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| | CHAPTER TEN |
 | | Several groups of insects express a third approach, which is to develop a true physiological gill to extract oxygen from water. | | | Respiration in aquatic animals, then, is a look at physiological solutions to the problem of obtaining sufficient oxygen to support metabolic needs from an environment where oxygen is in short supply. | | | The term gill, with no prefix such as "true" or "physiological" is sufficient because other sorts of gills are linked to an appropriate modifier, such as anal gill or physical gill. |
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http://entomology.unl.edu/ent801/aqresp.html
(2434 words)
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| | D. McShaffrey - PhD Dissertation - Functional Morphology of Feeding in Mayflies |
| | His organisms lived in low-light situations and he was concerned that high levels of human visual-spectrum light would affect their behavior. | | | I have found this also to be true for other species of mayflies and other aquatic invertebrates that have or are being studied using similar techniques. | | | It remains premature to erect a new FFG classification system, however, such a system may become necessary as the behavior of more species of aquatic insects is studied in detail. |
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http://mcnet.marietta.edu/~mcshaffd/phd/funcmore.html
(16307 words)
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| | L-Z Bibliography |
| | Adaptive behavior of aquatic beetles under conditions of irrigation systems, pp. | | | The behavior and form of Psephenus herricki Dekay (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) in relation to water flow. | | | Matsui, E. Notes on some new Hydrophiloidea from Japan (Coleoptera). |
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http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/beetles/bibl-z.html
(10893 words)
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| | Watershed Education - Pennsylvania State Parks - PA DCNR |
| | These changes in conditions mean a change in the kind of aquatic life that best survives in quieter waters. | | | To understand how to interpret population changes in aquatic communities, one must first understand the distribution of these organisms under natural conditions. | | | These visually apparent kinds will most likely be families. |
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http://www.watersheded.dcnr.state.pa.us/what/macros.html
(1020 words)
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| | VCSU Macro-Invertebrate Lab |
| | For river systems, the biomonitoring of aquatic invertebrates, such as insects, is recognized as an important tool for determining a rivers health and, with proper background data, identifying changes in that health. | | | Biomonitoring is the cataloging of which organisms live in a particular habitat and then, from knowledge of what conditions those organisms tolerate, determining the well being of that particular habitat. | | | Keep in mind these keys are for a specific geographical area and probably aren't suitable for general use in other areas. |
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http://www.waterbugkey.vcsu.edu
(556 words)
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| | Odonata |
| | Local faunal composition may be strongly affected by any change in water flow, turbidity, etc., or in aquatic or waterside vegetation. | | | For an outline see the attached note on Pterygote higher relationships. | | | The relationships of Odonatoidea (= Odonata plus Protodonata) to the other pterygote insects continues to be much debated. |
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http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/odonata/odonata.html
(3218 words)
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| | M.J.Wetzel Homepage |
| | Aquatic Annelida (Aclitellata and Clitellata) in the Southeast, with emphasis on distribution, ecology, systematics, and taxonomy. | | | The INHS Collections are the basis for most of the work of identifying organisms for the public, serve as an historical record of our living natural resources, and are the basis for our research programs in systematics. | | | Wetzel, M.J. Aquatic Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in Kansas, with notes on their distribution and ecology. |
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http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/%7Emjwetzel/home.html
(3840 words)
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| | Entonotes5.html |
| | It swims on it's back, hence the name, and the body is keeled like a sailboat to facilitate movement through the water. | | | But, why not discover them for yourself by visiting a nearby pond where an interesting and valuable learning experience can be had. | | | Carry an inexpensive little book such as "Pond Life"--a paperback in the Golden Nature Guide series publications--which will help you "picture-key" most of your findings. |
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http://insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu/MES/notes/entonotes5.html
(1111 words)
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| | Soil & Water Conservation Society- Family Chironomidae |
| | The separation of the Diptera, as potential or actual inhabitants of deep water, from the other orders of immature aquatic insects is justified by the fact that an elaborate classification of lake types has been built upon the ecology of the deep-water Chironomidae (true midges) and their associated organisms. | | | This believed to be more a reflection of the weak internal circulation found in many deep lakes rather than of any strict biological limitation of the insects. | | | Larvae are an extremely important part of aquatic food chains, serving as prey for many other insects and food for most species of fish. |
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http://lakes.chebucto.org/ZOOBENTH/BENTHOS/xiii.html
(2742 words)
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| | Aquatic Insects: Water Quality Index |
| | Organism memorization and concepts building can be taken further by ingraining these ideas into students' memory via hands on education. | | | Save our Streams Monitor's Guide to Aquatic Macroinvertebrates. | | | While it is not required, students should have a general understanding of the importance and interdependence of organisms and their habitat. |
