Brain imaging - Medicow
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Topic: Brain imaging

  
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Brain imaging is a fairly recent discipline within medicine and neuroscience.
Imaging has confirmed the theory that loving parents make smarter, happier babies, and that talking and playing with a baby and letting him or her see, touch, smell and hear new things will help develop the brain s hardwiring (Zwillich).
Brain atlases are simply maps of what normal functioning brains look like (Thompson, Bioinformatics).
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Brain-imaging

  
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A variety of techniques are helping researchers understand the relationship between brain structure, function, and human behavior.
This technique, called positron emission tomography (PET), using other isotopes also can image other body processes, including glucose breakdown (the process by which energy is produced), oxygen consumption, and the effect of drugs on the brain.
These findings are helping researchers understand how humans process information and which brain areas must be preserved during surgery.
http://www.sfn.org/content/Publications/BrainBriefings/brain_imaging.html

  
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Cerebral palsy is nonprogressive—that is, it does not worsen with time.
A stroke is damage to the brain due to an interruption in blood flow.
Multiple sclerosis damages the myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord.
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555359_3/Brain.html

  
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He or she will prescribe medication, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, or a host of other treatments that will change brain function—but will not know which areas of the patient's brain work well, which areas work too hard, and which do not work hard enough.
Used in conjunction with clinical history and other tests, brain SPECT imaging is a powerful tool to see the underlying brain physiology of many emotional, learning or behavioral problems.
In my opinion, the lack of brain imaging has kept psychiatry behind medicine's other specialties, reducing our effectiveness with patients and hindering our efforts to reduce stigma and improve compliance.
http://www.brainplace.com/

  
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Brain imaging can probe into the biology of behavior -- and thoughts.
It concerns the emerging science of brain imaging and its potential to reveal not only what is going on now but what a person might be likely to do in the future.
It could tell us that choices or behaviors we thought were of free will are actually predetermined, the result of our brain's wiring.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week646/cover.html

  
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The imaging techniques developed in the McConnell Brain Imaging Centre are also being used in large-scale, multi-centre clinical trials.
He is also developing a new method to measure the release of dopamine by neurons in the living human brain, the goal being to understand more fully dopamine's role in Parkinson's Disease and schizophrenia as well as in drug addiction.
Dr. Bernasconi is interested in the development and application of computerized image processing techniques such as voxel-based morphometry, texture analysis and shape analysis to improve the detection of subtle brain lesions, particularly neuronal migration disorders, a frequent cause of pharmacologically intractable epilepsy which are often missed by conventional MRI.
http://www.mni.mcgill.ca/bic.html

  
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Imaging offers the promise of integrating biomedical, psychosocial, and behavioral aspects of alcoholism, leading to improved prevention and treatment.
Imaging studies also provide evidence for disrupted response of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which appears to interact with dopamine in the development of alcoholism (28).
A key goal of imaging in alcoholism research is to detect changes in specific brain regions that can be correlated with alcohol-related behaviors.
http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa47.htm

  
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Understand the relationships between specific areas of the brain and what function they serve.
So using this method can identify the areas of the brain that are active during specific conditions.
This technique could be used to study just about any other cognitive function.
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/image.html

  
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The characterization of age-associated changes in brain structure and function in healthy children and adolescents has the potential to increase our understanding of normal development, additionally this knowledge is critical to the identification of neurobiological anomalies associated with behavioral pathology.
Basically what this all means is that we believe that one of the best ways to understand changes in adolescence is to study brain structure and function during the teenage years.
The laboratory is currently using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that examine changes in adolescents' brain structure and function.
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~t-brain/community/imaging.php

  
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The findings have drawn considerable attention from neuroscientists because "ADD is so widespread, so controversial and confusing, and these are among the few clear findings in that field," said Gabrieli, who heads the brain imaging laboratory where the research was done.
Despite these limitations, the study points to new directions for research into brain function that could improve individuals' performance.
This imaging method can show brain differences in individual people, instead of in averages of differences of two groups.
http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/report/news/december2/add122.html

  
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Neuroscience and radiology professionals from around the globe demonstrate how imaging technology is key to best practices in medicine.
Several health and consumer organizations are highly concerned about today's dramatic increase in the incidence of autism.
Together with MR imaging and functional MRI, it provides a picture of how brain functions are organized in individuals with autism.
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=9252

  
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Our research goals are (1) to develop new techniques to display diffusion-weighted imaging of the human brain, and (2) to develop new techniques to display time-series neuronal imagery from confocal microscopy.
This promises the benefit of observing the rewiring that occurs after trauma or stroke as the brain reorganizes, and provides a platform to extend our interaction with the brain imaging group at McGill University.
These datasets range in resolution from the full human brain down to individual neurons within tissue samples.
http://www.cs.fsu.edu/~banks/neuralImaging

