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| | Bipedal locomotion |
 | | While human bipedal locomotion is comparatively well understood biomechanically, neurologically and physiologically, relatively little is known about the relationships between diverse locomotor habits and patterns of structural variation in long bones, be it in hominoids, primates in general or, on a larger scope, in other habitual bipeds such as cursorial birds. | | | Habitual bipedal locomotion is generally seen as a specifically human feature, but it is likely to have evolved various times during primate phylogeny. | | | This information is needed to better understand distinct evolutionary pathways towards bipedality. |
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http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/staff/zolli/res_db/bipedal.html
(276 words)
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| | The Origin of Bipedalism |
| | The behavioral model (Lovejoy 1981) attributes bipedality to the social, sexual and reproductive conduct of early hominids. | | | The behavioral model, as presented by Lovejoy, focuses on social behavioral mechanisms that influence survivorship and birthrate. | | | Human sexual behavior and anatomy are hypothesized as implying a monogamous mating structure, a social form seen as prerequisite to male provisioning. |
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http://www.jqjacobs.net/anthro/paleo/bipedalism.html
(888 words)
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| | Bipedal |
| | Humans are generally thought to have evolved bipedalism either through living on plains (the Savanna Theory), or wading like their semi-bipedal wading cousins the bonobo chimps and proboscis monkeys, the Aquatic Ape Theory. | | | A less well-known aspect of bipedal neuroanatomy can be demonstrated in human infants who have not yet developed toward the ability to stand up. | | | The technique of power-lifters highlights the similar difference in dimensions, even in untrained humans, between the muscles of the thigh and the upper arm. |
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http://www.comicscomics.com/search.php?title=Bipedal
(840 words)
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| | John Hawks Anthropology Weblog |
| | One of the adaptations to bipedalism must, then, have been a behavioral change toward carrying dependent offspring until they were old enough to walk. | | | All apes can walk bipedally, so the behavior itself was within the capabilities of the common ancestors of hominids and chimpanzees. | | | The wide pelvis of early hominids had one consequence beyond those related to bipedalism, by setting the stage for a major evolution of the birth process. |
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http://www.johnhawks.net/weblog/topics/bipedalism?advanced_search=1
(2617 words)
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| | biped |
| | Recovery of locomotion in monkeys with spinal cord lesions. | | | A mathematical model of adaptive behavior in quadruped locomotion. | | | A principle of locomotor control in an unpredictably changing environment is presented on the basis of neurophysiology and biomechanics from the perspective of nonlinear dynamics theory. |
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http://www.cs.umass.edu/~mtr/research/biped/bib.html
(14466 words)
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| | Bipedal Wading in Hominoidae Past and Present |
| | The factors that contributed to the origin of human bipedalism are still not understood. | | | He argued that her position was based on the assumption that our ancestors had once been fairly large, purely terrestrial quadrupeds but that there was no strong evidence that this was so. | | | The paleo-habitats of the earliest bipeds, as with all the evidence reviewed here, are consistent with the hypothesis that wading contributed to the adaptive pressure towards bipedality. |
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http://www.riverapes.com/Me/Work/BipedalismThesis.htm
(4359 words)
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| | PEOPLES OF THE WORLD: PREHISTORY |
| | During hominid evolution several major structural features within our anatomy have been reorganized to facilitate bipedal locomotion. | | | Under what conditions would bipedalism be selected for? | | | Efficient form of locomotion between patchy resources - slower |
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http://anthroclass.com/lectures/lbanth313/class2.html
(2001 words)
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| | World Intellectual Property Organization |
| | The underlying scientific basis for this approach is the observation that after a complete thoracic spinal cord transection, the hindlimbs of cats can be trained to fully support their weight, rhythmically step in response to a moving treadmill, and adjust their walking speed to that of a treadmill. | | | The system serves the purpose of assisting and easing the rehabilitation of spinal cord, stroke and traumatic brain injured people (as well as others with injury affecting locomotion) to regain, walking capabilities. | | | It uses an individually adjustable and sensing based automation of body weight support training (BWST) approach to train standing and locomotion of impaired patients by helping them to relearn how to walk on a treadmill which then facilitates relearning to walk overground. |
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http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=01/14018.010301&ELEMENT_SET=DECL
(4378 words)
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| | Facts: Australopiths |
| | This condition served as a trajectory of the evolution of human bipedalism. | | | The postcranial evidence points to the conclusion that Australopithecus was bipedal, but still in an inferior degree than modern humans. | | | There are lots of theories offered to explain the origin of bipedalism. |
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http://www.redrival.com/evolusi/humevol3.htm