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http://nrs.ucop.edu/host/curricula/aquainsects.html
(1824 words)
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| | Aquatic Insects and stream conditions |
| | The biosurvey involves collecting, processing, and analyzing aquatic organisms to determine the health of the biological community in a stream. | | | They are affected by the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the stream. | | | Biological surveys directly examine the aquatic organisms in streams and the stressors that affect them. |
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http://www.krisweb.com/aqualife/insect.htm
(1170 words)
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| | Insect Systematics and Evolution |
| | Since then, the journal has developed to be truly international, both in terms of subjects as well as authors, so that it is now among the two or three leading journals within systematic entomology. | | | on principles in systematics and biogeography, nomenclature, methods of collecting and preparation of insects, biographies, and bibliographical themes. | | | In order to have a title, which in a better way better reflects the content of the journal, it has been decided to change the name to Insect Systematics and Evolution with effect from year 2000 (volume 31). |
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http://www.apollobooks.com/insects.htm
(316 words)
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| | Aquatic Invertebrates by Functional Feeding Group |
| | The functional feeding group approach was developed by aquatic ecologists, particularly those investigating riverine systems, as an alternative to the trophic level approach (herbivore, detritivore, carnivore) to understanding food web relationships. | | | The functional feeding group approach is an attempt to classify organisms, especially insects, according to their role in the processing of this organic matter. | | | Quite often, an organism can be placed in more than one functional feeding category -- in this guide, when this occurs, the most important role is listed first. |
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http://www.wlu.ca/~wwwbiol/bio305/Database/ffg.htm
(141 words)
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| | Tamarix spp.: MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS |
| | Four other Eurasian, saltcedar-specific arthropods have also been accidentally introduced, but have caused little or no damage [74]. | | | A review by Dudley and others [74] indicates that 3 Eurasian insects are currently being researched as potential biological control agents for saltcedar. | | | Insect herbivory does not appear to affect tamarisk growth. |
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http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/tamspp/management_considerations.html
(8422 words)
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| | Ephemeroptera |
| | Ephemeroptera egg chorion characters: A test of their importance in assessing phylogenetic relationships. | | | Harker, J. The structure of the foregut and midgut of nymphs, subimagos and imagos of Cloeon dipterum (Ephemeroptera) and the functions of the gut of adult mayflies. | | | Circulatory organs of abdominal appendages in primitive insects (Hexapoda: Archaeognatha, Zygentoma and Ephemeroptera). |
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http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/ephemeroptera/ephemeroptera.html
(580 words)
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| | Upper Three Runs Creek |
| | The Upper Three Runs/Tinker Creek Research Set-Aside at SRS has been the focus of many ecological studies conducted by scientists at the Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and their colleagues from other institutions. | | | As expected, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory researchers found that the genetic diversity of C. richardsoni was low, which limits its ability to disperse to other locations. | | | Researchers are using molecular biology techniques such as fatty acid analysis, physiological determinations, reverse genome probing and RNA sequencing, to learn more about the microbial communities that inhabit Upper Three Runs Creek. |
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http://www.uga.edu/srel/utr.htm
(836 words)
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| | Waterose Aquatic Ecology of Links Index Page |
| | Your guide to aquatic life and ecology interests on the internet | | | Suitable for high school students and introductory ecology at the post secondary level. | | | Note that the majority of these links are related to aquatic systems in one way or another. |
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http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Vines/4301/links.html
(779 words)
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| | Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates |
| | For more information on what DNR is doing, call the Monitoring and Non-tidal Assessment Division at (410) 260-8611 or write to the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Monitoring and Non-tidal Assessment Division, 580 Taylor Avenue, C-2, Annapolis, MD 21401. | | | Because of their abundance and position as “middlemen” in the aquatic food chain, benthos plays a critical role in the natural flow of energy and nutrients. | | | The benthos include crustaceans such as crayfish, mollusks such as clams and snails, aquatic worms and the immature forms of aquatic insects such as stonefly and mayfly nymphs. |
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http://www.dnr.state.md.us/streams/pubs/freshwater.html
(1171 words)
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| | Biological Resources |
| | ssess important factors in quality of life, not only for aquatic life but for human life as well. | | | Biological monitoring of the state's fish fauna is used to study the water quality in the state. | | | Some of these studies have directly contributed to developing cost effective environmental regulations based on sound scientific investigations. |
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http://www.gsa.state.al.us/gsa/bio.html
(521 words)
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| | Invasive Species in the Great Lakes Region |