  
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During the past 150 years, the study of brain function has enlisted an increasing number of scientific disciplines in its service, beginning with anatomy and continuing with physiology, psychology, pharmacology, and molecular biology.
Some of the most intriguing imaging experiments, however, have explored issues in psychology and psychiatry, disciplines that often resist a hard-science approach.
Two studies by Daniel Schacter, chairman of Harvard University's psychology department, suggest that conclusions about memory drawn from brain imaging should be viewed with caution.
http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1998/apr/research_980413.html

  
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Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess brain function, Coghill and colleagues found that study participants who said that a heat stimulus was intensely painful had pronounced activation of brain regions that are important in pain.
While their brains were scanned, this device heated a small patch of their skin to 120° Fahrenheit, a temperature that most people find painful.
However, there was little difference between subjects in activation of the thalamus, which is involved in transmitting pain signals from the spinal cord to higher brain regions.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/06/030624090043.htm

  
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Child psychiatrist and senior investigator Bradley S. Peterson, MD, says brain imaging may also allow clinicians to better utilize the therapies that are already in use.
Peterson says brain imaging may also prove useful for distinguishing between the two.
Researchers say the finding could one day lead to better drugs and behavioral interventions to treat kids with ADHD.
http://content.health.msn.com/content/article/77/95341.htm

  
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These, in turn, provide fascinating and increasingly detailed clues to how the different parts of the brain contribute to the success of what seem like simple processes when they work properly--the recall of words, perception of colors, the ability to speak, name and face recognition, and so on.
They had carried out a detailed study of the pierced skull which, along with the rod, had been preserved by Gage's foresightful doctor and family, and they were able to tie together the structural damage to Gage's brain--specifically his frontal lobes--with his altered behavior (2,3).
They can't plan for the future, and they can't see how their behavior will affect their own lives or the lives of others (1).
http://science-education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Gage/Broken_brain1.html

  
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This method can also be used to study the physiology of other organs-- for example, studying blood flow to pathological organs, thus helping us to understand the disease process.
The principle of fMRI imaging is to take a series of images of the brain in quick succession and to statistically analyze the images for differences among them.
Susceptibility contrast imaging of cerebral blood volume: human experience.
http://www.neuroguide.com/gregg.html

  
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This information can be critical to planning surgery, radiation therapy, treatment for stroke, or other interventions to treat brain disorders.
Depending on how many images are needed, the exam will generally take from 15 to 45 minutes, although a very detailed study may take longer.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a relatively new procedure that uses MR imaging to measure the quick, tiny metabolic changes that take place in an active part of the brain.
http://www.radiologyinfo.com/content/functional_mr.htm

  
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Brain Tour : images and diagrams illustrating the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system — perfect for class.
One of the best in this genre is Dr. John Ratey's new book, A User's Guide to the Brain.
Understanding child prodigies may help us to nurture the hidden talents of the children in our care.
http://www.brainconnection.com/

  
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If you present a digit for example, spelled out, you'll get this visual word form area active, so there's overlap, but there seems to be an area of the right posterior part of the brain, the parietal lobe --
Michael Posner: The question of structure is an interesting one.
Norman Swan: Do you see changes, physical changes in the brain over time?
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s11173.htm

  
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There seems to be an endless fascination with looking for differences in behaviors, attitudes, abilities and brain function between the sexes, but as a scientific pursuit it is a search with both technical and political/philosophical dimensions, and findings that are often inconsistent or open to variable interpretation.
Although most of these findings are preliminary and inconclusive, they do hold promise for helping to better understand the three pound universe in our heads - the biology of our behaviors.
And, as Dr. Haier observes, "You can compare men and women on a couple of hundred brain areas and you're bound to find differences, but without some theory in advance what to look at and what you might find...it's kind of a big fishing expedition."
http://www.talentdevelop.com/gender.html

  
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The light shines through the skull into the brain and records regional differences in blood flow and oxygen levels.
This function would be necessary in space to avoid lost time transmitting data to Earth for evaluation and also would be beneficial for Earth-based use in physician's clinics.
This device and others being developed by the NSBRI smart medicine team will improve delivery of medical care in space, however Sutton feels the first benefits will be realized on Earth in the assessment, treatment and monitoring of pediatric and adult patients.
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-05/nsbr-bcu050802.php

  
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The regions in the brain where there is a different between the activity in the two conditions are then assumed to mark regions of cognitive processes that are different between the conditions.
Brain mechanisms associated with top-down processes in perception.
PET and fMRI are relatively new techniques, which allows imaging of the brain without disturbing it, and they are important tools in clinical treatment and investigation.
http://www.human-brain.org/replicability.html

