicine.
http://kidshealth.org/kid/word/b/word_bronchodilator.html   (98 words)

  
 Asthma
Many well-known athletes (including Jackie Joyner-Kersee and Amy Van Dyken) have exercise-induced asthma, and their asthma does not affect their athletic performance as long as they use their medications properly.
There are also people whose asthma attacks are triggered by moderate or vigorous exercise.
Inhaled albuterol doesn't have quite as much heart-speeding effect as oral albuterol, but small children in particular may have trouble with the inhaler.
http://www.drreddy.com/asthma.html   (1457 words)

  
 Bronchodilation - Assessing bronchodilator responsiveness
Bronchodilator responsiveness, therefore, only provides a picture at a certain moment in time.
This may change rapidly when the patient is exposed to bronchoconstricting stimuli from the environment.
It is very important, in considering therapy with oral or inhaled corticosteroids, to look in the patient file for the maximum achievable level of FEV1.
http://www.spirxpert.com/bronchodilatation9.htm   (249 words)

  
 HON Allergy Glossary Bronchodilator
These are the drugs used most commonly to relieve a sudden asthma attack or to prevent an attack during exercise.
Bronchodilating drugs are usually prescribed if a cough occurs with airway narrowing and can reduce coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
Anything that opens or expands the bronchi (that part of the body that conveys air to and from the lungs).
http://www.hon.ch/Library/Theme/Allergy/Glossary/bronchodilator.html   (179 words)

  
 NEJM -- A comparison of bronchodilator therapy with or without inhaled corticosteroid therapy for obstructive airways ...
It has been hypothesized that long-term improvement in prognosis might result from vigorous bronchodilator or antiinflammatory therapy.
A comparison of bronchodilator therapy with or without inhaled corticosteroid therapy for obstructive airways disease.
NEJM -- A comparison of bronchodilator therapy with or without inhaled corticosteroid therapy for obstructive airways disease.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/327/20/1413   (1573 words)

  
 Oxis (formoterol) - asthma treatment - bronchodilator
Oxis works by relaxing the muscle in the air tubes, which makes them widen.
Inhaled bronchodilators such as Oxis can be used whenever the patient needs it (such as during an asthma attack) and are called reliever medications.
Oxis contains the medicine formoterol, which is a type of asthma treatment called a bronchodilator, used to treat asthma.
http://www.patienthealthinternational.com/product/47.aspx?nocookies=true   (207 words)

  
 Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis.
Methods: Published and unpublished research was identified by MEDLINE searches for articles published from 1966 to 1994, review of scientific citations, review of article bibliographies, communication with experts in the area of asthma therapy and aerosol delivery, primary investigators, and a manufacturer of spacer devices.
Spacer devices were used for bronchodilator delivery with an MDI in most studies and are recommended for the treatment of acute airflow obstruction.
Data for patient characteristics, study setting, bronchodilator doses, outcomes, and methodological quality were independently extracted.
http://www.aerokat.com/Publications_Catalogue/article.asp?ai=136   (364 words)

  
 Naturally Occurring Bronchodilator Protects Laboratory Animals Against Asthma - DERT
Much research and treatment has focused on airway hyperresponsiveness and chronic inflammation but very little effort has been given to naturally occurring airway relaxants and the balance between constricting and relaxing agents.
Protection from experimental asthma by an endogenous bronchodilator.
Advance: A team of researchers at Duke University, supported by NIEHS and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, has discovered a naturally occurring bronchodilator that relaxes the airway and helps keep it open.
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/dert/profiles/hilites/2005/dilator.htm   (354 words)

  
 CHEST: Optimizing Bronchodilator Therapy for COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Against this rather pessimistic background, some new data published by ZuWallack and colleagues in this issue of CHEST (see page 1661) provide cause for cautious optimism.
Optimizing Bronchodilator Therapy for COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CHEST: Optimizing Bronchodilator Therapy for COPD - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0984/is_6_119/ai_76426993   (201 words)

  
 Albuterol Inhalers: Instant Relief for Asthmatics
Overuse of bronchodilator inhalers can produce negative results and lead to irreversible asthma conditions.
Albuterol is an inhaled bronchodilator that relaxes the muscles in the respiratory tract and dilates the airways to improve breathing.
The albuterol inhaler (often referred to as a metered dose inhaler or simply MDI) has revolutionized asthma treatment and is the most commonly used bronchodilator medication on the market.
http://www.lungdiseasefocus.com/asthma/inhalers.php   (930 words)

  
 NEJM -- The bronchodilator effects and pharmacokinetics of caffeine in asthma
Vital signs did not change significantly after either drug.
The bronchodilator effects and pharmacokinetics of caffeine in asthma
NEJM -- The bronchodilator effects and pharmacokinetics of caffeine in asthma
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/310/12/743   (269 words)

  
 CHEST: A clincal diagnosis of asthma does not correlate well with ATS FEV1 bronchodilator critera
Only 170 patients (54.7%) meeting ATS bronchodilator improvement criteria were felt to clinically have asthma.
CHEST: A clincal diagnosis of asthma does not correlate well with ATS FEV1 bronchodilator critera
A clincal diagnosis of asthma does not correlate well with ATS FEV1 bronchodilator critera
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0984/is_4_128/ai_n15787247   (432 words)