| | Find out what you can do to help this growing problem on this site. | | | Find out what invasive species are, how they adversely affect the Great Lakes ecosystem and what's being done to prevent and control the spread of these species. | | | Outlines initial studies that will be used in designing ballast water treatment systems, considered an important strategy for controlling the spread of exotic aquatic species. |
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http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/invasive.html
(1491 words)
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| | Field Resources |
| | Provides step-by-step methods for use by volunteer programs for monitoring biological health, water quality conditions and habitat in wadeable streams. | | | The Washington Department of Ecology's aquatic invertebrate biological assessment program and other related monitoring programs in the agency consist of several components: field collection, sample processing, organism identification, data storage/analysis, and interpretation of results. | | | See Aquatic Biology Associates, Inc. web page on Treatment of Samples: Supplies and Equipment for equipment supplier addresses and contact information. |
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http://www.cqs.washington.edu/salmonweb/field.html
(567 words)
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| | Smoky Mountain News Outdoors |
| | They’ve come up with playful workshop titles like “Got any Botany” and “Take a Peek at My Beak.” Other programs offer a basic overview of ecology, the process of energy transfer and nutrient cycles, aquatic ecology, and “Backbone Buddies x 5,” a study of vertebrates. | | | While they share a love for the outdoors and science, they also have the personality to convey that knowledge in a way that invites both eco-experts and nature novices to explore what the Preserve has to offer. | | | Workshops may range from 45 minutes to around three hours depending on the time schools can devote to a field trip. |
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http://www.smokymountainnews.com/issues/11_05/11_16_05/out_taking_outside.html
(1197 words)
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| | Related Sites |
| | Aquatic Invertebrate Monitoring: Introduction to Monitoring from The Bug Lab, includes glossary | | | Salmon in the Classroom Project, Aquatic Education Program | | | Field Guide to Freshwater Invertebrates (developed for the Pacific Northwest) |
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http://www.cqs.washington.edu/salmonweb/related.html
(380 words)
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| | Chironomidae and Water Beetles of Florida |
| | Chironomidae Research Group at U of Minnesota (Len Ferrington) | | | Department of Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology,University of Amsterdam | | | I've been working with aquatic insects, and Chironomidae (non-biting midges) in particular, for over 35 years. |
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http://home.earthlink.net/~johnepler
(509 words)
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| | Aquatic insects -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article |
| | Insects draw air into their bodies through spiracles, holes found along the sides of the (The region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis) abdomen. | | | Insect hemoglobin has a strong attraction to oxygen molecules, and is carried in the hemolymph which circulates freely with the animal’s body. | | | All aquatic insects have become adapted to their environment with the specialization of these structures. |
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http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/a/aq/aquatic_insects.htm
(454 words)
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| | EPA - Aquatic Biodiversity |
| | Aquatic biodiversity can be defined as the variety of life and the ecosystems that make up the freshwater, tidal, and marine regions of the world and their interactions. | | | Aquatic biodiversity has enormous economic and aesthetic value and is largely responsible for maintaining and supporting overall environmental health. | | | As a result, valuable aquatic resources are becoming increasingly susceptible to both natural and artificial environmental changes. |
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http://www.epa.gov/bioiweb1/aquatic
(660 words)
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| | The Insects |
| | Even though all insects have the same basic body parts - three-segment body and six legs - there are so many different kinds that they have been grouped into twenty-nine different divisions called "orders". | | | Centipedes are not insects because they have many body parts and many legs. | | | These body parts make them different from all other arthropods. |
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http://www.kidfish.bc.ca/insects.htm
(605 words)
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| | Aquatic Habitats |
| | Many insects, such as damselfly larvae breath through some type of gills. | | | The trachea form a complex system of tiny tubes carrying oxygen from the air to various areas of the insects body. | | | Aquatic insects also have specially adapted bodies and legs that allow them to move easily through the water. |
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http://www.agls.uidaho.edu/ento/SixleggedWonders/insects_of_idaho/aquatic_habitats.htm
(245 words)
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| | The Aquatic Biome |
| | Without aquatic plankton, there would be few living organisms in the world, and certainly no humans. | | | Since there is less light, there is less diversity of flora, and because of the lower oxygen levels, fish that require less oxygen, such as catfish and carp, can be found. | | | This zone is the warmest since it is shallow and can absorb more of the Sun’s heat. |
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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html
(1608 words)
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| | A Taylor & Francis Journal: Aquatic Insects |
| | Aquatic Insects is an international journal publishing original research on both the systematics and the ecology of aquatic insects. | | | The journal publishes original research on systematics and ecology of aquatic insects. | | | In all kinds of freshwater environments, aquatic insects are usually the largest single group of organisms, by species as well as specimen numbers, and are of paramount importance to the community structure and function. |