  
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Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology - a primary site for research into the functional anatomy of the human brain.
Researchers employ Positron Emission Tomography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and other non-invasive imaging techniques to study the function of the living human brain.
University of Brittish Columbia Brain Research Centre neuroimaging laboratory.
http://www.neuropsychologycentral.com/interface/content/links/page_material/imaging/imaging_links.html

  
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People had trouble holding still that long, and the images were fuzzy, hard to read (earning nuclear medicine the nickname "unclear medicine") and they did not give much information about the functioning deep within the brain.
Then multi-headed cameras were developed which were able to image the brain much faster and with enhanced resolution.
Nuclear medicine studies measure the physiological functioning of the body, and they can be used to diagnose a multitude of medical conditions: heart disease, certain forms of infection, the spread of cancer, and bone and thyroid disease.
http://www.brainplace.com/bp/atlas/ch1.asp

  
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Tracer activity in the brain correlates well with independent measures of rCBF over a wide range of flow, but achieving this determination requires arterial sampling, scrupulous technique and highly accurate instrumentation.
Many if not all of these assumptions are violated to greater or lesser degrees by virtually all available flow tracers.
Perfusion may also be referred to as regional blood flow or, in the brain, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)".
http://brighamrad.harvard.edu/education/online/BrainSPECT/Theory/Agents.html

  
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One part will cover the techniques used to solve some of the mathematical/engineering problems raised by brain imaging research.
The study of the human brain and its perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions is without any doubt one of the most challenging and fascinating topics of contemporary science.
New Applications of Geometry to Analysis of Brain Imagery
http://www.ima.umn.edu/multimedia/fall/ms1.html

  
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Our physical location is in the P Corridor of the U of C Medical Complex, with easy entrance through the Surgery Brain Research Pavillion.
BRIC utilizes cutting research technology and a multidisciplinary approach to explore the specific interactions that take place between human brain and behavior.
See what we presented at Human Brain Mapping 2003.
http://www.bric.uchicago.edu/

  
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Moreover, ROIs from different individuals can be overlapped (on brain images that have been normalised to the same template) allowing neuropsychologists to assess common areas of damage.
This means that the brain images can be viewed with or without corresponding ROIs.
Version 1.38 improves contrast and brigthness settings, using the medical imaging standard 'window centre' and 'window width' values.
http://www.psychology.nottingham.ac.uk/staff/cr1/mricro.html

  
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Anatomical MRI is used to noninvasively generate an image of the anatomy that is used to define the geometry of the head and brain, for modeling, and for visualizing regions of brain activity.
The goals of the research are to expand our basic understanding of how the brain works and to develop tools for the diagnosis and treatment of mental and neurological disorders.
DOE scientists from many disciplines are collaborating to develop and apply new technologies to study the function of the human brain.
http://www.firstscience.com/SITE/ARTICLES/imaging.asp

  
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This produces unique views of the brain and other organs for diagnosis, assessment of function, and surgery itself.
There are two imaging methods used to obtain information about function related to structure.
Substantial progress and refinement has been made in these techniques, due to improvements in computer hardware and software, and in imaging chemicals.
http://www.pallidotomy.com/imaging_the_brain.html

  
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Some information on pursuing graduate studies at the Brain Imaging Centre.
The BIC maintains strong and rapidly developing linkages with the clinical, clinical research and basic research communities within the Institute and has developed collaborations with other McGill researchers in biochemistry, physiology, computer science, mathematics, electrical and biomedical engineering.
The program emphasizes quantitative 3-D investigation of brain structure and function.
http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/

  
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Bullock, T.H. Slow potentials in the brain: still little understood but gradually getting analytical attention.
Morin, Alain ( 2003) A neuro-socio-cognitive model of self-awareness with an emphasis on inner speech.
Morin, Alain ( 1999) On a relation between self-awareness and inner speech: Additional evidence from brain studies.
http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/view-brain-img.html

  
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By taking very fast images (on the order of an image or more per second) one can rapidly image the contrast between activity at rest and during a specific behavior, thus demonstrating function as well as structure.
Recently, neurologists and neurophysiologists have perfected a way to non-invasively stimulate the brain by applying magnetic stimulation to the scalp.
This technique, known as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), can map brain functions as well as possibly treat neuropsychiatric diseases such as Parkinson's disease and depression.
http://www.musc.edu/psychiatry/fnrd/function.htm

  
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Researchers and clinicians alike will find that this remarkable volume enhances their understanding of the theory and practice of brain imaging in psychiatry and offers an exciting glimpse of the future directions of both the technology and the science.
Brain imaging and its application to major psychiatric disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia is one of the most exciting fields in psychiatry today.
Chapter 3, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children and Adolescents: Implications for Research on Emotion, explains a compelling new way of using fMRI to investigate disorders of emotion (such as major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and social phobia) in children, synthesizing neuroscience, psychiatry, and developmental psychology.
http://www.appi.org/book.cfm?id=62028