  
 Conventional Bronchodilator In COPD
The authors reasoned that changes in volume rather than expiratory flow are the most important effects of bronchodilator drugs in COPD patients.
According to UK researchers, bronchodilator reversibility is relatively ineffective at predicting significant benefit in severe asthma in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Classifying these patients by their flow responses would therefore lead to some being denied potentially useful treatment, but the continuously distributed volume response also indicates that all separation into 'reversible' and 'irreversible' disease is bound to be arbitrary
http://www.indegene.com/Pul/Home/indPul_Ind_News_07-09-2001_1.asp   (206 words)

  
 [No title]
This can also be regarded as a response to the Philippine government’s campaign to utilize the country’s natural resources and to promote the use of herbal medicine as an alternative intervention for asthma, as well as other diseases.
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As this is beyond the scope of this study, requiring identification through a more selective study, it would suffice to say that some property of the test substance, as yet undiscovered, possesses a bronchodilating effect on smooth muscle cells.
http://www.uerm.edu/research/bambusa.doc   (2437 words)

  
 IngentaConnect Serum Eosinophil Cationic Protein Levels and Bronchodilator Respo...
This suggests that degree of airway inflammation may be one determinant of degree of responsiveness to initial bronchodilatory therapy at acute asthma exacerbation.
It is proposed that the extent to which bronchoconstriction or airway inflammation contributes to airflow obstruction in acute asthma may determine responsiveness to bronchodilator therapy.
Serum Eosinophil Cationic Protein Levels and Bronchodilator Responses at Acute Asthma Exacerbation
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/acaai/aaai/1997/00000079/00000004/art00015   (379 words)

  
 Bronchodilator Citations
P Marik, J Hogan, J Krikorian (1999) A Comparison of Bronchodilator Therapy Delivered by Nebulization and Metered-Dose Inhaler in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Chest 115: 1653-1657.
Dhand, R, Jubran, A, Tobin, MJ (1995) Efficacy of bronchodilator delivered by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator-supported patients with COPD.
Dhand, R, Duarte, AG, Jubran, A, et al (1996) Dose response to bronchodilator delivered by metered-dose inhaler in ventilator-supported patients.
http://www.ventworld.com/resources/citations-bronch.asp   (133 words)

  
 Expectorant bronchodilator/Weight loss - Discuss Bodybuilding
I was hoping that someone could provide more information on a product called MEGA PRO VASOPRO, which is sold as an expectorant bronchodilator for the treatment of asthma.
Due to its ephedrine content, can this product be used as an effective weight loss supplement?
http://www.discussbodybuilding.com/m_33570/tm.htm   (363 words)

  
 Bronchodilator duration of salmeterol/fluticasone inhaler
Findings - Masoli et al of the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand carried out a double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of 18 adults with mild to moderate asthma.
The biphasic pattern of airway tone changes were also abolished.
Many patients would prefer to have the maximal bronchodilator effect during the day when they were most physically active.
http://www.aaaai.org/aadmc/currentliterature/selectedarticles/2005archive/bronchodilator.html   (265 words)

  
 DHMC Respiratory Care Bronchodilator Resuscitation Protocol for Acute Asthma
This protocol is intended only to guide initial therapy.
Should ED physicians choose continuous nebulization or heliox as a treatment alternative, respiratory care will provide these services.
The purpose of this protocol is to provide guidelines for the use of fast acting bronchodilators as a first line emergency treatment of the symptoms of acute airway obstruction.
http://www.dhmc.org/webpage.cfm?site_id=2&org_id=116&morg_id=0&sec_id=0&gsec_id=5560&item_id=5563   (457 words)

  
 Strides in Bronchodilator Therapy in COPD
Strides in Bronchodilator Therapy is a self-paced educational course that will earn you one-hour of CRCE credit.
You are only given two tries to complete the test.
It is based on the content of an AARC 2003 Summer Forum satellite symposium titled The Burden of COPD: Now and Beyond.
http://www.aarc.org/education/bronchodilator_therapy   (147 words)

  
 Bronchodilator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A bronchodilator is a medication intended to improve bronchial airflow.
A common side effect of these medications is desensitization, which may produce refractory bronchospasm.
They are also intended to help expand the airways and improve the breathing capacity of patients with emphysema, pneumonia and bronchitis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilator   (122 words)

  
 Comparison of lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments for cough suppression in patients with chronic ...
Comparison of lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments for cough suppression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Comparison of lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments for cough suppression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -- Chong et al.
of lidocaine and bronchodilator inhalation treatments for rapid
http://emj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/22/6/429   (253 words)

  
 Effects of bronchodilator particle size in asthmatic patients using monodisperse aerosols -- Usmani et al. 95 (5): 2106 ...
Effect of particle size of bronchodilator aerosols on lung distribution and pulmonary function in patients with chronic asthma.
Comparison of the relative airways and systemic potencies of inhaled fenoterol and salbutamol in asthmatic patients.
Effects of bronchodilator particle size in asthmatic patients using monodisperse aerosols -- Usmani et al.
http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/95/5/2106   (3703 words)

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