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http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01650424.asp
(225 words)
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| | ! Rainforest Insects ! Tropical Rainforest, Far North Queensland Australia |
| | Insects are of course one of the most diverse groups of animals in the world. | | | The name 'bug' is often used to describe insects (and sometimes other creepy-crawlies), but the word 'bug' should really only be used for one group of insects, the sapsuckers of the order Hemiptera. | | | More than a million species have been identified and it is presumed there are many more to be discovered. |
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http://rainforest-australia.com/insects1.htm
(278 words)
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| | Natural History Research Paper - Dragonflies of the Family Aeshnidae |
| | The importance of flight to the dragonfly is emphasized by the fact that no other insect devotes such a large portion of its body weight to flight. | | | Colours may also change over the course of the adult's life. | | | Water weeds oxygenate the water and provide food and shelter for organisms such as aquatic insects, tadpoles, minnows and crustaceans, which the larvae eat. |
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http://rbcm1.rbcm.gov.bc.ca/nh_papers/aeshnareport/aeshnarep.html
(5820 words)
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| | Nuisance Aquatic Insects, HYG-2037-95 |
| | Many are attracted to lights and may accidentally enter structures or fall into swimming pools, while others may actually live in neglected pools. | | | Insects are cold-blooded and they see and respond best to ultraviolet energy mercury vapor light. | | | They can bite, causing pain much like a bee sting when handled carelessly. |
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http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~ohioline/hyg-fact/2000/2037.html
(2007 words)
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| | Robyn's Aquatic Insect Page |
| | links to see some drawings of some of these insects and to get information on them. | | | This is an Australian site but the basic orders of insects occur there as well as in the US. | | | While based in Australia, the drawings are almost the same for most parts of the world. |
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http://www.fishpondinfo.com/bugs.htm
(927 words)
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| | Gordon's Mayfly (Ephemeroptera) Page |
| | In many species the gills are moveable and may be vibrated in order to increase the amount of water moving over them (this is the equivalent of you panting when you are short of oxygen) they may also be used as swimming paddles in some species. | | | There are several simple ways you can help. | | | Adult Mayflies do not feed and live very short lives, many species live only for one or two days but in others the adult life span may be as short as 2 hours or as long as 14 days. |
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http://www.earthlife.net/insects/ephemer.html
(1606 words)
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| | Insect Collection Holdings |
| | This collection, as well as other aquatic insect collections, is heavily used in conjunction with studies assessing the environmental health of freshwater habitats. | | | The horizon from which the collections were obtained has been determined as the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (Sanderson and Farr 1960). | | | All stonefly locality and identification information has been entered into a Filemaker database and will soon be available on the World Wide Web. |
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http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cbd/main/collections/insect-hold.html
(1548 words)
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| | NABS Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) |
| | The term "phytobenthos" is used when referring to the primary producers (i.e., various algae and aquatic plants), whereas "zoobenthos" is applied in reference to all consumers (i.e., benthic animals, and protozoa). | | | They may be concerned with biofouling by benthic organisms, environmental monitoring for permitting/licensing of facilities, mitigation of impacts, and many varied tasks. | | | The benthos refers collectively to all aquatic organisms which live on, in, or near the bottom (substratum) of water bodies. |
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http://www.benthos.org/info/faq.asp
(570 words)
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| | Key Directions |
| | In some cases, the additional information about the individual macroinvertebrates will be helpful. | | | Some macroinvertebrates (such as some caddisfly larva) will be found in a protective case of sand, small sticks, or other material. | | | In others, you will find that you are unable to identify the particular macroinvertebrate and you will have to identifiy it as "unknown" unless you can find an aquatic biologist or more information to help you with the identification. |
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http://www.people.virginia.edu/%7Esos-iwla/Stream-Study/Key/MacroKeyIntro.HTML
(248 words)
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| | Stream Biomonitoring Unit |
| | This key is a pictorial method of identifying aquatic macroinvertebrates. | | | It is structured so the major groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates can be accurately identified primarily on the basis of photographs instead of traditional written keys that often require the knowledge of unfamiliar terminology. | | | Begin Key: Representative photographs of major groups of aquatic macroinvertebrates. |
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http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dow/stream/index.htm
(504 words)
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| | Nuisance Aquatic Insects, Caddisflies, Stoneflies, and |
| | insects are least responsive to the yellow light. | | | The insects can be allowed to disperse naturally, or | | | Please read our disclaimer for important information about using our site. |