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| | COLOMBO et al. Treadmill training with robotic orthosis |
| | Nevertheless, therapists still are needed to ensure the effectiveness of the training by monitoring the progress in locomotion and to supervise the training session. | | | Wernig A, Muller S, Nanassy A, Cagol E. Laufband therapy based on 'rules of spinal locomotion' is effective in spinal cord injured persons. | | | With the DGO the legs of patients with different degrees of paresis and spasticity could be trained for more than half an hour, and physiological gait patterns were obtained. |
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http://www.vard.org/jour/00/37/6/colom376.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | Like terrestrial mammals, cetaceans and pinnipeds undulate the body dorso-ventrally in locomotion, not laterally; cetaceans have horizontal flukes on the tail, and the body is flexed during locomotion in an action that is more likely to reinforce respiration than interfering with it. | | | An alternation of downward power strokes and upward recovery strokes (Riess and Frey 1991) would have led to alternating changes in the body position of plesiosaurs relative to the surface, no matter whether the fore- and hindlimb strokes were synchronous or alternating (for a summary of that controversy, see Massare 1994). | | | Some of Riess's arguments about locomotory style are apparently based on an inappropriate comparison with the living Amazon dolphin (see summary of this controversy in Massare 1994), but it remains true that the skeletal anatomy of ichthyosaurs at least permits, and may require, considerable flexibility of the body. |
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http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/~cowen/ichthyosaur.html
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| | New Perceived "Ape-Man" Discovery Leaves Numerous Questions Unanswered - by Patrick Young, Ph.D. |
| | Most evolutionists claim the knee joint is evidence of transitional status from apelike locomotor movements to distinctly human bipedalism. | | | Although there are several differences between modern humans and their perceived ancestors, the primary focus will be on locomotion characteristics. | | | Unless you choose to embark in an extensive examination on subject of human evolution, one will be led to believe all evolutionists adhere to the genus Australopithecus as being ancestral to humans. |
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http://www.creationists.org/patrickyoung/article03.html
(1817 words)
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| | ADAPTIVE BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION: INSIGHTS FROM A NEURO-FUZZY-GENETIC OPTIMIZATION MODEL |
| | Based on the behavior of a novice ambulator that learns to adapt its limb coordination for avoiding obstacles in the pathway through several exposures and trials, we have developed a model for adaptation of human locomotion. | | | An excess number of degrees of freedom in the lower limbs' skeletal system and existence of several uni- and bi-articular muscles spanning the joints offer a great deal of flexibility in adapting the gait to the terrain conditions. | | | However, these methods have certain shortcomings: (a) For most adaptive movements such as stepping over obstacles the human ambulator satisfies more than one objective; the optimization literature has mostly dealt with single objective [1]; (b) If the terrain conditions are changed (e.g. |
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http://www.asb-biomech.org/onlineabs/NACOB98/185
(1039 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Once humans were able to walk on two legs their hands were free for other activities such as fashioning tools which lead to an increase in brain size which eventually lead to things we associate with humanity such as speech, art, etc. These things may not have developed if bipedal locomotion did not develop first. | | | The not-so reasonable theory: “The Carrying the Groceries Theory” : An ape becomes bipedal to free hands for carrying objects. | | | “The Jurassic Park Theory”: Suggests that humans developed their bipedalism from the dinosaurs. |
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http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/som/students/2003/Lectures/body35.doc
(2486 words)
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| | New Page 1 |
| | When done by humans, bipedal locomotion is not statically stable. | | | Versatility - A bipedal locomotion system should be able to negotiate any terrain a human can. | | | However, it is possible to do statically stable bipedal locomotion. |
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http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~robotlab/robotlab/courses/cs54-2001s/biped.html
(230 words)
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| | Footsteps Through Time - Lesson 1 |
| | There are a number of physiological changes that have to occur throughout the skeleton in order to support the body when walking upright. | | | The Laetoli Footprints are a remarkable find because they show early bipedal behavior in a fossilized medium. | | | Since heat stress is an adaptive problem for savanna-living animals, bipedalism helps keep the body cool since it means less surface area hit by the sun and more surface area cooled by the wind. |
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http://www.abouthumanevolution.net/html/lesson1.htm
(771 words)
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| | 3.24.2005 - Octopuses occasionally stroll around on two arms, UC Berkeley biologists report |
| | Full, who looks at many types of animal locomotion and seeks to determine how animals control such movements, sees a revolutionary new principle in how the octopus uses its arms - one that could be used in making soft, squishy robots. | | | "This bipedal behavior allows them to get away and remain cryptic," said Huffard. | | | This first report of bipedal behavior in octopuses, written by University of California, Berkeley, researchers, will be published in the March 25 issue of Science. |
