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| | Biped - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Humans are generally thought to have evolved bipedalism either through living on plains (the Savanna Theory), or wading like their semi-bipedal wading cousins the bonobo chimps and proboscis monkeys, the Aquatic Ape Theory. | | | A less well-known aspect of bipedal neuroanatomy can be demonstrated in human infants who have not yet developed toward the ability to stand up. | | | The technique of power-lifters highlights the similar difference in dimensions, even in untrained humans, between the muscles of the thigh and the upper arm. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedal_locomotion
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| | COMPARATIVE BIPEDALISM: How the rest of the animal kingdom walks on two legs (Philosophistry) |
| | The image that comes to mind considering kangaroos and their bipedal exploitation of open habitats is that of the ancestral hominid in the open plains of the savannah; similar ecological pressures may have faced both hominids and kangaroos when bipedalism was evolving. | | | Bipedalism is not a trait that uniquely evolved in humans but has occurred in five different instances among vertebrates. | | | While it is indeed true that the evolution of bipedalism in humans is coincident with the large increases in brain size that separate humans from other primates, bipedality in general has a long and varied history among many animals. |
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http://www.philosophistry.com/static/bipedalism.html
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| | The Origin of Bipedalism |
| | The behavioral model (Lovejoy 1981) attributes bipedality to the social, sexual and reproductive conduct of early hominids. | | | The behavioral model, as presented by Lovejoy, focuses on social behavioral mechanisms that influence survivorship and birthrate. | | | Human sexual behavior and anatomy are hypothesized as implying a monogamous mating structure, a social form seen as prerequisite to male provisioning. |
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http://www.jqjacobs.net/anthro/paleo/bipedalism.html
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| | Go to Homepage |
| | The bipedal, narrow-tracked gait, in which the pelvis alone should carry the entire burden of the body, needed, however, more vertebrates to attach the spine to the iliac bone, and consequently this was elongated. | | | As an adaptation to his habit, their iliac-bone, which attached the pelvis to the spine, was further elongated, and the downward-directed pubic bone was bend in behind and came to lie parallel to the ischium. | | | The source-group of reptiles, which were very much like the recent reptile Sphenodon, evolved into birds, the only group of recent bipedal diapsides, through continuous stages, each stage as for behavioural, physiological, and anatomical qualities better adapted to live and breed in the actual environments than the former. |
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http://home13.inet.tele.dk/palm/dinweb.htm
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| | Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - Erickson |
| | The permanent bipedal pose was a natural consequence of the perfection of bipedal hopping behavior. | | | Having been 'preadapted' for bipedal running, thecodonts need only have made a minor change in their locomotive behavior in order to shift from a symmetrical running gait to an asymmetrical hopping gait. | | | The answer, I suggest, is that the two adaptations — the one behavioral, the other structural — evolved in tandem; that hopping and bipedality reinforced one another so as to engender and 'perfect' the obligatory bipedal gait. |
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http://microlnx.com/dinosaurs/Bipedality.html
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| | Bipedal locomotion |
| | While human bipedal locomotion is comparatively well understood biomechanically, neurologically and physiologically, relatively little is known about the relationships between diverse locomotor habits and patterns of structural variation in long bones, be it in hominoids, primates in general or, on a larger scope, in other habitual bipeds such as cursorial birds. | | | Habitual bipedal locomotion is generally seen as a specifically human feature, but it is likely to have evolved various times during primate phylogeny. | | | Second, to infer specific locomotor habits from long bones of fossil hominids, detailed knowledge about morphological variation in extant taxa and its correlation with locomotor patterns is required. |
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http://www.ifi.unizh.ch/~zolli/res_db/bipedal.html
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| | Bipedal Wading in Hominoidae Past and Present |
| | The factors that contributed to the origin of human bipedalism are still not understood. | | | He argued that her position was based on the assumption that our ancestors had once been fairly large, purely terrestrial quadrupeds but that there was no strong evidence that this was so. | | | The paleo-habitats of the earliest bipeds, as with all the evidence reviewed here, are consistent with the hypothesis that wading contributed to the adaptive pressure towards bipedality. |
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http://www.riverapes.com/Me/Work/BipedalismThesis.htm
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| | Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion |
| | Abstract We review the evolution of human bipedal locomotion with a particular emphasis on the evolution of the foot. | | | The varying interpretations based on this material, together with changing theoretical insights and analytical approaches, is discussed and assessed in the context of new three-dimensional morphometric analyses of australopithecine and Homo foot bones, suggesting that there may have been greater diversity in human bipedalism in the earlier phases of our evolutionary history than previously suspected. | | | From this base rooted in comparative anatomy of living primates we trace changing ideas about the evolution of human bipedalism as increasing amounts of postcranial fossil material were discovered. |
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http://www.science-one.com/new-5444671-4248.html
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| | Bipedal locomotion |
| | Engineers who study bipedal walking describe it as a repeatedly interrupted fall. | | | The foot: mother of humanity; mankind owes homage to our uniquely human feet, without which it could not have evolved to... | | | Central pattern generation of locomotion : a review of the evidence. |
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http://hallencyclopedia.com/Bipedal_locomotion
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| | Orrorin tugenesis |
| | The only clear interpretation of this material with regards to bipedalism at the moment is that its morphology does not rule out bipedalism. | | | conclude that tugenensis was a bipedal hominid that was adapted also to arboreal activities. | | | However, much of this evidence is equivocal and does not provide sufficient support for obligate bipedalism. |
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http://www.modernhumanorigins.com/tugenensis.html
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| | Evolution of Bipedalism |
| | This means that the first biped would have practiced human-like bipedalism as a behavioral choice, but could have reverted to an effective quadrupedalism at any time. | | | (Proposes Vertical Climbing as the Precursor Behavior to Human Bipedalism) Jungers, WL (1984) Lucy's Limbs: Skeletal Allometry and Locomotion in _Australopithecus afarensis_. | | | Generally, the proponents of this opinion think that arborealism comprised a significant portion of early hominid locomotor behavior. |
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http://isb.ri.ccf.org/biomch-l/archives/biomch-l-1994-04/00041.html
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| | Sasquatch |
| | Sasquatch is a real, living bipedal hominid that is higher in intelligence than most animals, yet still has many animal behaviors and instincts. | | | The bipedal gait, i.e., kinematics, of a running Sasquatch does not markedly differ from the bipedal gait of a human. | | | The mechanics of running are quite complex, but there is no reason to believe there are any great differences between our species and Bigfoot. |
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http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/dtrapp/bigfoot.htm
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| | PreHistory |
| | However this was accomplished, our bipedal skeleton was framed long before our brains grew large, and while we evolved slowly, the great apes, and indeed many species on earth, appear to have evolved very little or not at all. | | | It seems from the evidence available that we must conclude that species evolve major functional changes so slowly, and from such tiny beginnings, that no fully matured large species can conceivably be supposed to have evolved any such major changes at all. | | | Ours, Homo, is shared by our species sapiens, preceded by erectus, preceded in turn by habilis. |
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http://www.medievalhistory.net/pag00012.htm
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| | Bipedal Reptilians - Above Top Secret Conspiracy Community |
| | Everyone seems set on the underground theory but allow me to again reiterate the fact that six out of the nine original stories I presented happened extremely close to, if not in, large bodies of water. | | | 2) Being bipedal humanoids,would their Bone Structure not be quite similar to that of ours? | | | I am however not an expert so this theory may in fact hold up. |
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http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread111225/pg2
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| | Bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in lizards |
| | A phylogenetic tree of five morphologically and behaviorally distinct desert lizards used in studies of high-speed kinematics and bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion. | | | Several of our studies have addressed these questions, both in the laboratory and in the field. | | | A field study of effects of incline on the escape locomotion of a bipedal lizard, Callisaurus draconoides |
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http://www.tulane.edu/~irschick/Bipedal_quad.htm
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| | Cryptozoology.com |
| | a mistaken belief that a tailless, bipedal body design is the highest, most perfect and only body design that will allow for evolutionary success, high intelligence and self awareness. | | | Personally, the only requirement I'd consider a prerequisite to high intelligence and self awareness would be a mechanism for manipulating tools and objects (much like the human opposable thumb). | | | Why would an animal with an already operable bipedal system *lose* that system to replace it with another? |
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http://www.cryptozoology.com/forum/topic_view_thread.php?pid=56951&tid=6
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| | Stable Forward Dynamic Simulation of Bipedal Gait Using Space-Time Analysis |