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http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/mod02/01500547.html
(351 words)
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| | Aquatic Insects Page |
| | These aquatic insects come out at the bottom of the trap to prey on what was caught in the net. | | | This animal is a predator and will eat insects that come to close to it. | | | The caddisfly is a common form of aquatic insect. |
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http://rol.freenet.columbus.oh.us/Insects.html
(515 words)
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| | Berkshire Biological Supply Beneficial Insects for Pest Control |
| | This aquatic stage of the damselfly is known to prey upon other aquatic insect larvae. | | | Must be released into natural water immediately upon arrival. | | | Widely known and used insect for natural control of aphids. |
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http://www.berkshirebio.com/bene.html
(241 words)
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| | Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Biological Control |
| | In the case of nonindigenous aquatic and wetland weeds, biological control organisms have been tested and utilized since the 1960s. | | | Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Information Retrieval System | | | is the use of biological agents (fish, pathogens, insects, plants...) to combat unwanted exotic species, in natural, recreational, agricultural or other situations. |
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http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/biocontrol.html
(117 words)
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| | Insects, Bird Food & Fish Food |
| | The insects, Musca domestica, the Common Housefly, are grown and processed at our Tillamook, Oregon insectary. | | | This is by far the highest ratio of insect material to other ingredient to be found in any insect augmented commercial bird food for either wild birds or caged birds. | | | Commercial and industrial clients will be provided with the appropriate price schedules upon reciept of request on company letterhead. |
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http://www.skipio.com/product.htm
(1167 words)
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| | Identifying Aquatic Insects |
| | This key was developed to help identify those insects. | | | The key is primarily intended to identify only those insects that have been caught in the Rose Garden Pond. | | | The Rose Garden Pond in the University of Michigan Dearborn Environmental Study Area is home to a variety of aquatic insects, or insects that spend all or part of their life under the water. |
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http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/na/insectkey.htm
(211 words)
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| | Catching and Preserving Dragonflies FAQ |
| | SC states that this method has worked for him with libellulids, especially some Sympetrum species, but hasn't worked with the aeshnids he has tried it on. | | | The only insects which were adept at avoiding the traps were aeshnid dragonflies. | | | This method is *not* recommended for butterflies, because detachable scales may make it easier for them to escape, and you will lose some of the butterfly's wing pattern to the web. |
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http://www.afn.org/~iori/morse2.html
(7246 words)
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| | Gregory W. Courtney |
| | My research program focuses on the morphology, phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology of aquatic insects, the phylogeny and ecology of true flies (Diptera), and structural and ecological adaptations of insects in unusual aquatic habitats (especially torrential streams and subterranean waters). | | | Current projects include the systematics, cytogenetics and life histories of net-winged midges (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of the world, the biodiversity of stream-inhabiting insects in south and southeast Asia (especially Nepal and Thailand), the phylogenetics of Diptera families, and the faunistics of phytotelmata (plant-held aquatic habitats). | | | in J.C. Morse, L. Tian and L. Yang (editors) Aquatic Insects of China Useful for Monitoring Water Quality. |
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http://www.ent.iastate.edu/dept/faculty/courtney.html
(420 words)
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| | Monitoring |
| | Covers the historical development, ecological basis, experimental design characteristics, case studies, and future concerns of monitoring in assessing the environmental health of freshwater resources. | | | Includes all background information, field procedures, data forms, insect identification key, making homemade sampling equipment, collecting quality data, and successful streamkeeper stories. | | | Includes a dichotomous key to help you identify stream organisms and a detailed description of each organism, including tips for proper identification. |
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http://www.4sos.org/wssupport/ws_rest/monitor.asp
(1544 words)
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| | Water Beetle World |
| | This bibliography has been of great use to me personally and I know to many of you also. | | | Be sure to read the introduction to the list for information on its contents. | | | My friend Mark Wetzel at the Illinois Natural History Survey sent me the following quote which is appropriate for all entomologists. |
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http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/beetles/index.htm
(1138 words)
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| | Roy Beckemeyer's Odonata Page |
| | The darners are thought to have the finest vision of any insects, their eyes having the largest facets and the most facets of any compound eyes. | | | The dark areas of the eye are called "pseudo-pupils" and are areas of the eye surface that are absorbing light arriving from the direction of view of the camera. | | | Dragonflies are aquatic insects for most of their lives, living in fresh water as larvae before emerging as terrestrial adults. |
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http://www.windsofkansas.com/Bodonata/odonata.html
(1940 words)
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