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http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml
(1208 words)
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| | Lokomotion bei Primaten |
| | However, compared with the human bipedal gait, a gorilla has a greater displacement of the hip relative to the shoulder. | | | 3D-video recordings of the locomotor behaviour under "natural" conditions enable us to analyse quadrupedal and bipedal gaits of adult individuals. | | | On the other hand, there are several characteristics of human bipedalism that are more similar to quadrupedalism of apes than to their bipedalism. |
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http://www.biologie.fu-berlin.de/humanbio/loko1.htm
(310 words)
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| | topics3 |
| | The human pelvis is broader and flatter than an ape's, and our gluteus maximus (the muscle forming your rear end) is attached differently to facilitate running and walking. | | | The human foot has lost its opposable toe, and the arch in our foot helps absorb shock and adds a propulsive spring. | | | Early hominids were bipedal, and this form of locomotion required anatomical changes. |
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http://faculty.buffalostate.edu/engelbwe/topics3.html
(2324 words)
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| | Foot - Art History Online Reference and Guide |
| | The structures of the human foot and hand are variations on the same basic five-digit anatomy, in common with many other vertebrates. | | | The foot is a biological structure found in many animals that is used for locomotion. | | | In mollusks, on the other hand, the foot is a purely muscular structure. |
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http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Foot
(552 words)
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| | Human - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The individual need for regular intake of food and drink is prominently reflected in human culture, and has led to the development of food science. | | | The origins of bipedal locomotion and of its role in the evolution of the human brain are topics of ongoing research. | | | Bipedal locomotion appears to have evolved before the development of a large brain. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human
(7430 words)
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| | The energetic cost of bipedal hopping in small mammals |
| | The purpose of the present study was to extend the assessment of the metabolic expense of bipedal hopping to a broader range of body sizes and mammalian taxa. | | | Bipedality must therefore be associated with benefits other than those related to the energetic costs of locomotion. | | | Recent studies of locomotion in red kangaroos (Megaleia rufa, 18−28 kg) |
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http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v287/n5779/abs/287223a0.html
(402 words)
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| | The International Journal of Robotics Research |
| | The system equations of motion are derived using variational methods, and are retained in their nonlinear form. | | | A bipedal locomotion system is synthesized to characterize some of the previously overlooked aspects of the locomotion process, specifically standing/balance and initiation and stopping. | | | The locomotion system is described by a three-element three-dimensional model consisting of two lower limbs and an upper body. |
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http://www.ijrr.org/contents/19_03/abstract/333.html
(125 words)
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| | Matt Berkemeier's Locomotion Research |
| | It has been demonstrated that much of the locomotion control of animals takes place in the spinal cord, and the brain plays only a minor role. | | | My major focus since graduate school has been on the development of models for biologically-inspired robot locomotion and their subsequent analysis. | | | This suggests a new paradigm for locomotion control in robots in which local oscillators stimulate joint actuators. |
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http://www.engineering.usu.edu/ece/faculty/MBerkemeier/locomotion.html
(716 words)
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| | Early Hominid Evolution: Analysis of Early Hominids |
| | Early hominid leg and foot bones were also much more similar to ours than to those of apes. | | | This is consistent with the likelihood of early hominid bipedalism. | | | Bipedal locomotion may have been an adaptation to living in relatively open grassland environments. |
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http://anthro.palomar.edu/hominid/australo_2.htm
(2124 words)
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| | SICB - 2004 meeting - Abstract Details |
| | The objectives of this study were to determine 1) whether traditional kinematic definitions (e.g. | | | Bipedalism is rare in primates and has occurred in 2 distantly related groups, hominoids and indrids. | | | During bipedal walking, energy conservation may be sacrificed for increased balance and reduced joint loads. |
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http://www.sicb.org/meetings/2004/schedule/abstractdetails.php3?id=567
(274 words)
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| | sciforums.com - Evolution II |
| | There are the spine problems itself, and other problems such as gravity and what it does with the female vertical standing bodies in pregnancy, I do not know detailed, but there are problems with that. | | | "Lucy: the begginnings of humankind", by Donald Johanson and Maitland Edey explains better than me the hypothesis of Owen Lovejoy that the way to bipedalism led to beings that can have more offspring than arboreal beings, in a positive feedback way. | | | But with this is hypothetized that a lot of typic human characteristics came together, such as monogamy and the absece of determinant heat on females, the roots of family nucleus, more sociability and etc. |