| | The absence of such assumptions permits the study of pathologic movement dysfunctions where the desired movements and torques are unknown. | | | Not only are these two control variables intricately related, but such additional objectives as desired speed, stealth, endurance, etc. inevitably contribute to the complex behavior in animal locomotion. | | | Solutions to pathologic behavior conditions were also demonstrated by limiting swing leg velocities to simulate the neuro-physiologic constraints of hamstring spasticity. |
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http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~gfx/pubs/bipedal_gait
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| | Go to Homepage |
| | The bipedal manner of locomotion, which saved the human ancestors from falling victims of the beasts of prey, was in no other way beneficial. | | | Other anatomical changes occurred to make the human ancestors adapted to the new manner of life: | | | A proposal of an evolutionary explanation of the human bipedality, sexual behaviour, language, and consciousness. |
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http://home13.inet.tele.dk/palm/homweb.htm
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| | Coherence Engine: July 2003 |
| | There are additional benefits to bipedalism, most notably as demonstrated by Honda, that we humans will regard bipeds as a peer social actor. | | | It's so obvious that we may never think it consciously, but a vast majority of the time, we are living, acting, interacting, and existing in constructed reality. | | | It's probably what they had in mind, and they certainly implied it in their other slides, but never quite came out and made it real. |
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http://www.coherenceengine.com/blog/2003_07_01_archive.html
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| | Australopithecus |
| | Others say that bipedalism requires important changes to the bones, muscle arrangement and limb movement. | | | Our upright method of walking evolved before significant brain enlargement occurred. | | | Recently another possible hominid, that may have been bipedal, has been discovered and named Orrorin tugenensis. |
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http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_austral.htm
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| | Gentoo Forums :: View topic - Bipedal macaque |
| | A proto-hominid (or a small population of them) started walking upright for some environmental reason (such as the disease that affected this macque), then their offspring imitated the behavior. | | | There is a hypothesis (not a very popular one AFAIK) that bipedalism evolved this way. |
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http://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic.php?t=201436
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| | Early Hominid Evolution: Analysis of Early Hominids |
| | Early hominid leg and foot bones were also much more similar to ours than to those of apes. | | | This is consistent with the likelihood of early hominid bipedalism. | | | Bipedal locomotion may have been an adaptation to living in relatively open grassland environments. |
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http://anthro.palomar.edu/hominid/australo_2.htm
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| | Bipedal Robot Initiative |
| | Actuator works; has been tested roughly - command set point and stiffness of spring, and the behavior is exhibited mechanically. | | | In addition, it would be more useful in human environments and for humanoid research. | | | The goal is to build a biped "right." There have been many bipedal robots built, but none with the agility of animals. |
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http://www.biped.ri.cmu.edu
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| | Body Bipedal |
| | He speculates that this behavior was especially common for the smaller and lower-ranking australo-pithecines, which probably would have included females. | | | Bipedalism is useful to chimps when feeding in either location. | | | But Hunt's observation of chimps has added a new wrinkle: chimps are bipedal while eating tiny fruits both when on the ground, consistent with Jolly's hypothesis, and when in trees. |
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http://www.indiana.edu/~rcapub/v18n1/p18.html
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| | Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - Erickson |
| | This behavioral shift by the thecodonts engendered fundamental structural changes, including the fully erect gait and obligatory bipedal pose that characterized primitive and many advanced dinosaurs. | | | Dynamical principles of locomotion indicate that a gravity reduction will lower the speed at which animals change gait. | | | In adapting to reduced gravity, the advanced thecodonts may have shifted from a bipedal symmetrical running gait to a bipedal asymmetrical hopping gait, much as the Apollo astronauts did on the Moon. |
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http://microlnx.com/dinosaurs/OriginOfDinosaursAndMammals.html
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| | 3.24.2005 - Octopuses occasionally stroll around on two arms, UC Berkeley biologists report |
| | "This bipedal behavior allows them to get away and remain cryptic," said Huffard. | | | This first report of bipedal behavior in octopuses, written by University of California, Berkeley, researchers, will be published in the March 25 issue of Science. | | | Both Huffard and Full are interested in how these octopuses control their unusual form of bipedal locomotion. |
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http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml
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| | NPR : Fancy Footwork: Octopuses Go Bipedal |
| | Berkeley graduate student Christine Huffard and her colleagues discovered the behavior in both species. | | | Now scientists have discovered that, despite having no bones in their bodies, two octopus species have mastered bipedal locomotion by ambling along on two arms. | | | All Things Considered, March 25, 2005 · Practically every animal that gets around on two feet has bones to help it do the job. |
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http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4561136&sourceCode=RSS
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| | Bipedal War Robots - We Hardly Knew Ye |
| | But as sad as that is a replacement needs to be found now the current idea is that smaller lighter AFVs that can reach a crisis zone faster. | | | This is where the bipedal war robot or more preferably some form of mechanized armour. | | | I have be dissecting the possible roles of bipedal robots for quite some time and i have come to the conclusion that as the majority of war is now fought within cities this would be the role that they would have to be adapted for. |
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http://www.lifeisannoying.com/forum/index.php?board=26;action=display;threadid=3337;start=0;boardseen=1
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| | Funny how all aliens seem to be bipedal... - Above Top Secret Conspiracy Community |
| | The latter would be what scammers may think. | | | Birds are bipedal also, which is especially apparent when you look at ostriches. | | | Kinda seems like you're taking the piss, but I'd imagine descriptions of mostly bipedal aliens either stems from the fact that that's all that people saw or anything too out there would be too hard to believe in. |
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http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread135984/pg1
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| | 07.11.2001 - Ethiopian find shows human ancestors walked upright as early as 5 million years ago |
| | Fossils from an Ethiopian site suggest that our human ancestors walked upright much earlier than previously thought. | | | This is caused by toeing-off — pushing forward by leaving the front part of the foot on the ground and lifting the heel. | | | “Its dentition is that of a hominid, its toe bone is like that of a bipedal animal,” said Haile-Selassie from Addis Ababa. |
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http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2001/07/11_homin.html
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| | CGA Teach-in '99: Evolution of Bipedal Walking |
| | This seems to refute the notion that we walk upright to use our hands. | | | It must have been a strong stimulus, in view of not only the speed of transition, but also the additional control and balance difficulties imposed by bipedalism. | | | One perennial question about bipedal gait is "Why did it evolve?". |
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http://guardian.curtin.edu.au/cga/teach-in/evolution
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| | Roganti's Robotics Zone : Bipedal Robots |
| | This has already demonstrated to be responsive for balancing in a bipedal robot. | | | The Bipedal locomotion is achieved using a combination of static and dynamic equilibrium to emulate the human walking gait. | | | There are currently 2 prototypes which demonstrate bipedal locomotion using the human gait. |
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http://www.euronet.nl/users/ragman/robot5.html
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| | Lokomotion bei Primaten |
| | A marked bipedal behaviour in a Gorilla group at the Berlin Zoo was noticed during several behavioural studies. | | | Transporting something seems not to be a reason for being on two legs: Carrying food, objects or infants occurs only in 1.2%. | | | In contrast, 9.1% bipedal patterns are performed without carrying something. |
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http://www.biologie.fu-berlin.de/humanbio/loko3.htm
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| | Hominid Species |
| | This may cause revision of current theories about why hominids became bipedal, which often link bipedalism with a move to a savannah environment. | | | It is similar to afarensis, and was also bipedal, but body size was slightly greater. | | | Their bones show that they were physically very strong. |
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http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html
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| | Autonomous Service Robots |
| | The research at our institute aims at the development of servicerobots for use in human environments. | | | In the course of this research various wheel-based and leg-based robots have been developed with a main focus on bipedal robots and full autonomy. | | | LISA, the successor of BARt-UH with twice the number of degrees of freedom. |
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http://www.irt.uni-hannover.de/irt/asr
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| | Chee-Meng Chew - Research, Reinforcement Learning, Humanoid, Bipedal Walking, legged locomotion, Biomechanics, ... |
| | Bipedal Robots, General legged locomotion, Reinforcement Learning applications, Biomechanics, Prostheses design, Actuator design. | | | Learning paradigms like reinforcement learning will also be adopted in the control algorithm. | | | The aim of this research is to design and build bipedal robots that can achieve dynamic walking on level and rough terrain. |