  
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PET imaging is unique in its ability to determine whether a patient's heart muscle will benefit from coronary artery bypass surgery.
Therefore, the patient will not benefit from heart surgery, but may have other forms of treatment prescribed.
Through surgical removal of this area of the brain, the patient is rendered "seizure-free".
http://www.biomed.org/pet.html

  
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Implications of brain research for early years education.  Interplay 2, 24-30 (2002).
Blakemore S-J   and Frith, U.  How does the brain deal with the social world?
An interference effect of observed biological movement on action.
http://www.icn.ucl.ac.uk/sblakemore/SJB_Biblio_Jan04.html

  
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A series of two-page newsletters explaining how basic neuroscience discoveries lead to clinical applications.
At this time, we do not e-mail Brain Briefings.
Please note that our mailing list is for paper-based Brain Briefings.
http://www.sfn.org/briefings/

  
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We hope you had a chance to stop by and see our booth; if not, please note we will be at Human Brain Mapping, BioMag 2004 and SCN 2004 later this year.
Mark Pflieger presented a poster on causal interaction dynamics of brain regions, which you may view here.
EMSE Suite is a Windows-based software toolkit for 4D multimodal functional brain imaging, including analysis, source estimation, image processing, and visualization.
http://www.sourcesignal.com/

  
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Kennedy Krieger Institute -- Behavioral neurogenetics and neuroimaging research
San Diego Sleep and Rhythms RATMAN for circadian rhythm analysis and ACQS5 for EEG sleep staging
Carlsson, Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Gothenburg, was rewarded for research showing uses and mechanisms of dopamine as a brain neurotransmitter.
http://neuro.med.cornell.edu/VL/

  
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Dotted lines aid the technicians in precisely positioning the subject's head inside the 360-degree core of the imager.
The facility is the first brain imaging center dedicated to drug abuse research.
London is a pharmacologist who has conducted innovative PET scan drug abuse research, including mapping human brain areas involved in cocaine-induced euphoria.
http://www.nida.nih.gov/NIDA_Notes/NNVol11N5/NewImag.html

  
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3/29/2004: BIAC has been awarded a $185,000 equipment grant from Hewlett-Packard in support of its teaching laboratory for functional brain imaging.
Copyright © 2004, Brain Imaging and Analysis Center
1/8/2004: BIAC paper "Linking hemodynamic and electrophysiological measures of brain activity: Evidence from functional MRI and intracranial field potentials" published in Cerebral Cortex.
http://www.biac.duke.edu/

  
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"...the single most critical piece of equipment is still the researcher's own brain.
These slides originated from my graduate course on brain imaging at UWO.
All the equipment in the world will not help us if we do not know how to use it properly, which requires more than just knowing how to operate it.
http://defiant.ssc.uwo.ca/Jody_web/fmri4dummies.htm

  
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500 Can't connect to www.human- brain<:80 (Bad hostname 'www.human- brain<')
http://www.human-brain.org/replicability.html

  
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For example, many studies using these methods have showed that different parts of the brain are activated during different psychological actions.
They measure blood flow in the brain, which changes very quickly as activity in an area of the brain increases or decreases.
These methods are called non-invasive because they can visualize (~show) the inside of the body without opening it up.
http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/imaging.htm

  
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But researchers now have unprecedented ability to see what is going wrong in the brain — in schizophrenia, epilepsy, and many other disorders &; and, perhaps, armed with the new information, find cures.
The result is chaos — a harmless picture may inadvertently be processed by parts of the brain that usually process touch, or taste, or even fear.
New technology that can watch changes in your brain as they happen.
http://abcnews.go.com/sections/wnt/DailyNews/brain_imaging030114.html

  
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Scans and other imaging research have also shown that the brains of children with AD/HD differ fairly consistently from those of children without the disorder.
Several brain regions and structures (pre-frontal cortex, striatum, basal ganglia, and cerebellum) tend to be smaller.
Brain imaging studies using PET scanners show that brain metabolism in children with AD/HD is lower in the areas of the brain that control attention, social judgment, and movement.
http://www.additudemag.com/addabc.asp?DEPT_NO=201&SUB_NO=4

  
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Each pixel represents brain tissue which is about 1 mm.
The standard slice orientation in most brain imaging is transaxial or "axial".
Note that, like the "lower organs", we look up to the brain.
http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/hms1.html

  
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·Also includes timely information on issues such as bioterrorism, genetic research, robotic surgery, brain imaging, and bionic people.
http://www.randomhouse.com/words/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=0812991001

  
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Welcome to the Brain Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
We perform internationally competitive research to help understand the structure and function of the human brain.
Applications open for a Clinical and Research Fellow to undertake a Phd or post-doctorial training in Advanced Neuroimaging and Epilepsy
http://www.brain.org.au/

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