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http://www.sciforums.com/showthread.php?t=36653
(1400 words)
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| | The Reptipage: Varanid locomotion |
| | Varanids may also stand this way and lunge at intruders. | | | Typical locomotory posture is quadrupedal, the soles of the feet are placed flat on the surface and the legs are thrust to the side and then under the body in a stiff movement. | | | Varanids employ both the typical lacertilian anaerobic locomotion and an aerobic form of locomotion as well. |
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http://reptilis.net/lacertilia/varanidae/moving.html
(488 words)
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| | Hominid Evolution: Overview |
| | The lesson continues with activities that challenge students to explore and explain the variations in human skin pigmentation and other traits as adaptations to differing local conditions. | | | Students then analyze primate and hominid skeletons for differences related to bipedal locomotion. | | | At this time students are also given long-term research assignments to study a particular hominid species and the changes that are introduced throughout the module. |
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http://www.voyagesthroughtime.org:16080/hominid
(681 words)
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| | Multiple Choice Quiz |
| | A basic fact used in reconstructing the origin of bipedalism is | | | bipedalism evolved as a means for efficient locomotion in searching for food | | | The hypothesis explaining the origin of bipedalism proposed by Darwin states that standing upright allowed hominids to carry tools with their hands. |
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http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0767430220/student_view0/part3/chapter12/multiple_choice_quiz.html
(497 words)
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| | Carnegie Museum of Natural History News |
| | Evidence for the reptile's bipedal abilities come from close analysis of the proportions of Eudibamus' arms and legs. | | | The researchers suggest that its unique combination of diet and locomotion may have contributed to its widespread success. | | | Long before some dinosaurs, birds, and humans began to make their way through the world on two legs, a 290 million-year old reptile beat them to the bipedal starting line. |
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http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/news/00-oct-dec/110200berman.html
(712 words)
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| | NPR : Fancy Footwork: Octopuses Go Bipedal |
| | Berkeley graduate student Christine Huffard and her colleagues discovered the behavior in both species. | | | Now scientists have discovered that, despite having no bones in their bodies, two octopus species have mastered bipedal locomotion by ambling along on two arms. | | | All Things Considered, March 25, 2005 · Practically every animal that gets around on two feet has bones to help it do the job. |
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http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4561136&sourceCode=RSS
(349 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | C.K. Chow and D.H. Jacobsen, Further Studies of Human Locomotion: Postural Stability and Control, mb, 1972 | | | Ferrell, Global Behavior via Cooperative Local Control,, 1995 | | | Hemami and P.C. Camana, Nonlinear Feedback in Simple Locomotion Systems, ieeetac, 1976 |
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http://agrosy.informatik.uni-kl.de/wmc/literature.php
(9823 words)
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| | Re: Phase plane analysis (compilation) |
| | Rafael E. Bahamonde Biomechanics Laboratory PL202 Ball State University Muncie, IN 47306 Email 00r0bahamond.bsu.edu *************************************************************************** From: basdogan@nwu.edu (Cagatay Basdogan) Subject: Re: Phase plane analysis Cc: BIOMCH-L@HEARN.NIC.SURFNET.NL Dear Henrik: We studied the dynamic stability (repetability) and joint kinematics of human locomotion using the tools of nonlinear dynamics (phase plane portraits and Poincare maps). | | | Structural Stability Analysis of Four-Element Bipedal Locomotion Model.. | | | Hurmuzlu, Y. (1987) Effect of Stance Ankle Torques on the Nonlinear Stability of a Two Degree of Freedom, Three Element Bipedal Locomotion System. |
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http://isb.ri.ccf.org/biomch-l/archives/biomch-l-1995-02/00189.html
(1348 words)
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| | Primates for Dummies - Anthropoidea |
| | In fact, it is probably due to this brachiation that our shoulders are so generalized and thus have the wide range of motion that they do. | | | Their hind limbs are much shorter than their font limbs, so bipedal locomotion is difficult. | | | Their knuckles, however, are very strong and thick, allowing them to put most of their body weight on them. |
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http://home.gwu.edu/~jpiper/anthropoids.html
(317 words)
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| | Elliott Back » Walking Octopuses |
| | You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. | | | There’s a new journal article by Huffard called Underwater Bipedal Locomotion by Octopuses in Disguise, in a recent Science magazine. | | | You can leave a response, or generate a trackback url. |
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http://www.elliottback.com/wp/archives/2005/03/31/walking-octopuses
(548 words)
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| | Central pattern generators for bipedal locomotion |