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http://guppy.mpe.nus.edu.sg/~mpeccm/research.shtml
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| | From monkey to man |
| | Peter Schmid, a swiss anthropologist (one of the people who challenged Lucy's gender) claims that she was not efficiently bipedal at all as has been suggested, but rotated her trunk causing her to waddle much like a modern gorilla. | | | Those who desperately want australopithecines to walk bipedal in order to support their theories have deduced that they were capable of bipedal living. | | | In fact, studies of the lower australopithecine bodies have produced mixed conclusions. |
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http://informationcentre.tripod.com/evolve2.html
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| | Bipedal octopuses |
| | This is the first example of bipedal locomotion using a hydrostatic skeleton rather than rigid support. | | | Previously known examples of bipedal locomotion involved the support of a rigid skeleton. | | | Bipedal vertebrates, such as people and lizards, use an endoskeleton, while previously known bipedal invertebrates, such as cockroaches, use an exoskeleton. |
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http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~chuffard/index_files/Bipedal_octopuses.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | In our research, one of the final targets is to develop a bipedal robot as a leg module that is sufficient for practical use as a multi-purpose locomotor of robotic systems. | | | This study has been conducted as a part of the humanoid project at the Humanoid Robotics Institute, Waseda University.The authors would like to express sincere thanks to them for their financial and technical support. | | | We, therefore, have studied the mechanism and control of bipedal robots about for 35 years. |
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http://www.rise.waseda.ac.jp/proj/tech/T03P05/e-T03P05.html
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| | Human Evolution |
| | With the impediment of being bipedal, he could not out-climb or outrun his predators. | | | Fossil evidence shows that this bipedal adaptation was completed quite early, perhaps as early as four million years ago, long before we looked like or thought like we do today. | | | It is generally thought that this came about when the ancient hominid adopted the edge of the forest and plain and adapted to a life under the trees as opposed to in them. |
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http://www.onelife.com/evolve/manev.html
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| | Hominid Pelvises |
| | Australopithecine pelvises are far more similar to humans than to those of apes, and shows that they were undoubtedly bipedal. |
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http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/pelvis.html
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| | Bipedal Bots Star At AAAS Media Briefing |
| | Representing fundamental developments in computer and mechanical control, the robots are helping researchers understand bipedal motion and revealing processes that underlie human locomotion and motor learning. | | | Applications are already on the horizon, with one researcher exploring how the new robotics can aid development of increasingly energy-efficient prosthetic devices. | | | Editor's Note: The original news release can be found here. |
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050223142351.htm
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| | An Anthropomorphic Bipedal Robot (ResearchIndex) |
| | 0.5 : Dynamics of Bipedal Gait Part I: Objective Functions and the.. | | | The robot has most of the major joints in a human, eleven degrees of freedom... | | | A miniature bipedal robot was designed and constructed. |
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http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/439055.html
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| | Further Evidence Against Claims of Fruitarian Evolution |
| | Unfortunately for the proponents of fruitarian evolution theories, there is evidence that we did not evolve as pure fruitarians, over and above the extensive fossil record evidence of human consumption of animal foods (fauna). | | | First, humans are fully upright and bipedal, while apes are quadrupedal (though chimps, bonobos, and gorillas, of course, do have limited bipedal abilities). | | | Inasmuch as humans are a separate genus from chimps and Australopithecus, the later developments are, of course, more relevant. |
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http://www.beyondveg.com/billings-t/comp-anat/comp-anat-4d.shtml
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| | Bipedal Projects & Info |
| | Alexander Vogler from Vienna, Austria has a very nice bipedal android which he calls V-3. | | | Shuuji Kajita who works in the Robotics Department of the Mechanical Engineering Lab of AIST which is part of MITI, has collected his own | | | Yobotics which is an offshoot from the MIT leg laboratory, is marketing the M2 walker which was developed at MIT. |
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http://www.androidworld.com/prod28.htm
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| | Late Cretaceous Dinosaurs - ZoomDinosaurs.com |
| | Chingkankousaurus - a large theropod (bipedal meat-eater) from China, 88.5-65 mya. | | | It had a huge claw on each foot. | | | Deinocheirus - a large theropod (bipedal meat-eater) with huge arms, from Mongolia, 75-65 mya. |
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http://www.littleexplorers.com/subjects/dinosaurs/mesozoic/cretaceous/lc.shtml
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