| | We also compare patterns of oscillation of gaits of the eight-cell model with results on bipedal interlimb coordination in the literature, showing that the eight-cell model is a plausible network for modeling human interlimb coordination. | | | We use symmetry to study two central pattern generator (CPG) models for biped locomotion. | | | We use synaptic coupling in the four-cell model and diffusive coupling in the eight-cell model. |
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http://www.math.uh.edu/~mg/reprints/abstracts/04PG.html
(251 words)
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| | Roganti's Robotics Zone : Bipedal Robots |
| | This has already demonstrated to be responsive for balancing in a bipedal robot. | | | The Bipedal locomotion is achieved using a combination of static and dynamic equilibrium to emulate the human walking gait. | | | There are currently 2 prototypes which demonstrate bipedal locomotion using the human gait. |
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http://www.euronet.nl/users/ragman/robot5.html
(253 words)
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| | Rpt Template 97 (NIDRR) |
| | Since passive bipedal devices can be built, there do not appear to be any mechanical reasons why crutch ambulation efficiency cannot be increased, by new crutch design concepts, training, and new locomotion techniques.. | | | Also like the model, the crutches (and often immobilized legs) are passive systems. | | | It is hypothesized that crutch ambulation can be improved and made easier through the application and expansion of what is currently known about bipedal locomotion. |
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http://www.repoc.northwestern.edu/progress/jrrd.nidrr.9709.CrtchAmb.html
(553 words)
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| | Bipedal octopuses |
| | This is the first example of bipedal locomotion using a hydrostatic skeleton rather than rigid support. | | | Previously known examples of bipedal locomotion involved the support of a rigid skeleton. | | | Other forms of locomotion and arm-use by octopuses: |
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http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~chuffard/index_files/Bipedal_octopuses.htm
(926 words)
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| | thesis.final.w6 |
| | various elements of the bipedal control system have been described. | | | illustrates the overall pose control structure used for our bipedal systems. | | | For bipedal walking we choose to split the cycle into two symmetric halves and apply our |
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http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/people/jflaszlo/masc.thesis/thesis-html/thesis.final.w642.html
(219 words)
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| | Steve Collins' Home Page: Walking Robots |
| | can be used to test theories of human locomotion in ways impossible in human subject experiments, because robots allow for direct evaluation of proposed neuromuscular coordination strategies. | | | However, the robot's morphology must be a good model of the human musculoskeletal system. | | | Humans have a specific metabolic cost of transport of about 0.2, which is very similar to our robot and much lower than other walking robots. |
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http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~shc/robots.html
(1392 words)
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| | Bipedal Locomotion, Robot Gymnastics, and and Robot Air Hockey: A Rapprochement (ResearchIndex) |
| | These problems are fundamentally related to the control of redundant and underactuated robots and share some interesting common features, particularly with respect to the application of hybrid and switching control. | | | Abstract: In this paper we discuss control problems in bipedal locomotion, robot gymnastics, and robot air hockey and some interconnections among them. | | | Online articles have much greater impact More about CiteSeer.IST Add search form to your site Submit documents Feedback |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/179292.html
(452 words)
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| | Biped locomotion control |
| | With simple and low-dimensional control inputs from higher parts of the brain, they are able to generate all the rhythmic control signals needed to coordinate the muscles in complex movement tasks. | | | In order to design humanoid robots with a human-like gait, we are interested in investigating how the human nervous system is controlling bipedal locomotion and how we can model it with efficient controllers. | | | Many problems on equilibrium and control strategies have to be solved to design an efficient walking robot. |
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http://birg.epfl.ch/page56604.html
(248 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Consonant production is a side-effect of changes brought about by bipedal locomotion. | | | Finally, the reason to actually _use_ language came from the development and evolution of more and more complex mental models. | | | Consonant perception is useful for detecting and locating predators. |
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http://www.cs.indiana.edu/hyplan/gasser/Slearg/savage-rumbaugh.txt
(277 words)
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| | Locomotion Control Using Environment Information Inputs |
| | A learning scheme is developed to control bipedal locomotion on different sloping surfaces. | | | "Locomotion Control Using Environment Information Inputs," iciis, p. | | | The proposed technique can generate gaits on different sloping surfaces by following reference trajectory with desired step length, crossing height and walking speed. |
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http://csdl2.computer.org/persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/proceedings/&toc=comp/proceedings/iciis/1999/0446/00/0446toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/ICIIS.1999.810259
(194 words)
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